Grid-Integration of High Power Charging Infrastructure Johannes Brombach Innovation for ENERCON 1
Agenda 1 Motivation I Electrification of Transport Sector Typical Use Patterns 2 Motivation II Today and Future Grid Requirements 3 High Power Charging Infrastructure with Advanced Grid Features Voltage Stabilization Frequency Stabilization Ancillary Services 4 Summary and Outlook Vision: Renewables for Mobility 2
Agenda 1 Motivation I Electrification of Transport Sector Typical Use Patterns 2 Motivation II Today and Future Grid Requirements 3 High Power Charging Infrastructure with Advanced Grid Features Voltage Stabilization Frequency Stabilization Ancillary Services 4 Summary and Outlook Vision: Renewables for Mobility 3
renewable electric generation [GWh] 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Motivation I Electrification of Transport Sector Background Renewable energy production is a story for successful subsidies (subsidies lead to lower costs) 200.000 hydropower offshore Wind biomass onshore Wind photovoltaics geothermal energy 150.000 Today renewables could compete with conventional power plants also from the economic point of view 100.000 50.000 0 With an electrification of transport and head sector Germany s electric energy consumption is doubled by 2050 Source: Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) To meet the climate goals the additional demand of mobility sector has to be covered by renewable energy sources Source: Fraunhofer Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE 4
<16 16 32 48 64 80 97 113 129 145 161 177 193 209 225 241 257 274 290 306 322 >337 frequency distribution Motivation I Typical Use Patterns Requirements Based on daily driven distances in the USA 75 % of the days an electric car could be loaded over night at home (95 % with 3-phase-charger or a reload at the destination) For longer journeys and situations where a fast reload is necessary faster chargers are needed 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Daily driven kilometers Source: Solar Journey USA: Rob van Haaren, Columbia University Due to practical reasons the charging rates have to be comparable to conventional refuel of a diesel or petrol car For a fair comparison to conventional cars the charging power has to be 350 kw Charging source Home plug (AC, one phase) Home plug (AC, 3 phases) Charging power Charging rate (range per hour) Range after typical charge 3 kw 12 km/h 72 km (6 h) 9 kw 36 km/h 216 km (6 h) Fast charger (DC) 50 kw 200 km/h Fast charger (DC) 125 kw 500 km/h High Power Charger 350 kw 1400 km/h 350 km (3,5 h) 350 km (42 min) 350 km (15 min) 5
Motivation I Technical Perspective Requirements The power consumption of a charging system is very variable The charging power and the charging characteristics are different between possible BEV The maximum power is used only a few minutes and an infrastructure designed for this performance would be only partly used for most of the time With a mix of different customers (compact cars, premium cars and sports cars) at a loading point, the utilization factor is even lower Scenario of length of stay Continuous charging 10-80 % SoC, 1 minute to change car Continuous charging 10-100 % SoC, 5 minute to change car Continuous charging 30 min, 1 minute to change car Continuous charging 60 min, 1 minute to change car Simultaneity factor 36 % 17 % 29 % 17 % 6
Agenda 1 Motivation I Electrification of Transport Sector Typical Use Patterns 2 Motivation II Today and Future Grid Requirements 3 High Power Charging Infrastructure with Advanced Grid Features Voltage Stabilization Frequency Stabilization Ancillary Services 4 Summary and Outlook Vision: Renewables for Mobility 7
Motivation II Transformation of the Energy Supply System Grid Requirements TODAY: strong grids for wind turbines and wind farms FUTURE: Grid structure with power electronics at all grid levels EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE ~ ~ ~ EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE ~ HIGH VOLTAGE HIGH VOLTAGE MEDIUM VOLTAGE MEDIUM VOLTAGE Energy supply systems are converting from centralised to decentralised structures Bidirectional power flow Wind parks are converting to wind power plants Integration of new type of loads (charging-infrastructure) 8
