Design and Development of Multipurpose Pesticides Spraying Machine Shailesh Malonde 1, Shubham Kathwate 2,Pratik Kolhe 3 Roadney Jacob 4, Nishat Ingole 5, Rupesh D. Khorgade 1 1-5 Student, BE (Mechanical engineering), 2 Asst prof. Mechanical Engineering Dept. Gurunanak Institute of Technology, Nagpur-441501, Maharashtra, India ABSTRACT As India is agriculture based country and 70% people do farming and related work. Agriculture is required to be boomed to enhance the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country by improving the productivity. The productivity of the crops can be increased with the help of pest control. Pesticide spraying is the necessary procedure in cultivation of the crops. The present idea deals with the designing and fabricating a pesticide sprayer which will be useful and affordable to the farmers which will assist to increase the productivity of crops. Though this project an attempt has been done to improve the method of spraying the pesticide that will enhance the productivity and increase the farmer s income. So we have designed a pesticide spraying machine which will not only increase productivity but also will reduce the effort of the farmers. The machine will save the time of the farmer as well as efficiency in spraying. This model carries multi nozzle pesticides sprayer pump which will perform spraying at maximum rate in minimum time. Constant flow valves can be applied at nozzle to have uniform nozzle pressure. Keywords: GDP,Pest Control, Pesticide Spraying Machine. I. INTRODUCTION In order to reduce the harm to the environment and people the research and development of plant protecting machine focus on improving the mechanical work efficiency and the effective availability of pesticide. This option has agreed among people all over the world, especially in the developed country. Agriculture is an important sector of the Indian economy, accounting for 14 % of the nation s GDP. India is set to be an agricultural based country approximately 70 % of population of India is dependent on agriculture directly or indirectly. Our farmers are using the same methods and equipment for the ages. Indian agriculture is a diverse and extensive sector involving a large number of actors. It has been one of the remarkable success stories of the postindependence era through the association of Green Revolution technologies. Generally mechanization of small forms are very difficult and non-affordable but Japanese make it happens. One of the most common forms of pesticides application, especially in conventional agriculture, is the use of mechanical sprayers. Hydraulic sprayers consist of a tank, a pump, a lance (for single nozzles) or boom, and a nozzle (or multiple nozzles). Sprayers convert a pesticide formulation, of one containing a mixture of water (or another liquid chemical carrier, such as fertilizer) and chemical, into droplets, which can be large rain-type drops or tiny almost-invisible particles. This conversion is accomplished by forcing the spray mixture through a spray nozzle under pressure. The size of droplets can be altered through the use of different nozzle sizes, or by altering the pressure under which it is forced, or a combination of both. Large droplets have the advantage of being less susceptible to spray drift, but require more water per unit of land covered. Due to static electricity, small droplets are able to maximize contact with a target organism, but very still conditions are required. The project aim is to remove the backpack and foot spraying techniques, eliminate the human efforts, to decrease labor cost by advancing the spraying method and constant flow of droplets and using non-conventional sources for charging the batteries. 1.1 Various Spraying Techniques The technique you use to spray crops is very important to get good coverage. It should be developed to fit the type of equipment that is to be used. With a hand-held gun, a sweeping motion over the foliage will allow the spray material to penetrate and get to the underside of the leaves. Some types of spraying techniques are as follows 1.1.1 Motorcycle Driven Multi-Purpose Farming Devices This motor cycle driven plough can be used to carry out various farming operations like furrow opening, sowing, inter-culturing and spraying operations. 1945 www.ijaegt.com
