A view of the needs and potential of Euro VI for EU Air Quality Günter Hörmandinger European Commission Air quality and Transport unit AECC Technical Seminar on Heavy-duty Engine Emissions Thursday, 25 October 2007 1/XX
Background Thematic Stragegy 6th Environmental Action Programme (article 7.1) from 2002 : " achieving i levels l of air quality that t do not give rise to significant negative impacts on and risk to human health and the environment" 2/XX
Air quality as we know it Concentrations Emissions Framework Directive 1 St Daughter 2 nd Daughter National emissions ceilings Stationary sources Mobile Sources 3 rd Daughter IPPC LCP s Incineration VOC s 4 th Daughter Non-road Fuel Quality Road Exchange Tractors Information LDV HDV MC 3/XX
The Process - CAFE 6EAP Better regulation CAFE Science & peer review Implementation experience Integrated assessment, cost-benefit analysis Stakeholder involvement COM: orientation debate, Competitiveness & Lisbon group Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution Proposal AQ Directive COM (2005) 447 Co-decision : Council & European Parliament AQD, Transposition, i Implementation, Review 4/XX
2008 New Air Quality Directive: Implementing provisions: Framework Directive First Daughter Directive Second Daughter Directive Third Daughter Directive Exchange of information Questionnaire i Plans and Programmes Fourth Daughter Directive (recasting later) Guidelines Reporting obligations remain in force at least 2 years after adoption 5/XX
What s new (1) Twin environmental objectives for PM 2,5 25 1) Concentration cap (limit value) Concentration cap of 25µg/m 3 annual average to apply everywhere Robust monitoring of PM 2.5 concentrations 2) Exposure reduction target t Target to reduce national average measured urban background concentration by 20% between 2010 and 2020 subject to later review where differentiated MS legal objectives to be proposed Exposure reduction target should drive measures to deliver the objectives of the Thematic Strategy t 6/XX
What s new (2) Addressing compliance problems (Article 20) Attainment date not yet arrived (NO 2 ) Attainment t data already passed (PM 10 ) Only if rationale can be given unfavourable climatic conditions, large trans-boundary contribution Time extension once, up to 5 years, subject to conditions Conditions : amended plan which obligatory had to at tl least consider a list of measures (Annex to the Directive) Limit value still in force, but at Limit value + Margin of Tolerance level 7/XX
Co-decision : State of play Commission Proposal in September 2005 European Parliament 1 st reading September 2006 Council political agreement October 2006 Common position 28 June 2007 Commission supports common position 2 nd reading : NOW EP Environment Committee vote on 9 October Council: ongoing working party meetings EP Plenary: 12 December If 2 nd reading agreement is not reached, conciliation will be needed Entry into force if successful: 2008 8/XX
Review of the National Emissions Ceilings (NEC) Directive 2001/81/EC Will set emission ceilings by 2020 4 already regulated substances most probably for the primary emissions of PM2.5 Review to build upon evaluation and review of National Prog s 2002 and 2006 the Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) Programme the Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution new scientific and technical work The revision also takes into account (proposed) Community legislation on specific sources Euro 5/6 EURO VI revision of the IPPC Directive European Council GHG reduction target -20% 20% by 2020 renewable energy target Proposal foreseen for spring 2008 9/XX
Emissions in the real world Policy makers and the public are not aware of differences between certified and real emission values Exceedances of ambient NO2 and PM concentrations expected in many zones Attention on real-world emissions is bound to rise 10/XX
