SEL Microgrid Lessons Learned Will Edwards (SEL Engineering Services Division) Copyright SEL 2016
Essential Keys to Successful Microgrid Projects? Comprehensive HIL testing Subcycle fast controls Adaptive protection Practical security Fit for function Minimal complexity
Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing Improves Factory Acceptance Tests 66 65 Frequency (Hz) 64 63 62 61 Simulation Field 60 59 0 10 20 30 40 Time (s)
Control Cost, Quality, and Features Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing Controller Inputs Controller Outputs Status Dynamic Simulation System Controls Frequency (pu) 1.0 0.96 Governor Frequency Set Point Transient Governor Behavior Steady-State Droop Line Both Mechanical and Electrical Systems Must Be Modeled Accurately 1.0 Power (pu)
Inverter-Based Generation Has Limited Overload Capacity Q Long-Term Capacity Limit Q P P Rotating Generators Short-Term Capacity Limit Inverter-Based Generation
Load Balancing Must Happen FASTER With Inverter-Based Generation Rotating Generation Power Power Frequency Power, Frequency Load Inverter-Based Power Rotating Generator Frequency Inverter-Based Frequency Time
FAST Load Shedding Prevents Blackouts Grid-Tied Operation Controller Synchronization Systems Automatic Decoupling Load Shedding Relay Islanded Operation Subcycle FAST! Status Trip
SEL Controllers Take Action FASTER Process Control Systems PLC Solutions
Protection, Automation, Controls, and Security Outside Networks Security Gateway Visualization, Economic Optimization, Engineering Tools Layer 4 Business Systems Central Controllers Layer 3 Control Systems Communications Equipment Layer 2 Communications Remote I/O Protective Relays Metering and Power Quality Layer 1 Protection and Metering Circuit Breakers Current and Voltage Transformers Layer 0 Power Generation Controllers Microgrid or Macrogrid
Security for Critical Infrastructure Avoid OS and software Made in the USA Mature processes Vertical integration Cybersecurity
Generation Runback Philosophy Speed Reference Speed Control Speed Feedback Runback Reference Runback Selector Valve Control Valve MW 60 MW (actual load) Contingency Detected (breaker trips) Maximum Runback MW Set Point 30 MW (runback target MW load) Signal Sent by Generation-Shedding System t
Seamless Islanding and Decoupling Systems DFDT (Hz/s) +81RFRP Trip Region 1 81RFDFP 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 +81RFDFP DF (Hz) Trip Region 2 81RFRP
System Synchronization Safely Reconnecting Islanded Grids
Inertia-Compensated Load Shedding Do It Right! 60 59 58 F Normal Operation Inertia-Compensated Success Load Shed Macrogrid F 1 MW Load to Shed DFDT F < 0.5 0.5 to 1.0 F 2 59 84 58 42 84 12 8 > 1.0 12 8 16 12 Traditional Failure Microgrid 57 T Complex Grid Blackout Load Shed ~ H DFDT = 8 1 = 8 MW Load Shed ~ H DFDT = 4 2 = 8 MW F 1 L1 F 1 L2 F 2 L3
Load Tracking Add Your H s Discriminate Islands With Time Macrogrid F 60 F 1 F 2 59 T = 0.1 s T = 0.3 s Complex Grid 58 L1 L2 L3 57 T F 1 F 1 F 2
Protection Must ADAPT To Changing Fault Conditions Fault levels DER t Grounding Directions 2,000 20,000 I Impedances Relay 20,000 2,000
Physics Are the Same Big or Small Sokhumi Import: 471 GWh Export: 931 GWh Large Hydro Generation Enguri Menji Zestafoni Ksani Load Center Batumi Akhaltsikhe T BILISI Thermal Generation Gardabani
Physics Are the Same Simple or Complex Borrego Microgrid Relay SEL-351 Relay SEL-351 69 kv SEL-351 Relay 500 kw Battery System 1.8 MW 1.8 MW CS CS SEL-351 Relay Relay SEL-351 SEL-351 Relay 1 MW Battery System G1 G2 Automation Controller SEL-3530-4 V Relay SEL-351 V Relay SEL-351 12 kv SEL-351 Relay 1 2 3 4 5 SEL-351 Relay SEL-351Relay SEL-351 Relay V V V V Relay SEL-351
Navy Seabees, U.S. Navy Portable Microgrid Controls, Protection, and Security WAN Clamp-On CTs for Monitoring Key Points of Grid Security Gateway Computer SEL-849 Relay Relay SEL-849 Serial Data Diode HMI Computer HMI SEL-3530-4 RTAC Microgrid Controls Utility PCC Portable Control Center Diesel Generators Portable Control Center Photovoltaic Solar Cells Wind Turbines SEL-849 Relay Protection Meter and I/O SEL-849 Relay Protection Meter and I/O SEL-849 Relay Protection Meter and I/O SEL-849 Relay Monitoring and Dispatch Synchronous Condenser and Flywheel Monitoring and Dispatch Tesla Battery Communication Three-Phase Power CT and PT
Rugged and Economical for Restricted Budgets Load shedding Voltage / VAR optimization Frequency / power dispatch Autosynchronization Saint Paul Island Decoupling Comprehensive HIL testing DGs, wind turbines, synchronous condenser, flywheel, and loads
UCSD San Diego, California Load shedding Underfrequency load shedding Synchrophasor-based monitoring, recording, and grid decoupling system Comprehensive HIL testing Industrial and utility technology, procedures, modeling, testing, and commissioning methods were a perfect fit! Radio-based high-speed contingency detection Complete SCADA, panel, and SOE logging Natural gas generators, steam generators, emergency DGs, and fuel cells
Engineering Services in U.S. and Canada Pullman Toronto Detroit Vacaville Irvine Phoenix Denver St. Louis Columbus Charlotte King of Prussia Atlanta Houston Tampa
Distribution Automation Chattanooga Electric Power Board NO Closed NO NO Open Normally Open NO NO Mississippi DAC System AEP Ohio
Questions?