Impact of Distributed Generation and Storage on Zero Net Energy (ZNE) Omar Siddiqui Senior Technical Executive Emerging Technologies Summit San Francisco, CA October 21, 2014
Together Shaping the Future of Electricity EPRI Mission Advancing safe, reliable, affordable and environmentally responsible electricity for society through global collaboration, thought leadership and science & technology innovation EPRI Strategic Direction Innovative solutions that enable the transformation to more flexible, resilient and connected power systems 2
The Traditional Electric Power System Central Generation Predictable Consumption Power Flow 3
The Power System Looking Forward Distributed Energy Resources (DER) Combined Heat and Power Demand Response Home Energy Management Rooftop Solar Electric Vehicles Distributed Solar PV Generation More Flexible Consumers as Energy Producers T&D More Controllable and Resilient Power Flow A More Dynamic End-to-End Power System Loads More Interactive and Dynamic 4
Roles of DG and Energy Storage on the Grid Local capacity to enhance reliability and resiliency Load shifting to defer capital investment Flexibility to mitigate variability from renewable generation Bulk Storage (> 50 MW) Ancillary Services Distributed Storage (1 10 MW) Commercial DG Thermal Storage Distributed Storage (25 100 kw) Commercial Storage (5 25 kw) Distributed Solar PV Residential DG Residential Storage PEV Local Generation with CHP 5 Demand Response
Historical Challenges to DG and Energy Storage are Fading Technical Challenges Performance Life Efficiency $/kw 2500 Installed Cost 800 700 2000 10000 600 1500 500 8000 400 80% 6000 1000 300 4000 200 500 100 2000 60% 0 0 0 Lead- Acid Li Ion Target Lead- Acid Li Ion Target Lead- Acid Li Ion Target (2012) (2015) (2020) (2012) (2015) (2020) (2012) (2015) (2020) Advanced Technologies $/kw- yr Operating Costs Efficiency 100% Round Trip Efficiency Mean Cycles before Failure 12000 Cycle Life Lead- Acid (2012) Li Ion (2015) Target (2020) $20,000 Lithium Ion Battery Cost Economic Challenges High Costs Value streams Regulatory Challenges Lack of clear definition Framework designed for existing grid Vehicle Battery Pack Cost $15,000 $10,000 $5,000 $0 0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 Costs of Storage Generation Regulation Services Worldwide Vehicle Battery Production Capacity (packs/yr) Lower Costs Regulatory Rulings T&D Upgrade Deferral Demand Peak Reduction Potential Benefits of Storage Transmission & Distribution For Illustration Only Load Power Quality and Reliability New Business Models Favorable Legislation 6
California Storage Mandate CPUC final ruling Sept 2013 1.325 GW of storage in California by 2020 Pumped hydro > 50 MW not eligible Bi-annual targets (starting in 2014) with location / utility breakdown ~30% CAGR of storage capacity until 2020 Request for Offer process (changed from Reverse Auction) Some reduction and deferment possible if storage not cost-effective 7
Deployment of distributed generation $0.30 LCOE for DG in Commercial Applications $0.25 $0.20 Bloom Energy fuel cell installations Source: Bloom Energy Lower gas prices making DG attractive in commercial installations PPA-style contracts and government incentives simplify decision for site owners LCOE $0.15 $0.10 $0.05 $- 8 50 kw Microturbine 1 MW Industrial Turbine 400 kw PureCell 200 kw SOFC $- $2 $4 $6 $8 $10 $12 $14 $16 Retail Price of Natural Gas ($/MMBTU)
But many challenges remain Tools for understanding value and grid impacts of storage and DG still in development Grid-ready technology solutions are the exception, not the rule Grid deployment, integration, and operation of storage are still major unknowns Some developers installing systems on customer side of the meter, but interconnection process may be hindering deployment Technology solutions will not become viable without a concerted, targeted, industrywide effort 9
Analyzing the Value of Storage EPRI developing standard analysis methodologies for value and grid impacts of storage and DG Balance Energy of Plant Storage Valuation Tool (ESVT) Power Electronics Balance of Plant Power Electronics Battery Cost Battery Cost Photovoltaic Peak Shift Demand Peak Reduction Regulation Services Voltage Support Inertia Support Power Quality and Reliability T&D Upgrade Deferral For Illustration Only Customer Side Applications Market Applications Rate Based Applications Costs of Storage Benefits of Storage e.g. Energy Storage Cost-Effectiveness in California: Application of Energy Storage Valuation Tool to Inform California Public Utility Proceeding R.10-12-007. EPRI Product ID 3002001162 10