1.1.2 Aerial Sprayer Fig. 1.1.1 Aerial sprayer is another type of spraying it is beneficial for the farmers having large Farms. This technique by farmers is not affordable to farmers having small and medium farms. In aerial spraying the spraying is done with the help of small helicopter controlled by remote. On that sprayer is attached having multiple nozzles and sprayed it on the farm from some altitude. 1.1.3 Compressed Air Sprayer Fig. 1.1.2 The smallest sprayers are hand-carried, compressed air sprayers. They contain a 1- to 5-gallon tank with an air pump in the top and a wand with a nozzle for directing the spray. Their best use is for spot treatment of small areas. In operation, the tank has to be pumped up frequently to maintain pressure, and the tank must be shaken to agitate the chemical. 1.1.4 Backpack Sprayer Fig. 1.1.3 The tank in this sprayer holds about four gallons of material. A hand-operated pump pressurizes the spray material as the operator walks along, and the wand with nozzle directs the spray to the target. It use is limited to small areas that can be reached from a walkway. 1946 www.ijaegt.com
1.1.5 Skid-Mounted Sprayer Fig. 1.1.4 With a tank size up to 200 gallons, these sprayers will fit onto an ATV or electric cart. They can also be mounted on wheels and pulled by hand or with a compact tractor. A small electric or gas engine powers the pump. The unit may contain a hose reel and gun or a boom with nozzles. 1.2 NEED FOR PROJECT Fig. 1.5 The objective of building this machine is to eliminate the physical fatigue and the health hazards caused by pesticides. Following drawbacks of various spraying techniques shows the need of our project. In the backpack spraying / solar operated sprayer the labor has to carry all the weight of the pesticides filled tank which causes fatigue to labor and hence reduces the human capacity. The engine operated spraying equipment needs fuel for its running and proper operation which increase its operational cost and also its gives the back pain due to vibration problem. In the aerial spraying wastage of fertilizer and some crops are not totally covered and also not suitable for small farms. During spraying after sometime hand muscles starts to pain and thus proper pressure is not maintained. So, it affects the droplet pressure. When using fuel operated vehicles the exhaust gases liberated from the Silencer or muffler produces a harmful effort over the crops. II. FORMULATION OF WORK 2.1 Objectives 1. To increase the efficiency of spraying. 2. To remove the backpack and foot spraying techniques. 1947 www.ijaegt.com
3. To decrease the operational cost by using new mechanism. 4. To decrease labor cost by advancing the spraying method. 5. To increase the productivity of the crops. 6. To save the time of the farmers. 7. To easier the operation of spraying 2.2 Component Used The selection of component has done according to the requirement.following are the list of components, 1. Nozzle 2. Diaphagram pump (DC Motor Pump) 3. Solar Panel 4. Connecting pipe 5. Battery 6. Throttle 7. Controller 8. Sprocket and roller chain 9. DC Motor 10. Battery Charger 11. Tank 12. Mounting element 2.3 ANALYSIS OF THE MATERIAL FOR STRENGTH The method employ to predict the response of the structure under loading and its susceptibility to various failure modes taken into account the properties of the material are as follows. Table 2.3.1 - ANALYSIS OF THE MATERIAL FOR STRENGTH Metal Tensile Strength (lb/cm2) Yield Strength (lb/cm2) Elongation % % reduction Area Breinell No Cast Iron 18-60 8-40 0 0 100-300 Commercial Iron, Annealed Structural steel Steel, SAE, Annealed 42 19 48 85 70 50-65 30-40 30-40 0 120 70 40 26 70 150 Steel 4340 SAE 80 45 25 70 170 Stainless steel,s-18 Steel casting, Heat treatment 80-95 30-35 55-60 65-75 150-170 60-125 30-90 14-33 65-120 120-250 1948 www.ijaegt.com
2.4 DISTANCE AND HEIGHT OF THE CROP The distance and height of the crop have been decided after discussing with the farmer and agricultural expertise. And we have taken average distance and height of the crop. Table 2.4.2- Distance and height of the crop Sr.No. Name of crop III DESIGN CALCULATIONS Distance between plants (horizontal/vertical) Height of Following are the general calculation, 3.1SOLAR PANEL [7] Voltage at maximum power -17.40 V Current at maximum power 0.58 I We know the equation of power calculation, Power = voltage * current Power= 17.40 * 0.58 = 10.092 W Power generated by solar panel= 10.092 watts Power = energy/sec Battery 12V, 7Ah current Power = voltage * current Power = 12*7 = 84Wh Time required charging the battery = (84/10.092) = 8.32 hrs* *Note-Time varies because of intensity of