BEYOND KYOTO FRANK VAN WEST XVII ACI Technical Conference Rome, 16 March 2006 www.fiafoundation.com
Content Wat is the FIA Foundation? Objectives of the Foundation Kyoto Voluntary agreements car industry - EU Worldwide & EU GHG emissions standards
CONTENT CARS 21 and CO2 EU Labelling system Why ADAC ECOTEST? Example of a club activity Measurements Conclusions
What is the FIA Foundation? De FIA Foundation is a UK registered charity with an endowment of $ 300 million made by the FIA The FIA is the non-profit organisation of motorists organisations and the umbrella organisation of world motor sport
Objectives Promotion of public safety and health Protection and preservation of human life Improvement of the Environment
KYOTO Base line in Kyoto protocol: 140 g/km CO2 in 2008/9 (5.8 l/100km P, 5.2 l/100km D) New EU target: 120 g/km in 2012 (5 l/100km P, 4.5 l/100km D); this is not a final objective More substantial reduction is needed in the long term Reduction pathway is 15 30% reduction by 2020 compared to Kyoto base line
World OECD Other ECMT Road 8% 5% 18% 1% 8% 6% 23% 9% 4% 8% 1% 1% 4% International Aviation International Marine 18% 2% 3% 14% 3% 2% 2% 16% Other Transport Power and Energy Manufacturing Industries and Construction Residential 45% 42% 57% Other Sectors CO2 emissions Source: Pew center on global climate change
CO2 emissions global Power stations 25% Residential burning 23% Industry 19% Biomass burning 15% Trucks 6% Passenger cars 5.5% Air traffic 3% Other traffic 2% Ship traffic 1.5%
CO2 emissions region United States 25% Western Europe 16% Developing Asia 12% China 12% Former Soviet Union 10% Japan & Australia 6% Central & South America 4% Africa 4% Middle East 4% Eastern Europe 3% Canada 2% Mexico 2%
Automobile fuel economy standards have proven to be one of the most effective tools controlling oil demand and GHG emissions from the transportation sector in many regions and countries around the world
Source: Pew center on global climate change
source: Pew centre on global climate change Source: Pew center on global climate change
Source: Pew center on global climate change
EU and Japan and recently China and California are moving forward. Unfortunately US is lacking behind The vast majority (approximately 90 percent) of a vehicle s lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions occur during the use of the vehicle, when it burns fuels from fossil sources So when the vehicle is with the consumer
Voluntary agreement Industry - EU The European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) set a goal of achieving average CO2 emission reductions of 25 % by 2008 compared with 1995 JAMA (Japanese Automobile Manufacturers Association) and KAMA (Korean Automobile Manufacturers Association) have a goal to achieve this in 2009
Voluntary agreement car industry - EU Average emissions from new cars sold in 2003 by ACEA 163 g/km (161 g/km using the association s data) JAMA 172 g/km KAMA 179 g/km 163 g/km = 6.5 liters per 100 km (7.2 for petrol cars and 5.8 for diesels).
CARS 21 13 January 05: setting up of a high-level group called CARS 21 representatives of Member States, the EP, Industry, Trade Unions, NGOs, Users and the Commission Objective : generate recommendations to improve world-wide competitiveness of the European automotive industry establishing of a 10 y road map for a competitive EU car industry
Results: simplification of requirements replacing 38 EU Directives by UN ECE regulations introduction of self-and virtual testing better regulation principles increase of international harmonisation
CARS 21 and CO2 CARS 21 strongly endorses applying an integrated approach involving, industry, oil/fuel suppliers, repairers, customers/drivers and Public Authorities
CO2 reductions through: vehicle technology alternative fuels taxation eco-driving gear shift indicators (GSI) consumer information and labelling consumer behaviour and congestion avoidance
Commission has established a stakeholder working group on the integrated approach to reduce CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles under European Climate Change Programme (ECCP II) Integrated: looking not at vehicle alone, also at fuels, tyres, lubricants etc. Light duty = including cars
Why ADAC ECO TEST? In EU we have: - An EU Directive (obligatory) on fuel labelling - An internal market - A single currency - The wish that consumers think European-wide Eco Test
IN EU we have: - The wish that consumers may buy their cars where they want to WE DO NEED A GOOD EU HARMONISED CONSUMER INFORMATION SYSTEM ON THE FUEL ECONOMY OF CARS
