Power IT LV Active Filters PQFI - PQFM PQFK - PQFS ABB Active Filters : When Power Quality matters! ABB n.v. - 1 -
The ultimate solution to poor LV Power Quality ABB n.v. - 2 n ABB Active Filters: Flexible answer to a variety of LV PQ problems LV Active Filters exist in: - a large voltage range (208-690 V) - a large current range (30 A 3600 A)
1.3-1.3 0 3 60 1.3-1.3 0 3 60 1.3-1.3 0 360 The ultimate solution to poor LV Power Quality ABB Active Filter technology: Flexible answer to all problems Ł Harmonic filtration up to high order Ł Reactive power compensation Ł Load imbalance compensation Feeder FUNDAMENTAL ONLY Ł Self-limiting Ł Upgradeable Ł Network monitor Ł PQF ONLY HARMONICS ABB n.v. - 3
ABB active filter types: The PQFS The youngest member of the PQF family Wall-mounted and compact design (WxDxH: 585 x 310 x 700 mm) 3-Wire and 4-Wire connectivity with same unit 3-Wire: 20 harmonics from 2 nd to 50 th order 4-Wire: 15 harmonics from 2 nd to 50 th order Reactive power feature Load balancing feature -Line to line, line to neutral or all Ratings: 208 240 V, 380-415 V, 50/60 Hz 30 A 45 A 60 A in the lines Neutral rating = 3x Line rating Up to four units of equal rating in parallel Bottom cable entry Enclosure protection degree: IP30 ABB n.v. - 4
ABB active filter types: The PQFS Load balancing -phase to phase (as in PQF-K-I-M series) - phase to neutral (unique in the active filter world, only PQFS and PQFK) Ł Allows to eliminate the 50/60 Hz neutral current due to unbalanced loads connected between phase and neutral, e.g. datacenter protection Ł Reduces voltage between neutral and ground conductors ABB n.v. - 5
ABB active filter types: The PQFK 4-wire active filter for neutral current and line current filtering 15 harmonics from 2 nd to 50 th order Reactive power and balancing feature (phase to phase and phase to neutral) Ratings: 208 415 V, 50/60 Hz 40 A 70 A 100 A in the lines Neutral rating = 3x Line rating Up to four units of equal rating in parallel Top and bottom cable entry Available in cubicle (IP21) and in plate version (IP00) Ł Cubicle dimensions: 600*600*2150 mm Ł Plate dimensions: 498*400*1697 mm ABB n.v. - 6
ABB active filter types: The PQFM 3-wire active filter for line current filtering 20 harmonics from 2 nd to 50 th order Reactive power and line balancing feature Ratings: 50/60 Hz 208 V U 480V 480V < U 690V I [A] Small 70 I [A] Medium 100 100 * I [A] Large 130 Nr harms 20 20 ABB n.v. - 7 * For system voltages > 600V, the current rating may be derated automatically depending on the operating temperature Up to eight units of equal or non-equal rating in parallel Top and bottom cable entry Available in cubicle (IP21) and in plate version (IP00) Ł Cubicle dimensions: 600*600*2150 mm Ł Plate dimensions: 498*400*1696 mm
ABB active filter types: The PQFI 3-wire active filter for line current filtering 20 harmonics from 2 nd to 50 th order Reactive power and line balancing feature Ratings: 50/60 Hz 208 V U 480V 480V < U 690V I [A] Large 450 320 * I [A] Small 250 180 Nr harms 20 20 * For system voltages > 600V, the current rating may be derated automatically depending on the operating temperature ABB n.v. - 8 Up to eight units of equal or non-equal rating in parallel Bottom cable entry standard Available in cubicles (IP21) Ł Cubicle dimensions: 800*600*2150 mm
PQF-range application area PQFS Four wire applications (e.g. office applications, hotels, banks) Light industrial (three wire) applications (e.g. small pumping stations) PQFK High power four wire applications (e.g. office applications, hotels, banks) Industrial applications with presence of non-negligeable neutral harmonics PQFM Medium scale industrial three wire applications PQFI Extra heavy, high power industrial applications Four wire applications with an additional need of filtering a lot of + and phase sequence harmonics ABB n.v. - 9
