3D Derby Design Document Research Research Question: How does applying graphite to axel's change the length of wheel spin? The answer is pretty simple. Graphite, in fact, is a lubricant, which is a material that eliminates the friction between two objects. This means that graphite increases the length of wheel spin by eliminating the friction between the wheel and the body of the car. The funny thing is, lubricants like graphite do more than just eliminate friction between two objects. For one, lubricants like graphite can reduce the wear and tear between two objects. The importance of this has to be emphasized, as reducing wear and tear can lead to you having more accurate results when testing your car, and the car will be in a better shape during the competition. Secondly, in mechanical objects, graphite can lower the operation temperatures of engines. Again, the importance of this cannot be overlooked. High operating temperatures can ruin the performance of a vehicle. To add to that, if the operating temperature exceeds the capacity of the car, the car has a chance to explode. However, this can help in a PineWood Derby Car as well. Because friction between the body of the car and the wheels make heat, the produced heat can damage both the wheels and car body, causing the car to underperform during the competition. Thirdly, graphite can slow down the corrosion of the car exponentially. In other words, the car s corrosion speed will halt. This is so important, because the performance of the car will be consistent all the way through the competition.
https://www.reference.com/vehicles/lubricants-reduce-friction- 2058f617a5a8eb92# http://www.explainthatstuff.com/lubricants.html http://www.abbeyclock.com/aoiltwo.html Research Question: How does the size of the wheel affect speed? Typically, bigger wheels increase the speed of a car, given that the wheels are turning at the same RPM. Why is this so? Although smaller wheels tend to have a higher RPM, larger wheels waste less energy through friction and tire resistance. This allows the wheel to roll for longer and with more speed. One of our first drafts for our car had smaller wheels in a wheel well. It was mildly successful, but had it s problems with speed and overall performance. As we developed our car, we came upon a design that was extremely efficient and performed exceedingly well. This design s wheels were considerably larger and didn t have wheel wells. This car, when raced against our original, traveled with a significant amount of speed. Meanwhile, compared to the old car, the old car traveled much slower. This evidence plus the sites sourced are both plenty proof that bigger wheels do indeed give a car more speed. http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/66521/which-is-more-efficienta-larger-wheel-or-a-smaller-wheel http://www.tuneruniversity.com/blog/2011/04/wheel-tech-part-iii-wheeldiameters-effect-on-performance/ Research Question: At what point should you shift weight to increase the speed of the car? Well, after further study, I have come to the conclusion that putting the weight in the back helps accelerate the car. This is because if weight is placed in the back, gravity helps push the car down the ramp for longer if the weight is shifted backwards. It seems mostly like common sense. If weight is placed
backwards, there is more time for gravity to push the car along. If you put it, let s say, in the front, gravity has much less time to accelerate the car along compared to if the car s weight was placed in the back. http://www.derbyspeed.com/weightplacement.html Research Question: How does a spoiler affect the performance of a car? Since cars are shaped like airfoils so the spoiler actually creates downforce, which does lots of things, both positive and negative effects. For the positives, since spoilers create downforce, it increases the traction of a car. In other words, because spoilers create downforce, it increases a car s handling. This helps a car, you know, stay on the track, so it can do what a car does, which is moving forward, and fast. However, spoilers can add negative effects to the car as well. For example, while the spoiler can add downforce, that same force can cause drag. This is because since the car is being pushed down, it increases the friction is has with air. Secondly, contrary to popular belief, spoiler DO NOT increase the acceleration of a car. http://www.physlink.com/education/askexperts/ae496.cfm https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2016/09/30/do-spoilers-actually-make-carsgo-faster/#5eaa6c506144 http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-drive/culture/commuting/do-spoilersactually-improve-a-cars-performance/article21180268/ Specifications (of current car) Side Views
Car Dimensions Length: 91.7 mm Width: 41.6 mm Height: 36.2 mm Axle Hole Dimensions Radius: 1.1 mm Diameter: 2.2 mm
(Continues on next page) FRONT: REAR VIEW:
(Continues on next page) WHEELS: Wheel Dimensions:
Depth: 1.9 mm Radius (of axle hole opening): 1.3 mm Diameter (of axle hole opening): 2.6 mm Radius (of wheel): 26.6 mm Diameter (of wheel): 53.2 mm (Continues on next page) Update: Car Post Coloring Testing
Trial Time Adjustments 1 3.107 sec Added 3 inch wide wheels to car body 2 3.02 sec Added graphite 3 2.878 sec Added new 2.1 wide wheels to car body 4 2.790 sec Added graphite. 5 2.787 sec Tightened axles to reduce wheel wobble 6 2.750 sec Reapplied graphite 7 2.848 sec Changed wheels to 1.1 mm wide 8 2.798 sec Changed wheels to 1.7 mm wide 9 2.746 sec Changed wheels to 2 mm wide 10 2.745 sec Changed wheels to 1.9 mm wide Conclusion: After testing the car, we came to the conclusion that a car with a wheel width of 1.9 mm appears to have the best time because out of all of our trials, the car that had wheels with a width of 1.9 mm had the fastest time. Along with that, we have also come to the conclusion that you need to reapply graphite every 5 trials to get consistent results.
3D Derby Design Document: Assassins74 Research: In this section students will answer a research question related to their project. They will be scored on the relevance of their question, how well they answer the question and cite their sources. (3 or more reliable sources) Questions: How does mass affect a car s speed down a ramp? Having no weights added to the car went slower. But with weights, it made it heavier with mass, it makes the car go faster because of the force that pushes it. Do large or small tires make a car go faster? Yes, they do go faster because they have less traction and distance to travel. Just like our planets in our solar system, the closer they are to the sun, the faster they will move. The planets that are far out, will spin slower. So the bigger wheels will spin slower than the smaller wheels. The bigger wheels will have more mass creating more friction. So having smaller tires are better to make the car go fast. Source: http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/138748/if-mass-is-added-to-a-toy-car-does-itaffect-its-speed-making-it-faster http://boson.physics.sc.edu/~rjones/phys101/tirefriction.html http://www.caranddriver.com/features/effects-of-upsized-wheels-and-tires-tested http://www.physlink.com/education/askexperts/ae496.cfm http://www.tomsarazac.com/tom/opinions/wheelsize.html
Specifications: Side View of Car: Car Dimensions: Length: 116.2mm Width:60mm Height: 37.3mm Front View: Wheel Opening Dimensions: Diameter: 25.2 mm Depth: 7.0mm Rear View: Wheel Dimensions: Diameter of Wheel: 23.0mm Thickness of Wheel: 6mm Diameter of center hole: 4.0mm
Testing: Students will explain the testing of their car and what modifications they made to improve its speed. This could include physical changes to the car such as smoothing/sanding the body or wheels, adding a spoiler or anything else. It should also include testing of different lubricants on the axels. Students should include a data table showing the results of different trials. Trial Time Adjustments 1 11.9s Nothing, we left the wheels and car alone 2 13.6 s Use sand paper to make wheel smooth 3 9.7 s We rubbed graphite from our pencil on wheel axel 4 7.4s We rubbed pencil graphite on the wheel hub 5 5.6s Drilled holes and added weights to the car 6 4.2s Added more weights and added more graphite lubricants Conclusion At first, we used sand paper to make the wheel smooth. We rubbed graphite from our pencil on wheel axel. We rubbed pencil graphite on the wheel hub. Drilled holes and added weights to the car. We then added more weights and added more graphite lubricants. In conclusion, we like that the graphite helps to lubricates the wheels and the weights help make it faster.