Facilitating Customizable Standard Products EPRI has established the Energy Storage Integration Council (ESIC), a technical forum for communication between utilities, suppliers, government organizations, and others working towards reliable, safe, and cost-effective energy storage options for the utility industry Applications Functional and technical requirements Application interfaces (I/O) Performance Life expectancy Standard test protocols Reliability System Development Technical specifications Component and system standards Grid Deployment Installation and commissioning Controls and dispatch Safety Protection 11
Research Imperatives CA Goal: All new residential to be ZNE TDV by 2020 What happens with large communities (5000+) with PV and low energy use clustered on single feeders PV sizing Impact of TDV on PV size Builder Marketing How to communicate to buyers Influence of plug loads Impact on distribution feeders Enabling technologies for grid management Storage and Demand Response for distribution Greater impact of behavioral loads Impact of +/- variability on feeders EMS technologies for balancing Optimal integration (Res vs. Com) Edge of grid storage systems (25-100 kw for 2-4 hours) Customer side of meter storage (5-25 kw for 2-4 hours) 12
Example of Technology Demonstration Using DER for load shaping Funded by CPUC and SCE Evaluate widespread development of ZNE community using grid integration strategies Demonstrate new technologies and strategies that enable cost effective ZNE homes and resulting high PV adoption Conduct detailed distribution level analysis for high penetration ZNE Evaluate and demonstrate optimal location of Energy Storage in ZNE communities Develop integrated modeling approach to integrate building and distribution models 13
Grid Modernization System Operator Solutions Network Reinforcement Centralized Voltage Control Static VAR Compensators Distributed Storage (distribution system) Network Reconfiguration Interactive Solutions Price-Based Demand Response Direct Load Control On-Demand Reactive Power On-Demand Curtailment Wide-Area Voltage Control DER-Owner Solutions Distributed Storage (customer system) Self-Consumption Power Factor Control Direct Voltage Control Frequency-based Curtailment The coordinated assessment of technology combination across different types of distribution system feeders is needed 14
Primary partners California Solar Initiative (CSI) Research, Development, Demonstration and Deployment Program (RD&D) Ram Narayanamurthy Arindam Maitra Ben Kaun C.R.Herro Rob Hammon, Ph.D. Ishtiaq Chisti Jerine Ahmed Will Vicent 15
Compare storage location for system benefits Evaluate impact and cost effectiveness of storage located at residential level vs. neighborhood level Using Energy Storage Valuation Tool (ESVT), model services provided by both approaches and their benefit 16
Develop Utility Guidelines for ZNE Communities Clearly-defined technical requirements for integration of different DER components for wide scale adoption of ZNE communities Develop ZNE community guidebook and integration practices - Use monitoring data from the field trials to evaluate & validate models - Use feeder modeling results to guide ZNE deployment and integration within distribution Voltage control at distribution Align project results with existing utility ZNE roadmaps Instant variability 17
The Bookends of How Grid Will Evolve Policy, Interoperability Standards, Market & Interconnection Rules and Technology will Drive the Transformation of the Grid Grid Defection Loosely connected Islands of Self Generation Distributed Resource Connected to Grid but not Integrated Connection Rules Require DER to Provide Grid Voltage/VAR and Fault Ride-Through Guided Deployment of DER Integrated with Distribution System Operation A Fully Integrated Grid with Market/TSO/ DSO/DER Coordinated Planning & Operation 18
Together Shaping the Future of Electricity 19