Copper opportunities in low carbon megatrends

woodmac.com 1 Copper opportunities in low carbon megatrends Richard Wilson October 2017 Trusted commercial intelligence woodmac.com

Legal Statement The purpose of the information in the following presentations is to guide ICA programs and provide members with information to make independent business decisions. 2

Antitrust Guidelines for Copper Industry Trade Association Meetings The following guidelines with respect to compliance with antitrust laws of the United States, Japan and European Community 1 are intended to govern the conduct of participants in copper industry trade association meetings, both at the meeting itself and in informal discussions before or after the formal meeting. Price: Competitors should not discuss future prices (including terms of sale) of their products. There is no blanket prohibition against the mention of or reference to current or past prices but limits must be observed. Such references or mentions should occur only when necessary in connection with the development of association programs. For example, reference to a particular price level in comparing the cost of a copper product to a competing product is permitted. Whenever possible, such references should be discussed in advance with legal counsel. Competitive Information: Competitors should not discuss the market share of a particular copper producer or copper fabricator s products. Furthermore, nothing should be said at a meeting which could be interpreted as suggesting prearranged market shares for such products or producer production levels. The overall market share of copper products may be discussed with regard to competition with noncopper products and general market acceptance. New Products: Competitors should not encourage or discourage the introduction of a new product by another competitor or reveal a particular copper company s plans to change the production rate of an existing product or to introduce a new product. No company should disclose to another company whether it is in a position to make or market a new product. New products may be discussed in a technical manner or from the standpoints of competition with non-copper products and general market acceptance. In addition, proposed methods for and results of field and laboratory testing can be considered. The Role of Legal Counsel: Legal counsel attends association meetings to advise association staff and other meeting attendees regarding the antitrust laws and to see that none of the matters discussed or materials distributed raise even the appearance of antitrust improprieties. During the course of a meeting, if counsel believes that the discussion is turning to a sensitive or inappropriate subject, counsel will express that belief and request that the attendees return the discussion to a less sensitive area. A paper entitled Copper Industry Trade Associations and Antritrust Laws is available upon request. 10/92, 5/93, 10/10 3 1. Other foreign competition laws apply to International Copper Association, Ltd. (ICA) s activities worldwide.

woodmac.com 4 This report analyses copper demand from three sectors linked to decarbonisation trends The report has been compiled by Wood Mackenzie and MetalsPlus Renewable Energy 1. Solar 2. Wind Electromobility 1. Electric vehicles 2. Charging Infrastructure Energy Efficiency 1. Electric motors 2. Distribution Transformers 3. Air conditioners 4

Copper intensity (t Cu / MW) Typical wind and solar copper intensities by installation type woodmac.com 5 Wind power notably involves high levels of copper intensity of use with the transformer and cabling Ground mounted utility solar uses more copper roof mounted types, but has also experienced more substitution from aluminium Offshore wind involves higher copper intensity per MW owing to the greater amount of cabling required 15.3 Rooftop solar typically use copper wiring for all DC wiring» However, limited interconnection means they use less copper relative to utility ground mount solar 5.35 3.26 Utility solar historically used up to 6 t Cu per MW but substitution from aluminium has reduced the intensity over time Onshore Wind Offshore Wind 0.51 0.54 Residential Solar Commercial Solar 1.43 1.38 Utility String Inverter Solar Utility Central Inverter Solar Utility Central Inverter Solar* On average, wind is much higher than traditional coal fired power at 1 2 t Cu per MW 5 *Japan and South Korea Source: Wood Mackenzie Rooftop Ground Mount

Generation Capacity (GW) YOY global % change Generation Capacity (GW) YOY global % change Solar power generation capacity by region woodmac.com 6 Global solar and wind power will each account for over 1 TW of capacity by 2035 Asia, particularly China, drives rapid near and mid term growth due to falling technology costs, policy incentives and development of transmission infrastructure Wind power generation capacity by region 1,200 35% 1,200 12% 1,000 30% 1,000 10% 800 25% 800 8% 20% 600 600 6% 15% 400 10% 400 4% 200 5% 200 2% 6 0 0% 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Asia Europe North America ROW YOY global % change Source: Wood Mackenzie 0 0% 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Asia Europe North America ROW YOY global % change

Coppe Demand (kt) Copper Demand (kt) Forecast global copper demand from installed solar power woodmac.com 7 Rapid growth of wind power installations consume on average 359 ktpa of copper up to 2020 and 339 ktpa to 2025 The contributions from solar installations is more modest, owing to the lower copper intensity, averaging ~50 ktpa through the Base Case forecast period 70 60 50 40 2.5 3.2 59.2 2.3 2.7 39.2 2.6 2.8 43.8 2.8 2.6 49.3 Forecast global copper demand from installed wind power 450 400 350 300 250 66 276 Gradual slowing of installed capacity and copper demand due to maturing renewables growth in our Base Case scenario 163 142 125 30 200 198 20 150 163 100 197 10 50 0 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 0 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 Utility Commercial Residential Onshore Offshore 7 Source: MAKE, Wood Mackenzie

woodmac.com 8 Copper use in batteries increases copper intensity for electric vehicles over internal combustion engine vehicles The use of copper in electric motors is another notable contribution to increased intensity of use Copper intensity per vehicle (kg) by type Component Passenger Light Commercial Vehicles Heavy Commercial Vehicles ICE HEV PHEV BEV ICE HEV PHEV BEV ICE BEV Bus Battery 1 1 15 38 5 32 60 173 Rest of Vehicle 22 39 40 42 26 47 48 50 42 80 Total 22 40 55 80 26 52 80 110 42 253 Battery contributes significantly to higher copper intensity moving from ICE through to EV Higher the copper usage within the rest of the vehicle are largely attributable to the electric motor windings and the wiring harness/electrical distribution system (to accommodate higher voltages) Aside from additional electrical components, the need for improved heat exchanger equipment to deal with higher running temperatures also serves to boost copper consumption in xev There are some losses in engine hardware in BEV versus ICE/HEV/PHEV as no combusting engine is incorporated, however these are small overall and comfortably outweighed by gains elsewhere 8 1 The copper content of an average sized battery for the particular propulsion type has been used Source: Wood Mackenzie, IDTechEx