3-D Research Design Document: Question: How does friction affect the car and how does that slow it down? Friction affects the car by slowing it down at the wheel and at the axle, if it didn t move right, the car would only slide. Thus, the best car would only have one way of friction, against the ground. Question: What are Aerodynamics? Aerodynamics is how the air interacts with the item. Ie. our car. Squares, are not very aerodynamics. The air runs into the side of the shape, making the car get slowed. Question: What use would a screw be in the car. With the screw mechanism in the car, it would be able to fix on any width of track. It also will make the car look cooler. Question: How does the air interact with our car? The circular shape will easily displace air around the car, the most aerodynamic shapes are circles. They are this because the air easily goes around the car. Question: Specifications Version 1: TOP View
Side View Other Side Specifications Version 2: Testing: Trial Time Adjustment 1 NO Time Didn t Print 2.No Time Wouldn t Fixed size as the wheels didn t have enough clearance between them and went with a new design with a screw. Adjusted wheel size as it was too tall
fit on track 3 No Time Made a screw adjustment to make the Max and Min. Width have more of a range. 4 No Time Stacked two screws on top of each other so that it was more sturdy when it was put together. 5 No Time Didn t meet specificatio ns Minimum width was too high, needed to make screw larger Conclusion: We thought of our first version of the SPOOL while thinking of a design that would be fast and basic to make. We thought of how that a wheel spinning on an axle makes friction, so if we took the axle away, then there would be less friction on the car, making it go faster. After just finishing a Star Destroyer car, our Star Wars mindset thought of the Tie Fighter. Instead of hexagonal wings, if they were circles, instead of the normal shape. With a cylinder in between, then the car would be very fast. This is because circles are the most aerodynamic shape, since they have no sides. This fact we learned after reading Popular Science magazine, on how spherical shaped ice doesn t melt as fast because of low surface area. It talked about how circles, because they don t have any direct sides, they meet little resistance when pushed against air. The older Version of the SPOOL never was able to go down the track, it was too thin to move. Our other versions weren t large enough to work or too large. The second to last version has the wrong dimensions, and was unable to be printed. We then decided that we should make the SPOOL have a screw so it can fit on any track. We then began the tedious task of making the SPOOL 2.0. We made a screw using TINKERCAD and then imported them to STL and then moved them into sketchup. We then resized it and made the screw so it fit specifications. Sources: Crash Course: Friction
Crash Course: Momentum Crash Course: Energy Momentum: Khan Popular Science: January-February Edition: Water In Our World Nasa
3D Derby Design Document: Brutes 74 Research: In this section students will answer a research question related to their project. They will be scored on the relevance of their question, how well they answer the question and cite their sources. (3 or more reliable sources) Questions: How does mass affect a car s speed down a ramp? Mass keeps the car weighted down on the tracks. Having more mass makes it go faster down the ramp. What role does friction play in a car s tires? If the tires are rough and not sanded down it will be bumpy and have lots of friction. Do large or small tires make a car go faster? small tires makes the car ride the rails. Have the perfect sizes wheels will make sure you can make it down the track successfully and have more grip and surface area. What does a spoiler do on a car? It increases the grip on the road. It also generates drag. Source: http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/138748/if-mass-is-added-to-a-toy-car-does-itaffect-its-speed-making-it-faster http://boson.physics.sc.edu/~rjones/phys101/tirefriction.html http://www.caranddriver.com/features/effects-of-upsized-wheels-and-tires-tested http://www.physlink.com/education/askexperts/ae496.cfm Specifications: Side View of Car: Car Dimensions: Length: 121.9mm Width:60mm Height: 28.2mm Wheel Opening Dimensions: Diameter: 24 mm Depth: 7.0mm
Front View: Rear View: Wheel Dimensions: Diameter of Wheel: 22.0mm Thickness of Wheel: 6.1mm Diameter of center hole: 3.0mm Testing: Students will explain the testing of their car and what modifications they made to improve its speed. This could include physical changes to the car such as smoothing/sanding the body or wheels, adding a spoiler or anything else. It should also include testing of different lubricants on the axels. Students should include a data table showing the results of different trials. Trial Time Adjustments 1 12.3 s Nothing, we left the wheels and car alone 2 10.7 s Sand paper wheels to make it smooth 3 9.4 s Pencil graphite on wheel axel 4 6.4s Weight 60 grams of bbs for weights 5 4.8s Added more weights 86 grams with bbs
6 3.8s Added more weights 99 grams with bbs and added more graphite lubricants Conclusion 1 st We did nothing 2 nd we sand papered the wheels.3 rd we used pencil graphite on the wheel axel. 4 th we added 60 grams of weight with bb s 5 th we added more weights, 86 grams of bb s. 6 th we added more weight with 99 grams of bb s and added graphite lubricants.then this made the car go much faster.
Builders84_3dDerbyDesignDoc Research: 3D Derby Design Document Juan dela Torre Arambula, Kevin Rios Ramirez, Uriel Martinez Melendez A derby car will go faster if there is little friction against the car. So a smooth surface is important in reducing friction. We want to make a surface that is aerodynamically designed to allow air to flow over the car. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-rjjto51yky) Specifications: Side view of car: Car dimensions: wheel opening dimensions: Length: 135.9 diameter:135.1 Width: 39.8 depth: 31.9 Height:31.9 Front view: Rear view:
Builders84_3dDerbyDesignDoc Tires : Testing Time Adjustments 1 3.2 Sec Sand Paper 2 3.0 Sec Graphite on Wheels 3 1.9 Sec Graphite on wheels 4 1.3 Sand screw
3D Car Design Document BY Jose Guerrero, Arturo Gutierrez, Julian P., Zach M. Period:6
How does mass affect a car s speed down a ramp? I ve learned that adding mass to a car will affect it s speed going down a ramp. In affect it will go faster if the car has more mass. I know that it will go faster because of Earth s gravity. Earth gravity is pushing the car down the ramp. Longer the push of gravity is faster the car will go. Mass comes into affect when the ramp is vertical. When the car goes down lighter it is slower it will take to change speed and heavier it is less time it will take to change speed. I also learned that extra mass on an item going down a ramp with the push of gravity will in result make it go faster due to the push of gravity. https://www.reference.com/science/mass-affect-speed-69f716713916bcc9 http://www.dummies.com/education/science/physics/how-gravity-affects-theacceleration-of-an-object-on-an-inclined-plane/ http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/speedy-science-how-does-accelerationaffect-distance/
What does a spoiler do on a car? Cars have spoilers to get a better grip on the road. The spoiler generates a down force which is a downward thrust. The purpose of down force is to be able stay on the track better. Another benefit of a car spoiler is that the car can maintain traction on the track and better the stability of the car. It also reduces weight because the designer doesn t need to add wasteful weight, to make it go faster or turn better. Having a spoiler also increases braking. Spoilers also reduce drag so it can stay on the road better and have a better grip on the road. In conclusion having a spoiler will increase the car s speed and grip on the road. It will also increase stability too. http://www.ebay.com/gds/6-benefits-of-installing-a-spoiler-on-your-car- /10000000177633228/g.html http://www.physlink.com/education/askexperts/ae496.cfm http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-drive/culture/commuting/do-spoilersactually-improve-a-cars-performance/article21180268/
Side View of the Car
Front View: Back View:
Car Dimensions: Length:60mm Width:121mm Height:37.5mm Wheel Dimensions Diameter:24.0mm Depth:5.0mm
Testing Trial Time Adjustments Notes 1 2.94 sec. None No washers 2 3.93 sec. 3 washers Wobbles a lot 3 4..03 Grinded Wheel Wells Sometimes it comes off the track 4 4.12 Grinded Wheels Smoother rolls 5 4.06 None Rolls Okay
Conclusions I added a spoiler to improve my cars speed to increase the down force and so it is more aerodynamic. I also made my car s roof curved so it is also more aerodynamic. The testing I did in my car was trials of speed and distance and comparisons. I did these type of trials to see how I could improve it. The grinded wheels and wheels wells helped my car perform better. Something that didn t work was my curved windows so I scraped that idea. I used science to understand how gravity can help my car gain speed and Newton s Laws. I used math to learn the maximum distance and acceleration my car could have with some equations. This would be important in the real world because this would help me understand Newton s Laws in science class and this would also help me understand math better. I learned that you have to account everything in thinking of cars and how the design could effect the outcome and that in the real world you have to think about many of the possible errors and successes.
3D Derby Design Document: DarkStar 74 Research: In this section students will answer a research question related to their project. They will be scored on the relevance of their question, how well they answer the question and cite their sources. (3 or more reliable sources) Research Questions: How does mass affect a car s speed down a ramp? Mass affect a car s speed down the ramp by increasing the speed from the car s weight. In Newton s Laws of Motion it s said that the heavier the object is, the faster it falls, the lighter the object is, the slower it falls. The mass of the car is heavy enough to push down the car from behind which will fasten the speed when rolling down the ramp. When the car is heavy enough, it s able to increase the speed of the car, but when the mass too heavy it slows the car down when it lands, and the car wouldn t be able to reach the finish line in time. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/newtons-laws-ofmotion/v/newton-s-second-law-of-motion https://www.reference.com/science/weight-toy-cart-affect-its-acceleration-going-down-ramp- 144e5c0b073acccd http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/138748/if-mass-is-added-to-a-toy-car-does-it-affect-itsspeed-making-it-faster Specifications: Side View of Car: Car Dimensions: Length:120.mm Wheel Opening Dimensions: Diameter: 30mm
Width:60mm Height: 38.9mm Depth: 7mm Front View: Rear View: Wheel Dimensions: Diameter of Wheel: 26mm Diameter of center hole: 3mm Testing: Students will explain the testing of their car and what modifications they made to improve its speed. This could include physical changes to the car such as smoothing/sanding the body or wheels, adding a spoiler or anything else. It should also include testing of different lubricants on the axels. Students should include a data table showing the results of different trials. Trial Time Adjustments
1 8.5 s None, just attached the wheels to the car body. 2 7.6 s Sand paper the wheels to make them smooth. 3 5.4 s Added graphite on the inside of the wheel well. 4 5.9 s Added graphite on the axels holes. 5 4.2 s Added 3D printed washers. 6 3.9 s Added more graphite and smoothed out bumps on wheels. Conclusion: We really like the design of a convertible because a many convertibles are fast. So first, we paused and then added bb s (weights) inside the car while it was 3d printing for more mass on the car. Then we sand papered the wheels to make them smooth because it was too bumpy on our first test. Next, we added graphite on the inside of the wheel well. Then, we decided to add 3D printed washers to the car test if it would go faster, it was a success. Last, we added more graphite and smoothed out more of the bumps on the wheels to make sure everything was smoothed out before racing our car again.
Research: How does mass affect a car s speed down a ramp? Mass affects a cars speed on a ramp because the more weight you have downhill the faster it will go, having more weight on a car driving flat will make your car slower. What does a spoiler do on a car? A spoiler makes a car go faster at high speeds. Specifications: Side View: Car Dimensions: Length:127 mm. Width:57 mm. Height:39 mm. Front View:
Rear View: Top View: Testing: Trial Time Adjustments 1.72 12.96 2.91 16.38 3.77 13.86 4.83 14.94 5.69 12.42 6.88 15.84 7.57 10.26 8.73 13.14 Conclusion: In conclusion I learned how to used complicated tools in sketch up, my car is nothing special but I feel that my car will do good in the Tournament of Technology.