EU Labelling The bad-working EU labelling system for CO2 emission and fuel consumption is currently under discussion in ECCP II (European Climate Change Programme)
Therefore the FIA Foundation has asked ADAC in 2002 to develop ECO TEST - ECO TEST has been discussed with the EU DG Environment, UBA (Ge.), ACEA and JAMA (Toyota) - ECO TEST results have been published in 2003, 2004 and 2005 - ECO TEST has been improved over the years and is open to further improvement
Objective: Information for consumers on the environmental impact of cars Increase sensitivity of consumers on ecologic aspects Influence of consumer behaviour on industry developments
Measurements carried out at the ADAC Test Centre Pollutants (NOx, HC, CO, PM) Carbon dioxide CO2 Fuel consumption Test procedures according to standardised driving cycle (NEDC) and additionally praxis relevant driving cycle (highway 130 km/h)
NEDC = New European Driving Cycle
Highway Driving cycle Highway driving cycle 140 120 100 v (km/h) 80 60 Series1 40 20 0 1 51 101 151 201 251 301 351 401 451 501 551 601 651 701 751 t (s)
Eco Test Pollutants absolute scale CO 2 class depending scale Additional Information: Fuel Consumption and Environmental Performance Profile
Assessment Pollutants NEDC cold PM HC NO x CO 60% 40% worst case 70% Pollutants PM 40% ADAC Highway 1 51 101 151 201 251 301 351 401 451 501 551 601 651 701 751 HC NO x CO 60% worst case 30%
Assessment Carbon Dioxide NEDC cold 50% 70% NEDC hot 50% CO 2 ADAC 30% Highway 1 51 101 151 201 251 301 351 401 451 501 551 601 651 701 751 *NEDC = New European Driving Cycle
Vehicle classes ID Vehicle class Example 1 Microcompact Smart 2 Minicompact Fiat Seicento, Peugeot 106, VW Lupo 3 Subcompact Fiat Punto, Peugeot 206, VW Polo 4 Compact Toyota Corolla, VW Golf 5 Midsize BMW 3-series, Mazda 6, Opel Vectra, Toyota Avensis 6 Upper midsize Audi A6, BMW 5-series, Mercedes E-class, Peugeot 60 7 Executive Audi A8, BMW 7-series, Jaguar XJ, Mercedes S-class
Class-depending CO2 thresholds CO 2 Emissions Klasse 1+2 Klasse 3 Klasse 4 Klasse 5 Klasse 6 Klasse 7 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 CO 2 [g/km]
Rating system EcoTest High influence on environment Low influence on environment
Results petrol and diesel class 2
ECO TEST EU wide harmonised Conclusions Eco Test New initiative to assess the environmental impact of cars Measurements according to typical driving situations Use of air condition included
Example of a club activity Consumer information (AA Brochure)
Improved fuel economy and lower GHG emissions may be achieved by: Mass stabilization and reduction Expanded Flexible Fuel Vehicles (FFV) and partnerships with fuel providers to increase infrastructure Hybrid gasoline power packs measurements
measurements Improved fuel economy and lower GHG emissions may be achieved by: Clean diesels + technology to allow them to run on bio-diesel above 5% blends Gasoline engine downsizing, combined with Direct Injection (GDI) and pressure charging
measurements Better Fuel economy by expanding the application of existing technologies like: variable valve timing fuel shut off six-speed transmissions
CONCLUSIONS EU (voluntary) and Japan (mandatory) have highest GHG and fuel economy standards Automobile fuel economy standards have proven to be one of the most effective tools controlling oil demand and GHG emissions Approximately 90 percent of a vehicle s lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions occur during the use of the vehicle, when it burns fuels from fossil sources
CONCLUSIONS CO2 is a long-term problem. Reduction pathway is 15 30% reduction by 2020 compared to Kyoto base line (140 g/km CO2 in 2008/9) The fuel + vehicle + driver formula underpins the engagement between fuel companies, car companies and consumers in addressing the GHG challenge
CONCLUSIONS Only a package of measures can help to substantially reduce CO2 emission from passenger cars Fuel economy label is a cheap measure to influence consumer Energy or CO2 tax for motor vehicles will be introduced in member states Big cities will establish green zones and green parking places for clean and fuel efficient cars
CONCLUSIONS FIA clubs must: keep on monitoring development of clean and fuel efficient cars + legislation concerned keep on informing their members on climate change promote the advantages of environmental friendly and fuel efficient cars further evaluate Eco Test Eco Test
CONCLUSIONS EU must: introduce one EU-wide harmonised fuel consumption label for the corresponding Directive review shift points in emission test cycle because currently there are manual gear boxes with six or seven gears (current cycle derives from 1970!)
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