Million vehicle sales WM passenger EV forecast (base case), 2015-2035 woodmac.com 9 WM expects EVs to account for 34% of global passenger vehicle sales by 2035 with over 50% being hybrid types The split of EV type is heavily dependent on region a BEV is not currently viable in regions with limited charging infrastructure 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 HEV PHEV BEV % sales EV 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Uptake of EVs is dependent on:» Regional policy & subsidies» Battery, oil & electricity prices» Vehicle range and cost» Infrastructure» Vehicle stock saturation China has had the latest surge in electric vehicle sales with strong government subsidies» Growth will continue to come from Europe, US and developed Asian markets Overall HEVs are the preferred vehicle type as they do not have the price tag of a BEV/PHEV and do not require infrastructure, while offering the consumer a more efficient, environmentally friendly option 9 Source: Wood Mackenzie

kt Cu woodmac.com 10 Copper demand from passenger car EVs overtakes ICE vehicles after 2033, accounting for over 1.9 million tonnes by 2035 The offset from fewer ICE sales through the forecast is minimised due to the much lower copper intensity Passenger car copper demand by vehicle type, 2017-2035 4000 3500 3000 2500 By 2029, BEV/PHEV copper demand becomes larger than HEV demand and by 2033, EVs in total will consume more copper than ICE vehicles CAGR 2016-35 20% 13% 2000 12% 1500 1000 500 0.1% 0 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 ICE HEV PHEV BEV 10 Source: Wood Mackenzie

Breakdown of Electricity Generation, Consumption and Losses woodmac.com 11 The three energy efficiency sectors are major sources of generated electricity loss Reducing electricity loss in major consuming sectors is therefore a major area of importance for carbon emission reductions Electricity Production 100% Losses 17% Electricity Consumption 83% Other Uses Electric Motors 45% Energy Losses Energy Used From generation to use about 17% of electricity is lost, much of it from network transformers In use, motors and motor driven systems account for 45% of all electricity use, and a similar share of loss Air conditioners are a major application for electric motors 11 Source: MetalsPlus, IEA 2011

woodmac.com 12 Energy efficiency is enforced through minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) which are present in most major markets MEPS are the key to product upgrades and most developed regions have them in place, although developing markets are where the future gains will be made MEP Presence by Country and Sector Motors Air Conditioners 12 Refrigerators Source: MetalsPlus Mandatory Voluntary No Policy or no data Transformers

kg Cu/ kw Kg Cu / kw kg Cu / kva woodmac.com 13 Copper intensity per unit of capacity increases for all sectors, as efficiency gains require higher material intensity Copper in energy efficiency sectors is mainly present as winding wire and additional tubing for air conditioners, and more copper will be required per unit to achieve higher efficiency Sectors Distribution Transformers Copper forms 0.90 0.85 Copper Intensity CAGR 2017-35 0.80 0.3% 0.75 0.70 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Electric motors 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.4% 0.8 0.7 0.6 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Air Conditioners 2.5 2.3 2.1 0.2% 1.9 1.7 13 Source: MetalsPlus Copper Tube Winding Wire Other Forms 1.5 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 2031 2033 2035 kt Cu kt Cu Copper demand by energy efficiency sector woodmac.com 14 Copper demand in energy efficiency sectors almost doubles from 4.7 Mt in 2017 to reach 9.7 Mt by 2035 Increases in stock added and replacement, particularly in India and Other Asia, drives growth at CAGR of 4.0%, 3.9% and 4.3% for transformers, motors and AC respectively 10,000 9,000 Global distribution of copper demand for energy efficiency sectors 100% 90% Latin America 8,000 4,029 80% North America 7,000 6,000 70% 60% Other Asia & Oceania 5,000 50% China 4,000 3,000 1,823 3,859 40% 30% India 2,000 1,843 20% Other Europe & Africa 1,000 1,842 865 0 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 10% 0% European Union Distribution Transformers Electric Motors Air Conditioners 14 Source: MetalsPlus

Copper Demand (kt) woodmac.com 15 The energy efficiency sector will contribute most to copper demand for the megatrends analysed but electromobility grows faster Energy efficiency contributes 80% of demand but the rapid growth in electric vehicle production sees electromobility increases at 14.2% CAGR vs 4.1% for energy efficiency Forecast copper demand by sector 14,000 12,840 CAGR 2016-35 4.9% 12,000 344-0.9% 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 5,161 223 406 4,531 6,394 415 542 5,436 8,059 404 1,043 6,611 10,207 390 1,834 7,983 2,767 9,730 14% 4.1% 0 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 Energy Efficiency Electromobility Renewables Total 15 Source: Wood Mackenzie, MetalsPlus

woodmac.com 16 Disclaimer Confidential This report has been prepared for International Copper Association by Wood Mackenzie Limited. The report is intended solely for the benefit of International Copper Association and its contents and conclusions are confidential and may not be disclosed to any other persons or companies without Wood Mackenzie s prior written permission. The information upon which this report is based has either been supplied to us by International Copper Association or comes from our own experience, knowledge and databases. The opinions expressed in this report are those of Wood Mackenzie. They have been arrived at following careful consideration and enquiry but we do not guarantee their fairness, completeness or accuracy. The opinions, as of this date, are subject to change. We do not accept any liability for your reliance upon them. 16