LeaoandJoes84_3DDerbyDesignDoc QUESTION? DERBY CAR DOCUMENT What does a spoiler do on a car? As a car is driving in a massive speed the environment affects it. With a spoiler the car movement is under control. A spoiler needs to be straight on the back of the car so the air can flow under, and over it. SOURCES Joseph Kate (Car Aerodynamics), Peter Hersan (The Guide to All Production Models) Bruce Anderson (Porsche all Performance Handbook) http://boyslife.org/hobbies-projects/projects/2952/speed-secrets/ Katz, Joseph. Race Car Aerodynamics. Bentley Robert. p. 99. ISBN 0837601428 (SIDE VIEW OF THE CAR) Dimension Wheel Opening Dimension
LeaoandJoes84_3DDerbyDesignDoc Length: 126.3 Diameter: 27.2 Height: 33.1 Depth: 4.0 Wight: 51.1 FRONT OF THE CAR BACK OF THE CAR TIRE TIRE DIMENSION Diameter: Test number 20 mm Time in Seconds Adjustments Thickness: 3 mm 1 2.0 Sand Paper Diameter 2 of Center Hole: 3.0 mm 2.0 Screw loosened 3 0.90 Graphite 4.89 Sand paper and graphite
LeaoandJoes84_3DDerbyDesignDoc
Name (Devin Sharkey) Period (Type your period here) Team Devin: 3D Derby Design Document Complete the 4 sections: Research, Specifications, Testing, & Conclusion. Section 1-Research: Research Question 1: Do large or small tires make the car go faster? Research Question 2: What role does friction play in a car's tires? Answer 1: It depends on how heavy the tires are if they are heavy then they will go slower, if it is lighter then the car will go faster. If the tires are big it is possible it could go faster if it was ran by a normal car that had an engine, but ours does not. Therefore the smaller tires seem to cause less friction on rubbing on the inside of the car and do not hit the fenders. So by doing actual research of trying larger and smaller tires on my car we found out that the smaller wheels made our car faster. Answer 2: Friction can determine how fast or how slow your car can go. The more friction you have the slower your car will go. Having less friction on your car will help your car go faster but having extra friction on your car tires can also help you in the rain and snow. Having friction on your tires like tread helps you slow down faster when you break and this can save lives, but if you are racing a car like we are then extra fiction on our 3D cars is not a good thing sense we are trying to make them faster. Sources: http://www.physlink.com/education/askexperts/ae496.cfm http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-drive/culture/commuting/do-spoilers-actually-improve-a-carsperformance/article21180268/ http://www.carsdirect.com/aftermarket-parts/what-does-a-spoiler-do-for-aerodynamics Section 2-Specifications: Using the snipping tool take screenshots large enough to see your creative designs of: side view of the car, front view, rear view, and your wheels. Side View of Car:
Name (Devin Sharkey) Period (Type your period here) Front View:
Name (Devin Sharkey) Period (Type your period here) Rear View: Car Dimensions: Length: 123.1mm Width: 64.0mm Height: 30.8mm Wheel Opening Dimensions: Diameter: 24.3mm Depth: 7.0mm Wheel Dimensions: Diameter of Wheel: 24.3mm Thickness of Wheel: 7.0mm Diameter of center hole: 1.5mm
Name (Devin Sharkey) Period (Type your period here)
Name (Devin Sharkey) Period (Type your period here) Section 3-Testing: Complete your table below in DISTANCE not TIME Trial Distance Adjustments 1 24ft Weights & Soap 2 23Ft Sand Paper 3 31ft Baby Oil, Soap, and Water 4 32ft 2 Weights 5 33ft 3 Weights 6 36ft 4 Weights Section 4-Conclusion: We did a lot of testing on my car to make sure that it worked and to see what the best utility was to use. There were 2 things that worked really well and and the one that worked the best on my car is the weights, because we got to 36 ft. with 4 weights on the car. The second thing that also worked really well is the WD 40 and that also made the car go faster too. When I built my car I made a little mess ups but otherwise it still made it out in the end, because we ended up winning the other racers. We used science and math on this project by figuring out the measurements of the car, wheels, fenders and the actual correct size of the car. I think this is important in the real world because if we don t have the correct measurements for a car then they would not be safe for drivers.
Derby Car Document Phayvahn Phanhthoukone Vincent Abney Demetrio De Los Santos Jimenez DynamicDuo84_3DDerbyCarDoc Dynamic Duo Derby Car Design Document Research: What role does friction play on a car s tires? Years of research in tire friction have shown that the friction of a tire on the road gives traction, allowing your car to not slide on the road. If you were a race car driver, you want less traction and slicker tires for maximum speed. Greater traction will allow the car to stay on the road in many types of weather, slicker tires won t. Sources: http://boyslife.org/hobbies-projects/projects/2952/speed-secrets/ Mark Rober, https://www.youtube.com/channel/ucy1kmzp36iqsynx_9h4mpcg Specifications: Side view of car: Car Dimensions: Length: 115.6mm Width: 60 mm Wheel Opening dimensions: Diameter: 20.9mm Depth: 10 mm. Height: 30.3 mm
Derby Car Document Phayvahn Phanhthoukone Vincent Abney Demetrio De Los Santos Jimenez DynamicDuo84_3DDerbyCarDoc Front View: Back view: Tire: Trial: Time: Adjustments: 1 2 3 4
3D Car Design Document Xavier Rodriguez, Christian mendivil Period: 6
1) How does mass affect a car s speed down a ramp? 2) What role does friction play in a car s tires? 1) How does mass or doesn t mass affect the speed at which a car goes down a ramp? An experiment to try is adding mass to a cylinder before it goes down a ramp and with each trial it takes less time to get to the bottom. However, the speed doesn t get affected by the directly but it does affect how fast it accelerates or decelerates. Mass doesn t affect the top speed of an object down an ramp, but how fast it get s to that top speed. 2) What are the roles friction has on a car s tires?
Websites: physics.stackexchange.com www.reference.com hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu socratic.org www.all-science-fair-projects.com
Side view of car
Front View of Car Back view of Car
Car Dimensions: Length: 143.9mm. Width: 61.1mm. Height: 40mm. Wheel Wheel dimensions: Diameter: 28mm. Depth: 4.5mm.
Trial Time (sec.) Adjustments 1 5 sec. Adding weights 2 7 sec. Making the space between the wheels smaller 3 0 sec. Making wheels smaller 4 6 sec. Add lubricant 5 10 sec. Add weights 6 11 sec. Make wheels a bigger diameter
Name (Daven Walker ) Period (Type your period here) Team Ghostriders: 3D Derby Design Document Complete the 4 sections: Research, Specifications, Testing, & Conclusion. Section 1-Research: What does a spoiler do on a car? How does mass affect a car s speed down a ramp? Answer: Question 1. What a spoiler does on an car is function to 'spoil' unfavorable air movement across a body of a vehicle in motion usually described as drag. Spoilers on the front of a vehicle are often called air dams. Spoilers are often fitted to race and high-performance sports cars. Question 2. Yes, adding mass to a toy car should at least in principle make it accelerate down a ramp faster. Well if it was moving down a ramp friction would also come to play, but it should go faster because the more weight you add the more downwards momentum you will have and if it's moving down a ramp then it should turn that to into forward momentum which will make your car faster. Sources: http://www.physlink.com/education/askexperts/ae496.cfm http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-drive/culture/commuting/do-spoilers-actually-improve-a-carsperformance/article21180268/ http://www.carsdirect.com/aftermarket-parts/what-does-a-spoiler-do-for-aerodynamics Section 2-Specifications: Using the snipping tool take screenshots large enough to see your creative designs of: side view of the car, front view, rear view, and your wheels. Side View of Car:
Name (Daven Walker ) Period (Type your period here) Front View: Rear View: Car Dimensions: Length: 110.0mm Width: 47.4mm Height: 24.2mm Wheel Opening Dimensions: Diameter: 22.2mm Depth: 5.5mm Wheel Dimensions: Diameter of Wheel: 13.5mm Thickness of Wheel: 5mm Diameter of center hole: 1.5mm
Name (Daven Walker ) Period (Type your period here) Section 3-Testing: Complete your table below. Trial Time Adjustments 1 24ft None 2 25Ft Added Weight 3 27ft WD-40 4 28ft Sandpaper 5 27ft Soap Water 6 29ft Added lots of weights Section 4-Conclusion: I got my overall speed by adding a lot of weights and we got 29 FEET. To me that's a lot. At first I started with weight but at the end we put a lot more and it seemed to work best. Then we put W-40 on the wheels to hopefully help and it did help by increasing two feet. Another thing that we did was baby oil and that did not work, which was the only thing that doesn't work, but it was fun to try. All of this building cars and these measurement help because if you get the wrong measurements it's not going to work. And that s kind of how it works with real cars. I wouldn t want to drive in a car that wasn t built correctly. For my first car, my starting measurements were way off so I started over. And over, and over, over but I finally got it. But these measurement for this care were perfect. I now understand how important math is when creating cars and how they play such an important role in real life. This was a cool and fun lesson to do.