NO x 14.00 12.00 NOx emissions of buses measured in 2006, Braunschweig city bus cycle 4 5 4 10.00 Urban bus duty cycle: g/km 8.00 6.00 Euro 2/3 results as expected 4.00 2.00 Euro 4/5 results surprising 0.00 (MY99) EURO2 (MY00) EURO 2 (MY00) EURO 2 (MY00) EURO2 Brand C (MY02) EURO 3 Brand B Brand C Brand G EURO5, 3- axle Brand C 3-axle (MY97) EURO2, SCR+CRT PM 0.180 0.160 PM emissions of buses measured in 2006, Braunschweig city bus cycle 4 5 4 0.140 0.120 g/km 0.100 0.080 0.060 0.040 0.020 0.000 (MY99) EURO2 (MY00) EURO 2 (MY00) EURO 2 (MY00) EURO2 Brand C (MY02) EURO 3 Brand B Brand C Brand G EURO5, 3- axle Brand C 3-axle (MY97) EURO2, SCR+CRT Source: VTT: HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES: SAFETY, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND NEW TECHNOLOGY RASTU. Annual report 2006 11/XX
NOx emissions vs. Euro-levels in Braunschweig city bus -cycle 25 20 NO x Diesel Diesel + CRT CNG CNG EEV LB CNG EEV LM CNG EEV SM Euro limits (by factor 1.8) Urban bus duty cycle (2): Euro 4 NOx does not seem to be much better than Euro 3 Great scatter of PM g/km 15 10 5 0 Two out of five DPFs were PM emissions vs. Euro-levels in Braunschweig city bus -cycle Euro emission level Diesel out of order Diesel + CRT CNG 0.6 CNG EEV LB CNG EEV LM PM CNG EEV SM 0.5 Euro limits (by factor 1.8) 0.4 g/km 0.3 0.2 0.1 Source: VTT: HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES: SAFETY, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND NEW TECHNOLOGY RASTU. Annual report 2006 0.0 Euro emission level 12/XX
12 11 10 EMISSIONS PROPORTIONED Vetopyörätyöhön TO suhteutetut WORK AT päästöt DRIVING WHEELS BRAUNSCHWEIG CYCLE Euro 3 6 Urban bus duty cycle (3): (g/kwh) NOx ( 9 8 7 5 4 3 2 1 Euro 4 Euro 5 Volvo B7RLE/680 (Euro 3) Euro 3 Volvo Brand B7RLE A Euro (Euro 4 SCR 4) Scania Brand L94 C Euro UB-B 3 (Euro 3) Scania Brand K9UB-B C Euro 4 (Euro EGR 4) MB Brand Citaro B (Euro 4 4) SCR Volvo Brand B12BLE A Euro 3-aks. 5 SCR (Euro 6x2 5) Scania Brand K-9 C Euro 6x2 4 3-aks. EGR (Euro 6x2 4) 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 PM (g/kwh) NOx and PM emissions over the Braunschweig city bus -cycle 20 15 Diesel Euro 1 Diesel Euro 2 Diesel Euro 3 Diesel Euro 4 Diesel Euro 5 Diesel + CRT Euro 2 & 3 CNG Euro2 CNG Euro3 CNG EEV Euro limits (by factor 1.8) Euro 3 calibration NOx g/km 10 5 Euro 4 Euro 5 / EEV Calibration curve of typical Euro 3 engine Euro 3 Euro 2 Euro 1 0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 PM g/km Source: VTT: HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES: SAFETY, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND NEW TECHNOLOGY RASTU. Annual report 2006 13/XX
12 Semi-trailers 42t PM- and NOx-emissions on highway and motorway cycles t driven wheel) NOx-emis ssion (g/kwh at 10 8 6 4 2 Euro 3 average Scania R 420 Euro4 MAN TGA 18.433 Euro4 Iveco 500 HP Euro5 Highway Motorway 0 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 PM-emission (g/kwh at driven wheel) Source: VTT: HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES: SAFETY, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND NEW TECHNOLOGY RASTU. Annual report 2006 14/XX
14 Trucks (max. 26t) PM- and NOx-emissions on delivery-cycle NOx-emiss sion (g/kwh at driven wheel) 12 10 8 6 4 2 Euro 3 average Scania R 470 Euro4 MAN TGA 26.430 Euro4 Iveco Stralis 420 Euro4 Volvo SCR Euro4 MB Actros 1844 Euro4 0 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 PM-emission ( g/kwh at driven wheel) Source: VTT: HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES: SAFETY, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND NEW TECHNOLOGY RASTU. Annual report 2006 15/XX
Conclusion AQ legislation being amended NEC legislation up for review Legislative action on sources Euro VI is part of the package foreseen in the Thematic Strategy Only one of several actions Emissions in real world driving conditions: awareness likely to rise 16/XX