Why use the PQF range of Active Filters (1)? because it is the best active filter around! ABB n.v. - 10 Filters up to 20 (PQFM/I) individually selectable harmonics simultaneously in a range up to the 50 th harmonic (15 harmonics for PQFK & PQFS operating in 4 wire mode) Desired harmonic levels can be preset for each individual harmonic Unsurpassed harmonic attenuation factor ( 97% typically) Operates with closed loop control for best accuracy Stepless load balancing and reactive power compensation feature Different modes of operation and smooth mode changing strategy Auto temperature derating function If ambient temperature increases beyond acceptable limits (e.g. faulty airco) the filter will auto-derate smoothly (down to max. 50% of its rating) and inform customer of this. After correction of the problem, the filter will resume original rating automatically
Different modes of operation Highest PRIORITY fi Lowest ABB n.v. - 11 Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Filtering to curve Filtering to curve Filtering to curve Maximum filtering Reactive compensation Reactive compensation Reactive compensation: -none -dynamic (cosφ target) -static (constant reactive power) -Load balancing combined with reactive compensation Reactive compensation Maximum filtering
Smooth mode changing strategy Max. Filtering & Q Compensation Maximum Filtering Load decrease Load increase Filtering to Curve Filtering to Hardware Limits ABB n.v. - 12
Why is it important to filter a large range? Ł Technical requirements Filter upto H13 ABB Filter upto H50 ABB n.v. - 13 Filter upto H25 Ł Regulation requirements This speaks for itself and for
Example 1: Induction heating application Problem: High frequency components disturb production system Harmonic loads overload detuned banks 91.2 MVA 20 kv T1 2 MVA 6% 400 V T2 2 MVA 6% 400 V T3 2 MVA 6% 400 V 3200/5 15 VA To T1 700 kvar 7% (1010 A) Drives 945 kva (1364 A) PQFA 296 kva (428 A) 400 kvar 7% (577 A) Drives 315 kva (455 A) 400 kvar 7% (577 A) Drives 315 kva (455 A) ABB n.v. - 14
Example 1: Induction heating application Solution: ABB active filter Initial line current Filtered line current 3000 3000 2000 2000 Line current [A] 1000 0-1000 Line current [A] -2000-3000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Time [ms] ABB n.v. - 15 1000 0-1000 -2000-3000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Time [ms] High frequency content Perfect sine wave
Example 1: Induction heating application Solution: ABB active filter Initial line current Filtered line current 14% 14% 12% 12% Current distortion [%] 10% 8% 6% 4% Current distortion [%] 2% 0% 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 Frequency [Harmonics] ABB n.v. - 16 10% 8% 6% 4% Effect on high frequencies 2% 0% 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 Frequency [Harmonics]
Why select individual harmonics and levels? Filter optimizes operation for each individual harmonic ( Wideband systems) The user can allocate resources to the harmonics he needs to filter and can forget about the others ( Wideband systems) Ł Efficient use of resources The user can put filtering levels in accordance with the regulations/technical needs ( Wideband systems) Ł Efficient use of resources The filter can be used in parallel with existing passive filter units ( Wideband systems)!!! Beware of wideband systems!!! ABB n.v. - 17
Example 2: Cable car application Problem: Utility uses ripple control signals at1050 Hz and 1600 Hz High frequency components present on the public network 10kV/0.4kV 630kVA/4.3% PQF 230kW 230kW ABB n.v. - 18
Example 2: Cable car application Solution: ABB active filter Initial line current without ABB active filter 800 700 600 FILTER OFF - [09/12/97] 500 450 FILTER OFF - [09/12/97] 500 400 400 300 350 Current [A] 200 100 0-100 -200-300 -400-500 -600-700 -800 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 Time [ms] ABB n.v. - 19 Current [Arms] 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Harmonics