3D Derby Document Research: Question 1: What does a spoiler do on a car? Answer 1: According to my research, adding or installing a spoiler gives you many benefits to your or someone else s car. One example is the spoiler reduces drag. This means that when the car is racing down the track, it wouldn t be pushed backed by the drag/friction. Another example is that a spoiler will give you more grip on the road. Because of this, if the car goes down the ramp it won t fly off. These are just two of the reason to have a spoiler of the many other of having one. Question 2: Do larger or smaller tires make a car faster? Answer 2: According to my research, we learned that bigger tires are a better choice than smaller tires. For example a bigger wheel
will travel farther than a smaller wheel. This means that in one roll, that bigger wheel will travel farther. Another example is, if there is a 20 inch diameter wheel and a 30 inch diameter tire, the ground that they both will cover will be different. The reason why is, the 20 inch wheel will cover 62.8 inches in one revolution and the 30 inch wheel will cover 94.2 inches in one revolution, so the bigger wheel will travel farther and faster every revolution. Sources For Spoiler: 1. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globedrive/culture/commuting/do-spoilers-actuallyimprove-a-cars-performance/article21180268/ 2. http://www.physlink.com/education/askexperts /ae496.cfm 3. http://www.ebay.com/gds/6-benefits-of- Installing-a-Spoiler-on-Your-Car- /10000000177633228/g.html
Sources For Wheel: 1. http://auto.howstuffworks.com/car-drivingsafety/safety-regulatory-devices/speedometer4.htm 2. http://www.caranddriver.com/features/effects-ofupsized-wheels-and-tires-tested 3. https://www.reference.com/vehicles/bigger-tiresaffect-speedometer-54ef47807327f7d0 Specifications: Left Side View:
Right Side View: Front View:
Back View: Testing:
Conclusion: In conclusion putting bigger wheels and a spoiler on my 3D car is probably a good choice. This is because bigger wheels give you a bigger revolution then a smaller wheel. We would also put a spoiler on my car also because of the many benefits it gives. Like it makes the car more aerodynamic. So this is why we should use bigger wheels and a spoiler on my car.
DOES MORE MASS ON THE CAR GO FASTER DOWN THE TRACK? NO BECAUSE THE LAW OF INERTIA STATES THAT IF YOU HAVE A LIGHTER CAR YOU WILL HAVE A BETTER FASTER CAR AGAINST THE HEAVY CAR. THE AIR RESISTANCE OF THE HEAVY OBJECT WILL ACCELERATE MORE SLOWLY THAN THE LIGHTER CARS. IT WILL TAKE A LONGER TIME TO CHANGE SPEED WITH A LIGHTER CAR. MORE MASS COULD HELP THE CAR GO DOWN BECAUSE IT WEIGHS THE CAR DOWN BUT WHILE IT S ON THE BOTTOM PART OF THE TRACK IT WILL MOVE SLOWER. WITH LESS MASS IN THE CAR, THE CAR WILL BE LIGHTER AND GO SLOWER DOWN BUT IT WILL GO FASTER ON THE BOTTOM PART. HTTPS://WWW.REFERENCE.COM/SCIENCE/MASS-AFFECT-SPEED-69F716713916BCC9# HTTPS://WWW.REFERENCE.COM/SCIENCE/WEIGHT-TOY-CART-AFFECT-ITS-ACCELERATION-GOING-DOWN-RAMP144E5C0B073ACCCD HTTPS://WWW.SCIENTIFICAMERICAN.COM/ARTICLE/SPEEDY-SCIENCE-HOW-DOES-ACCELERATION-AFFECTDISTANCE/
IT WILL MAKE THE TIRES BE ON THE TRACK AND NOT SLIDING THE CAR DOWN. ALSO WITH LESS FRICTION THE CAR WILL MOVE FASTER WITH SKID RESISTANCE. HAVING MORE FRICTION WITH MORE WEIGHT ON THE CAR WILL RESULT IN THE CAR MOVING SLOWER BUT ON THE TRACK DOWN IT WILL INCREASE SPEED BUT DECREASE ON THE BOTTOM. FRICTION PLAYS IN A BIG PART OF THE CAR BECAUSE WHILE THE CAR IS GOING DOWN THE TRACK IT WILL NOT SLIDE BUT THE WHEELS NEED TO HAVE LESS FRICTION IN THE AXEL HOLES AND THE TRACK. HTTP://HYPERPHYSICS.PHY-ASTR.GSU.EDU/HBASE/MECHANICS/FRICTIRE.HTML HTTPS://WWW.SCIENCE-OF-SPEED.COM/STEM_LEARNING/SCIENCE?ART=8062 HTTP://WWW.UX1.EIU.EDU/~CFADD/1150/05UCMGRAV/CURVE.HTML
SAMPLE 3D Derby Design Document: Research: I found that the mass does not really affect the car itself but it does help it to go fasters. I also found that is important for the tires to be the same size. It would help the car go faster. I also researched spoilers. I found that spoilers make the air move around the car to make the car go faster. When I designed the car I made sure to include a spoiler. Specifications: Side View of Car: Car Dimensions: Length: 120.0mm Width: 40mm Height: 32.1mm Front View: Wheel Opening Dimensions: Diameter: 15.0mm Depth: 7.3mm Rear View:
Wheel Dimensions: Diameter of Wheel: 15.0 mm Thickness of Wheel: 6.4mm Diameter of center hole: 2.2mm Testing: Trial Time Adjustments 1 10.2 s None, just attached the wheels to the car body. 2 9.7 s Smoothed the axel hole of the wheels and smoothed the outer edges of the wheel. 3 7.2 s Used lubricant A on the axels. 4 8.4 s Used lubricant B on the axels. 5 7.7 s Used lubricant C on the axels. 6 7.0 s Added a spoiler to the back of the car. Conclusion: I chose this car design because I think it s fast enough to win. It has all it needs like a real car. It has good wheels, which are smooth to make to go faster. It also has a spoiler. I like my car and I think it would win the race. I also focus on the shape of the car so the air can t stop it.
SAMPLE 3D Derby Design Document RESEARCH: I researched 3 questions: First, how does mass affects a cars speed down a ramp? A car s mass affects it because the less weight a car has, the car go faster down a ramp. Second, what role does friction play in car wheels? Friction helps the car slow down and stop. Third, what does the spoiler do on a car? Car spoilers or air dams can increase gas mileage in some cars, allowing it to move smoother. SOURCES: http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/138748/if-mass-is-added-to-a-toy-car-does-it-affect-itsspeed-making-it-faster http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mechanics/frictire.html http://www.ebay.com/gds/6-benefits-of-installing-a-spoiler-on-your-car-/10000000177633228/g.html Specifications: Side View of Car: Car Dimensions: Length: 107.0mm Width: 52.00mm Height:30.0mm Wheel Opening Dimensions: Diameter:19.0mm Depth:6.0mm
Rear View: front View: Wheel Dimensions: Diameter of wheel: 16.0mm thickness of wheel:6.5mm TESTING: 2 9.7 s Smoothed the axel hole of the wheels and smoothed the outer edges of the wheel. 3 7.2 s Used lubricant A on the axels. 4 8.4 s Used lubricant B on the axels. 5 7.7 s Used lubricant C on the axels. 6 7.0 s Added a spoiler to the back of the car. Conclusion: I chose that design for my car because the spoiler helps it loss less weight and makes it go a little bit faster. The wheel help it go faster because the wheel make the car ride smooth for the car to go fast. The spoiler will make it go faster by making the wheel go smooth and also more air faster.
SAMPLE 3D Derby Design Document: Research: Mass doesn t affect speed directly but it does if it decelerates or accelerates. The friction will stop your acceleration between the tires. If you have a larger pair of wheels the car will move faster forward. If you have a spoiler on your car it will decrease the wasting of gas. It would also lower the amount of energy on the car. Sources http://www.ebay.com/gds/6-benefits-of-installing-a-spoiler-on-your-car- /10000000177633228/g.html Source: http://www.car-forums.com/s9/t17174.html Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mechanics/frictire.html Source:_ https://www.reference.com/science/mass-affect-speed- 69f716713916bcc9
Specifications: Side View of Car: Car Dimensions: Length: 77.8mm Width: 50mm Height: 27.4mm Front View: Wheel Opening Dimensions: Diameter: 22.4mm Depth: 7.0mm Rear View: Wheel Dimensions: Diameter of Wheel: 18.9mm Thickness of Wheel: 7.0mm Diameter of center hole: 3.0mm
Conclusion: I decided to use this mustang 5.0 because they are fast and they are heavier and it will help the car move faster down the ramp. But I chose these big wheels because they are good for forward motion. I also have a spoiler because they will help keep you straight on the ramp and will make lesser energy on the car.
SAMPLE 3D Derby Design Document: Research: I found that mass does not affect speed directly, but it can affect how fast an object can change its speed by accelerating or decelerating. When I researched tires, I found that the wheels need to be smooth so the car can run smooth and not be bumpy down the track. Also, I found that bigger tires go much faster than little tires. I also found that the shape of the car makes it go faster, so I designed my car with a smooth shape. Sources: tristanmac.tripod.com/id13.html, hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/mechanics/frictire.html, boson.physics.sc.edu/~rjones/phys101/tirefriction.html. Specifications: Side View of Car: Car Dimensions: Length: 113.3mm Width: 60.0mm Height: 25.9mm Wheel Opening Dimensions: Diameter: 20.7mm Depth: 7.0mm Front View Rear View:
Wheel Dimensions: Diameter of Wheel: 18.2mm Thickness of Wheel: 7.0mm Diameter of center hole: 7.9mm Testing: Trial Time Adjustments 1 10.2 s None, just attached the wheels to the car body. 2 9.7 s Smoothed the axel hole of the wheels and smoothed the outer edges of the wheel. 3 7.2 s Used lubricant A on the axels. 4 8.4 s Used lubricant B on the axels. 5 7.7 s Used lubricant C on the axels. 6 7.0 s Added a spoiler to the back of the car. Conclusion: Bigger tires make cars go much faster, as well as the shape of the car. That s why I designed it like this because it s a smooth shape. Since the wheels are so important I made sure that my wheels had beveled edges.