Motivation II Inverter-Based Ancillary Services Grid Requirements CLASSIFICATION OF ANCILLARY SERVICES FREQUENCY STABILITY TODAY Primary, secondary, tertiary reserve power TOMORROW Inertia, damping control VOLTAGE STABILITY TODAY Reactive power TOMORROW weak grid stability control DENA*-Study on ancillary services 2030 applied to ENERCON technology developments * Deutsche Energie Agentur OPERATION MANAGEMENT TODAY Set point operation TOMORROW smart grid, sector coupling, virtual power plants BLACK START PROCEDURES TODAY Not smart, passive TOMORROW smart contribution to system black start 9
Agenda 1 Motivation I Electrification of Transport Sector Typical Use Patterns 2 Motivation II Today and Future Grid Requirements 3 High Power Charging Infrastructure with Advanced Grid Features Voltage Stabilization Frequency Stabilization Ancillary Services 4 Summary and Outlook Vision: Renewables for Mobility 10
Product Portfolio Smart Solutions for Different Use Cases Background Smart Solutions Platform Battery Storage Electrolyser Charging Station Desalination Flexible and expandable solutions based on well-known technologies 11
Concept Modular Design for on Demand Customer Specific Adaption Charger Low Voltage-Container 400 V AC / 920 V DC Charging Point 350 kw / 920 V AC/DC Converter DC/DC Converter Control System Power Distribution Any time expandable in steps of 300 kw to prevent `stranded investments 12
Possibilities Optimal Use through Smart Power Distribution Charger or or & 1 x 350 kw 1 x 250 kw 4 x 150 kw & 1 x 350 kw 2 x 100 kw 1 x 50 kw Flexible distribution of available power to different charging points 13
Grid Integration Charging System with Advanced Gris Features Charger Control System Grid Operator International Grid-Code Compatibility STATCOM Features & Voltage Stabilisation 20 kv Grid FRT Capability Minimized Harmonic Currents Fast Frequency Response Optional Gradient Control Charging points Additional Storage & Load Integration Established grid technologies reduce use of grid infrastructure and allows higher charging power 14
Grid Integration Examples of Grid Suport Charger Aim: Q=Qset Q-Setpoint Control System Grid Operator Q P Reactive Power Management Reactive Power Management Reducing of Transformer Load Optimized-Power-Flow Aim: U<Umax and U>Umin P & Q a) Reactive Power Management b) Active Power Limitation! Q-Setpoint P Q Undervoltage! Voltage Control Centralized Q- Setpoints Active Voltage Control Reduction of Grid expansion through active voltage support and reactive power management 15
Grid Integration Voltage Stability and Quality Charger The voltage in a medium voltage grid varies depending on the load and the feed (black line) Charger with voltage support With conventional charging infrastructure the voltage drops and the fluctuation is increased (blue line) Normal charger With voltage regulation with reactive current feed in the voltage can be stabilized (red line) No charger 16
Grid Integration Integration of Additional Buffer Storage Charger 350 kw charge point (HPC 2) MS-grid LV-Container Smart Charger Windfarm Energy flow from WEC/grid Energy flow from storage Pre-load-storage (battery) Reliability of power trough storage system 17
Grid Integration Integration of Additional Buffer Storage Charger 350 kw charge point (HPC 2) MS-grid LV-Container Smart Charger Windfarm Energy flow from WEC/grid Energy flow from storage Pre-load-storage (battery) Reliability of power trough storage system 18
Agenda 1 Motivation I Electrification of Transport Sector Typical Use Patterns 2 Motivation II Today and Future Grid Requirements 3 High Power Charging Infrastructure with Advanced Grid Features Voltage Stabilization Frequency Stabilization Ancillary Services 4 Summary and Outlook Vision: Renewables for Mobility 19
Summary With high power charging a recharge of 350 km range is possible in 15 minutes (realistic power consumption) Variable delivery of charging power to different charging points reduces costs of power electronics and increase flexibility Modular technologies allows expansion in steps of 300 kw to prevent `stranded investments A grid expansion based on the maximum power of the fluctuating load profiles is neither technical nor from an economic meaningful Possible smart control of charging points improve grid integration and utilization of the grid (more charging power at one point of coupling) 20
Vision Renewables for E-Mobility Outlook Smart sector coupling for future energy supply 21
Thank you for the attention ENERCON GmbH Dreekamp 5 D-26605 Aurich Telephone: +49 4941 927-0 Fax: +49 4941 927-109 22