Example 2: Cable car application Solution: ABB active filter Filtered line current with ABB active filter 800 700 FILTER RUNNING - [09/12/97] 500 FILTER RUNNING - [09/12/97] 600 450 500 400 400 Current [A] 300 200 100 0-100 -200 Current [Arms] 350-300 -400-500 -600-700 -800 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 Time [ms] ABB n.v. - 20 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Harmonics
Why use closed loop control? For best results: The filter sees what it is doing and can compensate for real life measurement inaccuracies Closed loop CT configuration eases installation Ł reduced installation cost No special high precision costly CTs required Distortion source Active filter open loop Distortion source ABB n.v. - 21 ABB PQF closed loop
Why use closed loop control? Closed loop control Open loop operation AF AF Target Control Output Target Control Output Measurement Feedback Measurement!!! Beware of pseudo closed loop systems!!! - Open loop systems that use a closed loop measurement - Calculate the open loop reference by subtracting the data obtained from two different CT types ABB n.v. - 22 Ł Introduces inaccuracies in the control
Why use closed loop control? Directly measure and control harmonic current flowing to network No risk of wrong THDI calculation Can verify harmonic according to regulation directly Simple CT connection Normal CT X/5A class 1 is sufficient Easy for future harmonic load extensions Better accuracy & safety Appropriate for Local & Global compensation Closed loop control Control point PQF VFD Other loads Open loop operation Control point CT:x/1A AF? VFD Other loads CT : x/5a Directly control & measure THDI and total load current then compensate VFD VFD VFD VFD spare THDI =? unknown Total loads =? Unknown Pass/fail regulation =? Unknown CT CT CT CT Future extent ion = easy VFD VFD VFD VFD spare SCT Accuracy drop! Future extent ion =? ABB n.v. - 23
Example 3: Variable speed drives in oil field LINE VOLTAGES & LINE CURRENTS AT PUMPING CLUSTER 750 500 250 Volts 0-250 -500-750 3000 2000 1000 Amps 0-1000 -2000-3000 10:25:43.72 10:25:43.73 10:25:43.74 10:25:43.75 10:25:43.76 10:25:43.77 CHA Volts CHB Volts CHC Volts CHA Amps CHB Amps CHC Amps ABB n.v. - 24 Waveform event at 22/11/01 10:25:43.533 Voltage: THDV = 12% Current: THDI = 27%
Example 3: Variable speed drives in oil field LINE VOLTAGES & LINE CURRENT WITH ACTIVE FILTER 750 500 250 0-250 -500-750 3000 2000 1000 0-1000 -2000-3000 10:41:55.72 10:41:55.73 10:41:55.74 10:41:55.75 10:41:55.76 10:41:55.77 10:41:55.78 CHA Volts CHB Volts CHC Volts CHA Amps CHB Amps CHC Amps Voltage: THDV = 2% Waveform event at 22/11/01 10:41:55.533 Current: THDI = 3% ABB n.v. - 25
Why load balancing/reactive power? To further improve the Power Quality of the network To have stepless reactive power available in sensitive networks (e.g. hospital environment) To have both inductive and capacitive reactive power available To avoid penalties of the utility To unload, increase life, of transformers To reduce fundamental current in the neutral due to unbalance loads between line and neutral To reduce voltage build-up in neutral conductor w.r.t. ground ABB n.v. - 26
Example 4: Load balancing example L1: 49.1 Arms L2: 5.3 Arms L3: 5.1 Arms N: 44.1 Arms L1: 19.6 Arms L2: 19.4 Arms N: 3.5 Arms ABB n.v. - 27 L3: 19.5 Arms
ABB n.v. - 28 Why use the PQF range of Active Filters (2)? It offers best performance on all networks and can grow with your needs! 3-wire and 4-wire versions available in a wide voltage and current range Ł Suitable for small applications (e.g. 30 A, 45A, 60 A) Ł Suitable for large applications (e.g. 1800 A and higher) Does not get affected by changes in network impedance E.g. Transformer paralleling, switch to backup generator Ł Always perfect filtering results Uses an active unoverloadable technology that creates with high precision the filter harmonics Ł Keeps running at nominal rating and informs customer of this Has a modular design, upgradeable on site Ł 3-wire units: up to 8 units 4-wire units: up to 4 units Ł 3-wire units: units of different sizes may be combined