Name (Jayden & Luis) Period (Type your period here) Team Ghostriders: 3D Derby Design Document Complete the 4 sections: Research, Specifications, Testing, & Conclusion. Section 1-Research: Research Question 1: How does mass affect a car s speed down a ramp? Research Question 2: What role does friction play in a car s tires? Answer 1: Mass is basically the weight of the car. If the car isn t heavy enough the car will go down slower but if it was a right amount of weight making it heavier it would go down faster. The extra weight of the car adds to the acceleration of the car. Since we are racing on a ramp that goes straight down it is important to add weights/mass to our car so that it will go faster and farther. Answer 2: What friction does to a car is give the car more traction. Traction means give it more grip on roads or streets. Cars mostly need friction the drive better and faster. Professional racers have a lot of traction and friction on their wheels that s really important for racers because it makes them go faster as well as able to stop when needed quickly and safely. Sources: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mechanics/frictire.html https://www.reference.com/science/mass-affect-speed-69f716713916bcc9 http://www.physlink.com/education/askexperts/ae496.cfm http://www.carsdirect.com/aftermarket-parts/what-does-a-spoiler-do-for-aerodynamics Section 2-Specifications: Using the snipping tool take screenshots large enough to see your creative designs of: side view of the car, front view, rear view, and your wheels. Side View of Car:
Name (Jayden & Luis) Period (Type your period here) Front View:
Name (Jayden & Luis) Period (Type your period here) Rear View: Car Dimensions: Length: 116.9mm Width: 53.2mm Height: 36.3mm Wheel Opening Dimensions: Diameter: 24.4mm Depth: 6.1mm
Name (Jayden & Luis) Period (Type your period here) Wheel Dimensions: Diameter of Wheel: 24.4mm Thickness of Wheel: 6.1mm Diameter of center hole: 1.5mm
Name (Jayden & Luis) Period (Type your period here) Section 3-Testing: Complete your table below in Distance not Time Trial Distance Adjustments 1 32ft Sandpaper wheels 2 33Ft Soap 3 36ft WD-40 4 33ft Baby oil 5 33ft More baby Oil 6 38ft Added lots of weights Section 4-Conclusion: Over all I made a lot of adjustments to make my car faster. One way I improved it was by using the sandpaper to sand down the wheels to make it smoother. This let my car go a bit faster because I smoothed off one of the bumps on the wheel. Another thing I used was the soap. What that did was it actually made it a bit faster than the sand paper because it made the tires have less friction. Some other stuff I used were soap with baby oil. That made my car go the fastest because it went 36 ft. I tried to add more but it didn t seem to go much faster. Another thing we added was the weights and that did make my car go a little faster than before and it also went up 2ft to 38ft.
Research: You want it to be heaver in the front to make it faster when going down the ramp. Your tires will have to have more friction because if it is slippery it won t go very fast. Specifications: Side View: Car Dimensions: Length: 127mm Width: 58mm Height: 53mm Front View:
Rear View: Top View: Testing: Trial Time Adjustments 1.75 13.5 2.80 14.4 3.90 16.2 4.95 17.1 5.80 14.4 6.50 9 7.72 12.96 8.83 14.94 Conclusion: I found that if you smoothed out the inner layer so it can go faster. Also we found that if it was light in the back and heavy in the front it would go faster.
Research: Mass affects, effects the car that goes down the ramp by it goes faster. Friction helps a car by sticking to the track and it goes faster because it doesn t come off the track a little bit and if there was no friction then it would keep coming off the ground. Small tires make the car go faster because it stays on the track and big wheels make it wobble and small makes it stay put. A spoiler on a car makes it be even and not wobble. Specifications: Side View: Car Length: Width: 40mm Height: 41.3mm Dimensions: 127mm
Front View: Rear View: Top View: Testing: Trial Time Adjustments 1 8.28 2 9.18 3 9.18 4 9.72 Conclusion:
Research Question: How does a derby car generate/create velocity. v = u + at, where u is the velocity when the time, t, is equal to 0 and a is the rate of acceleration. Also Having larger wheels increases the amount that the wheel travels in one rotation therefore increasing the distance traveled in a shorter time. Aerodynamics increases velocity by having the car have to push less air creating less drag which then makes the car have a higher velocity. https://www.reference.com/science/formula-velocity-3e7543a8dd0af305 https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/big-wheels-or-small-wheels.406860/ https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/vel.html Specification: Car Dimensions: Length: 120mm Width: 32.8mm Height: 19.7mm
Wheel opening Dimensions: Diameter: 60mm Wheel depth 0.7mm Radius: 30mm Axle area height: 8.7mm Front View: Side View:
Rear View: Image: Wheel Dimensi ons: Diameter of wheel: 60mm Thickness of wheels: 0.7mm Diameter of center Hole: 2.4mm Printed
Testing: Best time: 2.700 seconds Times ran Time Changes 1 2.918 none 2 2.842 none 3 dnf Wheel broke 4 2.843 Added new wheel 5 dnf Fell off track 6 2.789 Added graphite 7 2.849 None 8 2.767 graphite 9 2.780 none 10 2.750 Changed wheels Conclusion: We decided to use Graphite to help our car go faster, because after testing with and without graphite on other cars we found that when you add graphite the car s speed will increase anywhere from.1 seconds to.3 or.4 seconds faster than without graphite.
One problem with graphite though is that it will stop working very effectively after around ten races because it slowly falls off. We decided to use large wheels because they have been scientifically proven to increase maximum velocity because of how large the circumference is each time the wheel spins it travels further than a wheel with a smaller circumference. We have also found that the optimum weight placement in a derby car is around an inch or less in front of the rear axle. Some of our modifications have included adding mass around the back area of the car to make it faster because the more mass you have the more potential energy you have which in the end gives your more kinetic energy at the end of the track, as explained by Mark Rober a former NASA scientist. We also started with extra wide cars that were 60mm wide, now we have cars that with the wheels are almost the exact width of the track. We started with small wheels with a 15mm diameter, but we figured out that a car with larger circumference wheels will go faster because in one turn it has a further distance to go, but a trade off is acceleration, so we made our wheels extra thin and light for minimum friction and increased velocity. We also made wheels with a very long wheel base, because the more wheel you have on the axle, makes it more likely to have little wobble in the wheels and your car will then go a lot straighter.
Name (Jasmine & Victoria ) Period (Type your period here) Team Nuggets: 3D Derby Design Document Complete the 4 sections: Research, Specifications, Testing, & Conclusion. Section 1-Research: Research Question 1: Do Large or Small tires make a car go Faster? Research Question 2: What does a spoiler on a car do? Answer 1: If you do have larger tires you will have a greater speed. Basically a higher circumference equals higher speed. At the same time it can also be relied on by the vehicle or by its engine. There are many arguments on whether larger or smaller wheels make it go faster. But a lot of research proves that larger wheels may have the greater speed. Answer 2: It is a design function that is used to 'spoil' unfavorable air movement across a body of a vehicle in motion and is usually described as turbulence or drag. Spoilers on the front of the vehicle are often called air dams. People attach spoilers on mainly these part of the cars and can sometimes even make a car go faster. It is usually placed on top of the trunk, the roof, or the front hood. Sources: http://www.physlink.com/education/askexperts/ae496.cfm http://www.car-forums.com/s9/t17174.html https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=utf- 8&safe=active&ssui=on#q=what+does+a+spoiler+do+on+a+car&safe=active&ssui=on http://www.reference.com/vehicles/bigger-tires-affect-speedometer-54ef47807327f7d0tps Section 2-Specifications: Using the snipping tool take screenshots large enough to see your creative designs of: side view of the car, front view, rear view, and your wheels.
Name (Jasmine & Victoria ) Period (Type your period here) Side View of Car: Front View:
Name (Jasmine & Victoria ) Period (Type your period here) Rear View: Car Dimensions: Length: 120.0mm Width: 59.8mm Height: 38.9mm Wheel Opening Dimensions: Diameter: 26.1mm Depth: 8.2mm Wheel Dimensions: Diameter of Wheel: 26.1mm Thickness of Wheel: 8.2mm Diameter of center hole: 1.5mm
Name (Jasmine & Victoria ) Period (Type your period here)
Name (Jasmine & Victoria ) Period (Type your period here) Section 3-Testing: Complete your table below in Feet! Not Time as we raced for distance. Trial Distance Adjustments 1 25ft None 2 28Ft Added Baby Oil to wheels 3 28ft Added Soap 4 29ft Adjusted the wheels 5 29ft Scraped Sand Paper on Wheels to make it smooth 6 30ft Added more WD 40 & Graphite Section 4-Conclusion: While racing my car I noticed that I needed to adjust some things like the wheels and test out other things. To test the speed of my car and how far it would go I raced it down the ramp. It started off going at an okay speed but I needed it to go faster. I adjusted my car by using the provided equipment to improve my car such as soap water, baby oil, WD 40, graphite, and sandpaper. I would say that the Baby Oil helped out the most as well as the WD 40 and graphite. They seemed to make the most difference to making my car faster. I used Math and Science when building my car because you have to know the exact structure to make sure it will come out the way you want it too. This is important to know in the real world because if you have plans of building a real car, having to know what tools can help is key. Overall I feel I have become more comfortable with this 3D program that I used to build my car and I learned the different ways that I can improve a cars speed and how my design can also influence the speed of a car.