sun radiations at different days. Now, Specification of pump Volt = 12 V Current = 2.2 Amp We know the equation of the backup battery time of sprayer, = [Power stored in battery / Power Consumed by motor(pump)] = [84/ (2.2*12)] = 3.18hrs Therefore the battery time spray = 3.18 hrs. 3.2DRIVE WHEEL MOTOR TORQUE CALCULATION [8] When selecting drive wheel motors for mobile vehicles, a number of factors must be taken into account to determine the maximum torque required. The following example presents one method of computing this torque. So we take vehicle design criteria: Gross vehicle weight (GVW): 75 lb crop 1 Sorghum 15 inch /3-4 inch 5.5-7 feet 2 Pearl millet 15 inch /3-4 inch 5.5-7 feet 3 Sugarcane 15 inch /3-4 inch 5.5-7 feet 4 Soybean 15 inch / 2 inch 1-2 feet 5 Corn 15 inch /3 inch 5-7 feet 6 Cotton 24-36 inch /24-36 inch 2-5 feet 7 Pigeon Pea 15 inches / 6 inches 3-4 feet 1949 www.ijaegt.com
Weight on each drive wheel (WW): 25.33 lb Radius of wheel/tire (Rw): 13 in Desired top speed (Vmax): 7.28 ft/sec Desired acceleration time (ta): 1 sec Maximum incline angle α: 35 degree (Assume) Worst working surface: Mud (medium) To choose motors capable of producing enough torque to propel the example vehicle, it is necessary to determine the total tractive effort (TTE) requirement for the vehicle: TTE [lb] = RR [lb] + GR [lb] + FA [lb] TTE = total tractive effort [lb] RR = force necessary to overcome rolling resistance [lb] GR = force required to climb a grade [lb] FA = force required to accelerate to final velocity [lb] The components of this equation will be determined in the following steps. Step One: To determine rolling resistance Rolling Resistance (RR) is the force necessary to propel a vehicle over a particular surface. The worst possible surface type to be encountered by the vehicle should be factored into the equation. RR [lb] = GVW [lb] x Crr [-] RR = rolling resistance [lb] GVW = gross vehicle weight [lb] Crr = surface friction (value from Table 1) RR = 75 lb x 0.90 good cocrete = 6.75 lb Step Two: To determine grade resistance (GR) The amount of force necessary to move a vehicle up a slope or grade. This calculation must be made using the maximum angle or grade the vehicle will be expected to climb in normal operation. To convert incline angle, α, To grade resistance: GR [lb] = GVW [lb] x siα GR = grade resistance [lb] GVW = gross vehicle weight [lb] α = maximum incline angle [degrees] GR = 75 lb x sin (35 ) = 43.018 lb Step Three: To determine acceleration force Acceleration Force (FA) is the force necessary to accelerate from a stop to maximum speed in a desired time. FA [lb] = GVW [lb] x Vmax [ft/s] / (32.2 [ft/s2] x ta [s]) FA = acceleration force [lb] GVW = gross vehicle weight [lb] Vmax = maximum speed [ft/s] ta = time required to achieve maximum speed [s] FA = 75 lb x 7.28 ft/s / (32.2 ft/s2 x 1 s) = 17.06 lb Step Four: To determine total tractive effort The Total Tractive Effort (TTE) is the sum of the forces calculated in steps 1, 2, and 3. (On higher speed vehicles friction in drive components may warrant the addition of 10%-15% to the total tractive effort to ensure acceptable vehicle performance.) TTE [lb] = RR [lb] + GR [lb] + FA [lb] TTE = 6.75 lb + 43.0186 lb + 17.06 lb = 66.828lb Step Five: To determine wheel motor torque To verify the vehicle will perform as designed in regards to tractive effort and acceleration, it is necessary to calculate the required wheel torque (Tw) based on the tractive effort. Tw [lb-in] = TTE [lb] x Rw [inch] x RF [-] Tw = wheel torque [lb-inch] TTE = total tractive effort [lb] Rw = radius of the wheel/tire [inch] 1950 www.ijaegt.com
RF = resistace factor The resistance factor accounts for the frictional losses between the caster wheels and their axles and the drag on the motor bearings. Typical values range between 1.1 and 1.15 (or 10 to 15%). Tw = 66.828 lb x 13 in x 1.12 = 14 lb-in Step Six: Reality Check The final step is to verify the vehicle can transmit the required torque from the drive wheel(s) to the ground. The maximum tractive torque (MTT) a wheel can transmit is equal to the normal load times the friction coefficient between the wheel and the ground times the radius of the drive wheel. MTT = Ww [lb] x μ x Rw Ww = weight (normal load) on drive wheel [lb] μ = friction coefficient between the wheel and the ground (~0.5 for mud) Rw = radius of drive wheel/tire [in] MTT = 25.33 lb x 0.5 x 13 in = 164.645 lb-in = 0.19 N.m From above calculation we select the solar panel and the dc motor which is use for the generating power and drive purpose respectively. IV. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION The driving unit of the machine is permanent magnet DC motor it is connected to the rear wheel through roller chain drive. The motor provides the requisite torque to the machine to run on uneven terrains of fields. The power given to the motor through battery is controlled by the controller and throttle (resistance controller).for spraying it consists of solar panel, buck and boost converter, battery charging kit, limit switches, battery, DC motor, pesticide tank, spray nozzles, etc. Sun radiations are incident on the solar panel. Solar panel consist of photovoltaic cells convert this solar energy in to the electric energy. Further this current generated by the solar cells is supplied to the battery via electric wires. One controller is placed between the solar panel and the battery which control the current which is supplied to battery. This battery is removable so after fully charged it can be removed and placed in the sprayer. In this way charging is done. When battery is connected in the sprayer, it supplies the current to the DC motor (Pump) and it runs at required speed. Motor has two opening one inlet and one outlet. Motor develops the suction and lift the pesticide from the tank and via connecting pipe supplies to the nozzle. The pesticides through nozzle will generate spray pattern. The discharge through nozzle can be controlled by speed variable switch provided at the spraying unit in these way pesticides can be sprayed on the crops. Fig. 4.1 (a) ANGLE VIEW 1951 www.ijaegt.com
Fig. 4.3 - ACTUAL PROJECT V.RESULT Based on the experiment performs it is found that the solar panel used in the project, provides 17 volt 0.58amp.the scarcity of power can be overcome by this, on the other hand the battery is rechargeable by supply available at homes. The manual labor is eliminated by this module, the constant and effective discharge is achieved which eventually increases the productivity. There are no health hazards to the operator. VI. CONCLUSION 1. Cost of the sprayer has reduced compared with existing sprayer, so it can be operated by small scale farmers. 2. Flow rate is increased by 2.5 times the manually operated sprayer. 3. Area sprayed per hour has increased by 2.6 times of the manually operated sprayer and 1.5 times the knapsack power sprayer. 4. The suggested model has removed the problem of back pain, physical fatigue and health hazards. 5. The model has nozzle which has continuous flow and long reach and the flow is adjustable. 6. Imported hollow cone nozzles should be used in the field for better performance. 7. This alone pump can used for multiple crops 8. The arrangement of nozzles is adjustable according to the crops. REFERENCES: 1. Laukik P.Raut, Smith B.Jaiswal, NitinY.Mohite, Design, development and fabrication of agricultural pesticides sprayer with weeder, International journal of applied Research and studies,issn:2278-9480 volume2,issue 11(Nov-2013) 2. Prof. Swati D.Kale, Swati V. Khandagale, Shweta S. Gaikwad, Agriculture Drone for Spraying fertilizer and pesticides, International journal of advance research in computer science and software Engineering, volume 5,Issue 12,(Dec-2015) 3. S.R.Kulkarni, Harish Nayak, Mohan Futane, Fabrication of portable foot operated Agricultural Fertilizer and pesticides spraying pump, International journal of Engineering Research and technology, ISSN:2278-0181,volume 4,Issue 07(July-2015) 4. Sandip H. Poratkar, Dhanraj R. Raut, Development of multi-nozzle pesticide sprayer pump, International journal of Modern Engineering Research, ISSN: 2249-6645, volume 3, Issue 2, pp-864-868, (April-2013) 1952 www.ijaegt.com
5. Mitul Raval, Aniket Dhandhukia, Supath Mohile, Development and Automation of Robot with Spraying Mechanism for Agriculture Application, International journal for Research in Emerging science and technology, E-ISSN:2349-7610, volume 2, ISSUE 8, (Aug-2015 ) 6. C. R. Mehta, N. S. Chandal, Status, Challenges and Strategies for Farm Mechanization in India Article in AMA, Agricultural mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268075783, (SEPT-2014) 7. Sarvesh Kulkarni, Karan Hasurkar, Ramdas Kumbhar, Amol Gonde, Raut A.S Review of Solar Powered Pesticide Sprayer, International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.3, No.4, E-ISSN: 2321-9637 (April 2015) 8. EML2322L MAE Design and Manufacturing Laboratory 1953 www.ijaegt.com