Why use the PQF range of Active Filters (3)? because it is designed with the customer in mind! ABB n.v. - 29 Auto restart functionality after power outage Remote control functionality through user programmable digital inputs 6 user programmable digital output contacts for filter operation monitoring Modbus RTU communication capability Alarm contact with normal open and normal closed connection Low loss control system (e.g. 500 W to 2.8 kw for 100 A unit at 400V) Main and auxilary settings functionality Functions with standard class CTs Optical link between different modules for maximum isolation Reinforced output filters for certain models as standard Manufactured under ABB quality control guidelines
ABB n.v. - 30 Why use the PQF range of Active Filters (4)? because it has an excellent user interface offering extensive network analysis tools! Standard provided with each filter Easy setup of the active filter Three phase network analyser Ł Numerical data Ł Spectra Ł Time domain waveforms of all important electric parameters Filter status analysis tools Ł Filter load indication Ł Event log including fault analysis with time stamp Ł Temperature sensor indications Connection point for all customer control and monitoring I/O
Why use the PQF range of Active Filters (5)? because it can be equipped with the options you need! Higher protection degree for certain models (IP41) External temperature probes RS232 - RS485 converter for Modbus communication Base frame Top cable entry options Printer Reinforced output filters for DC drive loads PQF-Link software for programming and monitoring the filter from a PC ABB n.v. - 31
Where are the PQF active filters used? everywhere where Power Quality is at stake!!! Hotels, banks, computing centres Cranes Paper machine Offshore Ski lifts Centrifuges Propulsion Roller tables Decanters Debarking drums Kilns Winders Compressors ABB n.v. - 32
1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0-200 -400-600 -800-1000 -1200 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 Example 5: Unbalanced load filtering ABB n.v. - 33 Load side currents [200A/div] L3 L2 L1 Time [5ms/div]
1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0-200 -400-600 -800-1000 -1200 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 Example 5: Unbalanced load filtering ABB n.v. - 34 Supply side currents [200A/div] L3 L2 L1 Time [5ms/div]
Example 6: Neutral protection overload MV LV Protection L1 (R) L2 (Y) Ith (L): 100A RMS L3 (B) N: 65-80% * Ith N PQFT NL Loads: -Fluor. light -PCs -... NL Loads: -Fluor. light -PCs -... NL Loads: -Fluor. light -PCs -... ABB n.v. - 35
Example 6: Neutral protection overload H3 in neutral with and without filter I [100 A/div] Without filter Without filter: -I H3 150 A RMS I [100 A/div] With filter With filter: -I H3 0 A RMS ABB n.v. - 36 Time [10 ms/div]
Example 7: Bank building compensation ABB n.v. - 37
Example 7: Bank building compensation UPS output voltage UPS output voltage without compensation with compensation 400 400 Volts 300 200 100 0-100 -200-300 -400 ABB n.v. - 38 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 Volts 300 200 100 0-100 -200 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0-300 -400 msec msec THDv = 8.4% THDv = 4.7% Filter running at nominal (full) load
Conclusions ABB -has a complete range of active filters -has a vast amount of experience in the active filter field ABB active filters: -have extremely high filtering efficiency -can filter up to a very high order -allow for reactive power compensation and load balancing (between lines or/and between line & neutral) -are designed with the customer in mind ABB n.v. - 39
Conclusions Talk to ABB for expert advice on solving your Power Quality problems ABB Active Filters, when Power Quality matters! ABB n.v. - 40