3D Derby Design Document: redhumanoid 74 Research: In this section students will answer a research question related to their project. They will be scored on the relevance of their question, how well they answer the question and cite their sources. (3 or more reliable sources) Questions: Do large or small tires make a car go faster? Having bigger tires can slow you down. Because of the wide tractions, it creates more friction. Biggers may look good, but they can slow you down. With bigger wheels that means more weight is applied to the car causing more friction. In conclusion, having a smaller tire for your car may be better. You should stick with your original measures for your car. Sources : https://www.wired.com/2014/07/a-rolling-object-accelerating-down-an-incline/ https://www.phys.ksu.edu/personal/sor/teaching/ep1-manual.pdf http://www.autoinsider.org/7-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-bigger-wheels.html http://www.rahul.net/mcgrew/derby/speed.html Specifications: Side View of Car:
Car Dimensions: Length: 120.0mm Width:60.0mm Height: 32.4mm Front View: Wheel Opening Dimensions: Diameter: 30mm Depth: 7.0mm Rear View: Wheel Dimensions: Diameter of Wheel: 28.0mm Thickness of Wheel: 7mm Diameter of center hole: 3.0mm Testing: Students will explain the testing of their car and what modifications they made to improve its speed. This could include physical changes to the car such as smoothing/sanding the body or wheels, adding a
spoiler or anything else. It should also include testing of different lubricants on the axels. Students should include a data table showing the results of different trials. Trial Time Adjustments 1 9.6 s None, just attached the wheels to the car body. 2 8.7 s Sand papered the wheels 3 7.2 s Used Graphite on inside wheel. 4 5.4 s Used Graphite on inside axel 5 4.7 s Added weights for more mass. 6 3.5 s Added more graphite and more weights. Conclusion: We did none to the car. Then we sand papered the wheels to make it smooth. Next we used graphite on inside wheel for lubrication. After we used graphite on inside axel so the metal screws can not rub on the plastic. We added weights for more mass because the car was too light. Last we added more graphite and more weights to make our car faster.
Derby Car Design Document Mikey West, Joel Velez, Tyler Mrkaich, Michael Martinez Research Where is the best weight placement on a 3D Derby Car? Below: Center of Gravity The weight placement on a pinewood derby car is a very important factor when building your car. In a derby car the center of gravity, or center of mass, is the balance point. Where you put the weights will dramatically change the center of gravity of a derby car. The car s center of gravity will dramatically affect the car s success. Different weight placements can have different effects depending on the shape of the track (i.e. tracks that are a straight slope or tracks that have a turn in them) Tests have proved that the best place to put weight is in the rear of the car. This can be overdone, but you can use a balance stand to make sure that it is right. The car should balance about 1 inch in front of the rear axle. (http://www.maximum-velocity.com/fivekeys.htm) (http://www.derbyspeed.com/weightplacement.html) How can you minimize friction on a 3D Derby Car? Below: Friction Friction is the resistance to motion of one object moving along another. Friction is what causes cars to slow down when they are coasting. For this reason, reducing friction is key to creating a fast car. The first thing that could increase friction is the nails that are being used as axles. Although the nail may seem smooth, there are actually tiny grooves on the nail. You can smooth the grooves by taking a fine grit sandpaper and sanding until it shines, and no visible imperfections appear. Next, the wheels should be looked at. There are often imperfections on the outside of the wheel. This will greatly increase friction, therefore decreasing the speed of the car. However, sanding the wheels, if done incorrectly, can actually increase the imperfections on the wheels. Use a very, very fine grit of sandpaper for sanding the wheels. After the axles and wheels are as smooth as possible, applying a lube to the axles can decrease friction a lot. The most common lubricant for this is powder graphite. Finally, the car needs to roll straight. If the car does not roll straight, the car will bang into the track which will slow it down enormously. Roll the car on a flat surface, and see if it veers to the left or right. If so, make the necessary adjustments so that the car will not rub against the track. (http://www.fastpinewoodderbytips.com/pinewood-derby-tips/how-to-reduce-wheel-friction-ina-pinewood-derby-car/) (http://www.livescience.com/37161-what-is-friction.html)
Wheel Specifications Top View Isometric View Size View Width: 1.4mm Diameter: 40mm Axle Hole Diameter: 1.1mm
Car Specifications Top View Isometric View Side View Width- 43.7mm Diameter- 117mm Height- 30.7mm
Trials Trials Changes Time in seconds 1 None DNF 2 Added Graphite DNF 3 Changed to larger wheels 3.42 4 Added Graphite 3.07 5 Added a little bit of weight to back 6 Moved the same weight to the middle 7 Moved the same weight to the front. 3.65 3.31 2.98 8 Loosened the wheels 3.13 9 Added more graphite to the wheels 10 Added a little more weight to the front 2.79 2.71 Conclusion Throughout this project, there were many changes that was made to the car. The changes we found most productive were adding weights to the front of the car, and adding small amounts of graphite to the wheels.
3D Derby Design Document: By Andy Ramos. Research: One of the first things you should do when you finish is to is to sand your car to get smooth sides so it doesn t hit your car much. Another thing you should do is to use super light wheels because it makes your car faster.also try to make your car the maximum weight because gravity pulls and make it faster. Then try to make windows more angled so the wind doesn t hit and slow it down. Also try to make a more designed wheel so it could go faster. Try to also make more smooth edges. This research helped to make one of top cars in my class. www.abc-pinewood-derby.com/basic-guide.php. www.maximum-velocity.com/fivekeys.htm. www.sugarbeecrafts.com/2012/01/tips-for-fast-pinewood-derby-car.html. Specifications: Side View of Car: Car Dimensions: Length: 127mm Width: 53mm Height: 34mm Wheel Opening Dimensions: Diameter: 24mm Depth: 8mm
Rear View: Front View: Wheel Dimensions: Diameter of Wheel: 17mm Diameter of center hole: 3mm Thickness of Wheel: 6mm Testing: This is how I made my car way faster like adding more graphite so the wheels would go way faster. Also made the car weigh close to 100 grams. Made the windows more diangled so the wind would not slow down my car. Also tried to make the wheels beveled so it would go faster. Trial Time Adjustments
1 3.9 s Added more graphite 2 3.7 s Used sandpaper to smooth out the axle holes 3 3.6 s Made wheels more advanced like beveled edges 4 3.8 s Made Car more better like the windows are more diangled 5 3.9 s Used more sandpaper 6 3.5 s Added weights to get my car close to 100 grams Conclusion: It took a lot time to design my car in sketchup. Then I got my car printed on the 3d printer. Then testing it so I could make it faster. Then I made it better like added graphite that s pencil material that makes the wheels go faster and not get slower. The I also made my car as closest to 100 grams. Then my best time is a 3.5. I also tried to make more curved edges. Then I learned that in the research that wind slowed it down which is why I made more dangled windows.
3D Derby Design Document: Research: Making a derby car, anyone can do, however making a fast derby car takes passion and skills. After doing research, I concluded that to make a fast derby car you have to consider many factors. For example, to make a fast derby car, you have to factor in the weight distribution. The heaviest point on your car should be about 1 inch in front of you hind axle. Another factor you should consider is the wheels, the wheels must be light weight. On the subject of wheels, you also have to consider the friction between the wheels and the nails. You must have polished nails to minimize the friction of your wheels. After factoring in all these key elements you will be faced with a beast of a derby car. Works Cited: Rober, Mark. Use Science to Make a Fast Pinewood Derby Car. Boys' Life Magazine, 2017, boyslife.org/hobbies-projects/projects/138909/use-science-to-make-a-fast-pinewood-derby-car/. Accessed 27 Feb. 2017. Rose, Brent. The Science Behind Making the Fastest Possible Pinewood Derby Car. Gizmodo, 16 Apr. 2014, gizmodo.com/the-science-behind-making-the-fastest-possible-pinewood-1563716398. Accessed 27 Feb. 2017. Gargiulo, Joe. How to Build a Fast Pinewood Derby Car. Pinewood Pro, Pinewood Pro, www.pinewoodpro.com/pinewood-derby-howto-speed.php. Accessed 1 Mar. 2017. Specifications: Side View of Car:
Car Dimensions: Wheel Opening Dimensions: Length:127 mm Diameter: 24mm Height: 27 mm Depth: 4.6 mm Width: 50 mm Car Weight: 91.9g Front View: Rear View: Wheel Dimensions: Thickness of Wheel: 6mm Diameter of center hole: 2.7mm Diameter of Wheel: 22 mm
Detail 1: The car I made has flip up lights, these lights came to the car scene in the 1930s. Detail 2: I managed to add side skirts to the side of my car.
Detail 3: The window of my car is slanted in-wards. Detail 4: My car has a roll cage at the rear window.
Detail 5: The side of my car has my last name. Testing: Making my car fast was difficult, but it wasn t impossible. To make the car fast I added materials, like weights, the weights made it faster when the car comes down the ramp. The second thing I did to make it faster was adding clay, the clay helped adding weight and keeping the weights in place. The third thing I did was make the sides of my wheel at an angle, instead of being flat, this reduced the weight and made it faster. The fourth thing I did was polish and smooth out my wheels, this reduced friction. The fifth and last thing I did was add graphite, the graphite helped immensely with making it faster. After added all these materials, the car became a blazingly fast car. Trial Time Adjustments 1 3.6 Attached the wheels to the car body. 2 3.3 Smoothed wheels and wheel openings. 3 3.12 Added graphite to front wheels. 4 3.1 Raced it again, no changes made to the car. 5 3.0 Added graphite to all the wheels. 6 2.98 Added graphite to the screws and axle holes.
Conclusion: To create my car, I was inspired by the Supra Celica and its sleek design. I found a picture of the Supra online and put it into Sketchup and started tracing the profile. After that I made a basic form of the car, and observed the real car s details. Later on, I added the small details. After adding the details I decided to slant the windows, this took a lot of time and dedication as it was not an easy task. After the modeling in Sketchup, I moved on to my wheels. To create my wheels I made a circle that matched the measurements I needed, after that I decided to slant the side of the wheels to make it faster. Finally we printed the car, sanded it, and added graphite to make this beautiful derby car. The next thing we did was race the car. At first my derby car didn t finish, however after fixing the weight distribution by adding weights, I managed to get a time of 2.980 seconds.
3D Derby Design Document: Research: Making a quick derby car can be possible, it s also easy almost anyone can do it. I learned that making a fast derby car can require the following things. I consider that making a fast derby car, is having the car more aero dynamic. What is aero dynamic? Aero dynamic is an action of shaping an object so it reduces air flow passing through. I also considers that the car is polished on each and every edge so that the car isn t rubbing making the car slow down when going down the track. Another fact is that the car should be at least 100 grams. Add weights to the car to weigh an amount of 100 grams this will make the car go down faster. Also the heaviest point of the car should be 1 inch or more from your front axle. After having these factors you should be having a quick derby car. Works Cited: Rober, Mark. "Use Science to Make a Fast Pinewood Derby Car." Boys' Life Magazine. Boy Scouts of America, 23 Jan. 2017. Web. 01 Mar. 2017. Murry, Dave. "How to Build a Fast Pinewood Derby Car. It's as Easy as ABC!." Pinewood Derby Car Building and Speed Tips. ABC Pinewood Car, n.d. Web. 01 Mar. 2017. "How can I make a pinewood derby car go faster?" 1 April 2000.HowStuffWorks.com. <http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/question169.htm> 1 March 2017 Specifications: Side View of Car: Car Dimensions: Length: 121.8mm Width: 40mm Height: 29.4mm Weight Of Car: 97.9 Wheel Opening Dimensions: Diameter: 24mm Depth: 6.3mm
Wheel Dimensions: Diameter of Wheel: 22mm Thickness of Wheel: 6.2mm Diameter of center hole: 2.7mm Detail 1 Spoiler
Detail 2 Hood Scoop Detail 3 Rear view Detail 4 Windows
Detail 5 Side Detail Testing: Five things I ve personally done to my car were these following things. First I made wheels, after they were printed I added them on my 3D car with little hubs I created on to help the car not have as much friction. Next, I added a bit of graphite to the axles of my 3D wheels, this improved the speed. Then, I made new wheels and added a much more amount of graphite and made it more aero dynamic such as removing my front lip and spoiler. After, I polished the axle of my new wheels then added a longer hub so the wheels were farther out so they wouldn t rub as much. Last, I added more graphite to reduce the friction of the axle and wheel. This improved the speed of the car making the car hit a speed of 2.9 or higher. Trial Time Adjustments 1 3.89 Attached 4 wheels to car 2 3.44 Smoothed the axel hole of the wheels and smoothed the outer edges 3 3.28 Smooth axels out so there isn t any friction 4 3.15 Smooth the outside of the wheels 5 2.96 Added graphite inside the middle of the wheel 6 2.88 Added graphite to the axel Conclusion: The thing that inspired me to create my 3D car was the, McLaren P1, this car inspired me because of how it looked. I eventually created the car in Sketchup, I started by tracing the car with a side view of a picture and then I added details to the car, adding a wing, adding side details, windows and etc. The car was eventually printed out and I added wheels on to it. I eventually started to smooth out the edges of the car and polish the axles, the wheels, and each spot that rubbed on the car. This led me to add graphite on the front and back axles of the car and adding some weights to the car also, which led to me having a time of 2.88. I then made new wheels with a better look and hubs to gain a higher amount of points for the upcoming tournament, the new wheels has slowed my time down, however I m getting the car to be quicker. Right now I ve recently made the car more aero dynamic. After making the car much more aero dynamic it has led the car to a much faster time than before. After I made the new wheels the car has been slowing down, making times like 3.1, after the aero dynamics and etc. The car
has been getting a times such as 2.9 once in a while. Since it has been getting faster and faster I m hoping to win the tournament with my crew.
3D Derby Design Document: Research: 1. Do small or big tires make a car go faster? Answer: Big tires take more time to accelerate but has a fast speed. Small tires have faster acceleration resulting in a faster starting time causing the car to be in the front for a while. The big tires would be more useful and faster because it will have a faster speed. Website: https://www.reference.com/science/bigger-wheels-make-car-faster- 2017f9cdb6d4011d 2. Does weight affect the speed of a car? Answer: The heavier the weight the slower the car but the less weight the car has it won t be able to go as fast either. So yes, weight does affect a car's speed. Website: https://www.reference.com/science/weight-car-affect-its-speeddb3223d3f08968bb 3. What role does friction play in a car s tires? Answer: The role that friction plays in the car s tires is that it determines the maximum acceleration of the car depending on how much friction there is on a car. Website: http://www.artofmanliness.com/2009/08/17/how-to-build-a-pinewoodderby-car/
Specifications: Side View of Car: Car Dimensions: Length: 122.6mm Width: 43.1mm Height: 32.3mm Front View: Wheel Opening Dimensions: Diameter: 24mm Depth: 5.9mm Rear View:
Close Ups:
Tires: Wheel Dimensions: Diameter of Wheel: 19.9mm Thickness of Wheel: 6.2mm Diameter of center hole: 3.2mm
Testing: When I first created my car I got a DNF on my first try. To improve my speed, I rolled the wheels of my car back and forth many times to smooth out the edge of the wheels so they can roll easier. Also, I used sand paper to smooth the axle whole and the wheels so they can spin faster. Next, I used graphite from a pencil to make the wheels not make a lot of friction with the car. Another adjustment I did to my car was add weights. I taped the weights onto the top of the car so it would have more mass to go down the track faster. Lastly, I added a spoiler to my car to control the aerodynamics so it wouldn t go off the track and lose. Trial Time Adjustments 1 DNF None, just attached the wheels to the car body. 2 DNF Rolled the wheels back and forth. 3 4.0 s Taped weights to my car to add mass. 4 3.7 s Smooth the edges of the wheels with sand paper. 5 3.5 s Used graphite to make the wheels cause less friction. 6 3.4 s Added a spoiler to the back of the car. Conclusion: I created my 3d car in Sketch up using many different tools. The one that was the most helpful in making my car was the orbit tool. The orbit tool allowed me to move around the places without trouble. It took me many weeks to make sure my car was complete. When it was completed, I got the car printed and was ready to test it. My first test was a DNF but I improved my car to make it faster and more efficient. At the end of my trials, my best time was 3.4.
3D Derby Design Document: Research: This summary is about, how to make a Fast Derby Car. After doing some research, I learned that, making a derby car requires skills. The first way to make a fast derby car is to reduce friction. For example, I used sand paper to smooth out the fenders. Another way is to add weights to your car. For example, I put the weights at the bottom of my car so that it ll have speed when it comes down the track. Also, a way to make your car faster is to add lubrication and graphite. For example, I added graphite to the axel whole so that it ll spin smoothly when it is attached to the nail. After researching, the research helped me make a derby car. It also helped me do things that will benefit the car s speed. Resource 1: www.pinewoodpro.com/pinewood-derby-howto-speed.php Resource 2: www.instructables.com/id/adding-weight-to-a-pinewood-derby-car/quickly-and-/ Resource 3: www.pinewoodpro.com/pinewood-derby-howto-speed.php Specifications: Side View of Car:
Front View: Rear View:
Wheel: Side of Wheel: Wheel Dimensions: Diameter of Wheel: 26.5mm Thickness of Wheel: 5.3mm Diameter of center hole: 2.86mm Width: 45.1mm
Car Dimension: Length: 126.7mm Width: 45.1mm Height: 15.8mm Weight of Car: 198.5 Detail 1: Backlights
Detail 2: Aero Dynamic Spoiler Detail 3: Aero Dynamic Headlights
Detail 4: Side Detail 5: Exhaust
Testing: Six things I did to make my car faster were these following things. First thing I did was, I attached the wheels to the body of my car. Second thing I did was, smoothed the axel holes on my car (Putting a drill through the axel hole to make it smoother). Third thing I did was, add graphite to the axels holes and to other things (Graphite made the car a bit faster). Fourth thing I did was, smoothed out the wheels. Fifth thing I did was, add a better wheel to my car (Made a bigger rim). Final thing I did was, add weights to my car (Weights at the bottom of the car). These things helped me improve my car s speed. Trial Time Adjustments 1 4.5s Attached the wheel to the car 2 3.7s Smoothed the axel hole 3 3.5s Added graphite to axel hole 4 3.4s Smoothed the wheel so the nail would go in easier 5 3.2s Added more advanced wheels 6 2.9 Added weights Conclusion: I found a cool car that I liked on google and inserted it to SketchUp. After that, I traced the car with the pencil tool. After tracing the car, I added some 3D details that made my car aerodynamic (For example, made the top of the front window come down to the window. Also, made a spoiler that goes up and tilts a bit so the air would just go straight). After I did all the designing, I printed my car using a 3D printer.
When I attached the wheel on my car, it wasn t going fast enough, so I added new wheel, weights, and other things to improve my car s speed. After I improved my car s speed, I got 3.109. In my research, I found that, adding graphite would make my car faster. After I found this, I added graphite and got 2,931 (My best time so far).
Name (Leo Vue) Period (Type your period here) Team: Shadow Play 3D Derby Design Document Complete the 4 sections: Research, Specifications, Testing, & Conclusion. Section 1-Research: How does mass affect a car s speed down a ramp? Do large or small tires make a car go faster? Answer: Mass can make the car go faster because it is heavier and the speed helps it because there is more weight. It affects how fast an object can change its speed by accelerating or decelerating. Objects with larger masses require more time for acceleration or deceleration compared to lighter objects. The angle and friction would also affect the speed down. Answer: Larger tires will decrease your acceleration because the net final drive has been decreased. Going with a larger or smaller tire diameter throws off the speedometer and the antilock brakes and stability system calibrations, if your car has them. It s unwise and unsafe. Increasing tire diameter also can be unsafe because it makes your brakes work harder to stop the car. Sources: Example: http://www.ask.com/science/mass-affect-speed-69f716713916bcc9 https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1a_zjvtle- Qo_xOj4B9QDfG9I2_4BJnFZhrBpOINYisc/edit#slide=id.i0 https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080202012644aa5mcdq http://ask.cars.com/2007/09/large-tire-and-.html Section 2-Specifications: Using the snipping tool take screenshots large enough to see your creative designs of: side view of the car, front view, rear view, and your wheels. Side View of Car:
Name (Leo Vue) Period (Type your period here) Front View: Rear View:
Name (Leo Vue) Period (Type your period here) Car Dimensions: Length:60.2mm Width: 120.0mm Height: 31.6mm Wheel Dimensions: Diameter of Wheel: 12.5mm Thickness of Wheel: 6.1mm Diameter of center hole: 1.5mm Wheel Opening Dimensions: Diameter: 24.8mm Depth: 6.5mm
Name (Leo Vue) Period (Type your period here) Section 3-Testing: Complete your table below. Trial Distance Adjustments 1 18.5ft No adjustments 2 18ft WD 40 3 17.5ft Baby Oil 4 18ft Baby Oil, Soap Water, WD 40, and Graphite 5 19ft Sand Paper wheels, soap water, more WD 40 6 22ft Dried off the wheels and car since water was slowing it down on the track Section 4-Conclusion: Our car was really slow so we used WD-40, soap water, graphite, baby oil, and we sand down the car. We tested it see if it would go down faster by putting it down a race car ramp. The first try when we didn t add any adjustments it went down 18.5ft and after we put baby oil on it, it went down 17.5ft. It decreased by 1ft but, the one that improved the speed was soap water, WD-40, and sanding down the car. The speed was only improved by 0.5ft.We measured by using the measuring tool on sketchup. I learned how to improve speed and decrease by using different kinds of lubricants.
How do spoilers affect cars? Research: Spoilers are fins that go on the back of a car. Some spoilers effect a car by enhancing the grip on the road. Also some spoilers don t do much but make your car look a bit more sporty. Spoilers are added to make vehicles to be more aerodynamic. However, the main reason why people install these gadgets is to allow better airflow over and around the vehicle. Car Dimensions: Length: 119.099275mm Width: 60.00mm Height: 29.47mm Wheel Opening Dimensions: Diameter: 24.00mm Depth: 7.00mm Car Mass: 100g Rear View: Front View:
Diameter:13 Thickness:6.2 Diameter of center hole:2.1 Testing: Trial Time Adjustments 1 2 3 4 5 6 Conclusion:
We learned how spoilers effect cars. Spoilers are to look make your car look nice and also help on the track.
Research: I learned that when your tires have more friction the speed of the car will increase. The spoiler has a more aerodynamic shape and helps the car go faster. Specifications: Side View: Car Dimensions: Length: 127mm Width: 49mm Height: 59mm Front View: Rear View:
Top View: Testing: Trial Time Adjustments 1 12.78 2 16.74 3 18 4 9.72 5 12.78 6 12.06 7 13.14 8 12.24 Conclusion: I decided to put most of the weight in the front of the car so the force of the car would push itself forward. I did that by using a bigger wheel in front than the wheels in the back. I also decided to add a spoiler to keep the car aerodynamic so it would move faster.
Wolfy84_3DerbyDesignDoc Design Document car By Nicole Sanchez, Beatriz Lara How does mass affect car's speed down a ramp? Mass does not effect the speed of a falling object, gravity pushes on all object's the same, what does effect the speed is the stability of the object on the track. A weight at the bottom of the car, near the center, keeps the car weighted down on the track so that the air flowing over, and under the car, doesn't make the car go up. Acceleration is due to gravity's pull on the car, this can be measured by an equation: A (acceleration) = 9.8m/s/s. (second per second). (http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/1dkin/u1l5b.html) This is the side of our car. This is the back of our car
Wolfy84_3DerbyDesignDoc This is the front of our car This is our wheel Length of the car of our car is: 120 mm The width of the car is: 55.1 mm the height for the car is: 31.1 mm The length of the wheel is:15.1 mm the height of the wheel is:5.7 mm
Wolfy84_3DerbyDesignDoc Testing Testing Time in Adjustments Seconds 1 3.2 Tires too small, made new wheels 2 1.9 Sand paper, new wheels 3 1.8 Graphite on wheels 4 1.7 Graphite on wheels
3D Derby Design Document: WreckSquad74 Research: In this section students will answer a research question related to their project. They will be scored on the relevance of their question, how well they answer the question and cite their sources. (3 or more reliable sources) Questions: How does mass affect a car s speed down a ramp? Because it makes it heavier and if it Is heavy it will go down fast. According to the Wired article, a rolling object that has mass will accelerate fast down an incline. What role does friction play in a car s tires? The less friction on the car tires the more the wheels will move and then the car will move better. According to Jones and Childers, if you don t need the extra mass, then don t use it. So a car with less treads will have less friction. That s why we beveled our wheels. Sources: https://www.wired.com/2014/07/a-rolling-object-accelerating-down-an-incline/ http://boson.physics.sc.edu/~rjones/phys101/tirefriction.html http://www.physlink.com/education/askexperts/ae496.cfm
Specifications: Side View of Car: Car Dimensions: Length: 118.6mm Width: 60.0mm Height: 37.9mm Front View: Wheel Opening Dimensions: Diameter: 29.2mm Depth: 7.0mm Rear View: Wheel Dimensions: Diameter of Wheel: 26 mm Thickness of Wheel: 6.0mm Diameter of center hole: 4mm
Testing: Students will explain the testing of their car and what modifications they made to improve its speed. This could include physical changes to the car such as smoothing/sanding the body or wheels, adding a spoiler or anything else. It should also include testing of different lubricants on the axels. Students should include a data table showing the results of different trials. Trial Time Adjustments 1 9.99 s None, just attached the wheels to the car body. Did not make it all the way down tracks 2 8.47 s We sand paper the wheels to make it smooth 3 4.30 s Used graphite inside of wheel 4 4.19 s Used graphite on axel 5 4.09 s Used weights to weight it down for more mass Conclusion: We used sand paper to smooth out the wheels and the axel hole. We used graphite on the wheels and the axel to make the wheels spin faster. We put weights in the car so it could go faster.
Research: What are the benefits of increasing wheel diameter? If you had a wheel with a diameter of 12mm and a wheel with a diameter of 24mm the larger wheel will have more inertia. This means that the wheel will take longer to accelerate to top speed. However, since the wheel has a longer circumference each rotation pushes the car further. This means the car will have a faster top speed. Larger wheels also have better traction and decrease how much the car shakes at higher speeds. Sources: https://www.quora.com/why-do-bigger-wheels-roll-faster-what-is-the-physicsbehind-this A question forum. Answers used were proven using physic concepts. https://www.cars.com/articles/what-difference-does-wheel-size-make-1420680318902/ Car blog article. Explains how wheel size affects traction in paragraph 5. http://www.autoinsider.org/7-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-bigger-wheels.html Car blog article. Clearly outlines the pros and cons of larger tires. Specifications: Side View Car Dimensions: Length: 120mm Width: 30.5mm Height: 24.7mm Wheel Hump : Diameter: 21.2mm Depth: -0.2mm
Front View Rear View Top Bottom Wheels:
Side view Top Radius: 54mm Spacer length: 5.5mm Wheel Thickness: 1mm Testing Run Time (seconds) Changes 1 2.839 New wheels/thinner body 2 2.825 3 2.778 graphite 4 2.755 5 2.799 6 2.748 7 2.785 8 3.032 Got bumped by another car mid race 9 2.716