GENERAL OVERVIEW OF HIGH-SPEED IN EUROPE Prof. Dr. Eng. Andrés López Pita CENIT TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF CATALONIA (SPAIN) PARIS, 19 JUNE 2006
CONVENTIONAL LINES
OPTIONS FOR INCREASING THE RUNNING SPEED OF TRAINS ON CURVES 1. INCREASE THE CANT OF THE TRACK. 2. IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF THE TRACK GEOMETRY. USING TILTING TRAINS RECTIFY THE PROFILE NEW LINES Source: A. López Pita
THE INFLUENCE OF THE TILTING TRAINS ON THE REDUCTION IN JOURNEY TIME PASSIVE 8 to 10% ASSISTED 12 to 14%
THE THEORETICAL INFLUENCE OF THE VEHICLES WITH A TILTING BODY CITY A 600 km CITY B X X CONVENTIONAL TRAIN» 6h 30 TALGO TRAIN» 6 h ASSISTED TILTING» 5 h 40 THE INFLUENCE ON THE DEMAND FOR RAIL TRAFFIC?
CENIT AVERAGE DISTANCES BY MODES OF TRANSPORT CITY A RAIL X X + 150 RAIL (X + 151) ROAD ROAD X AIR X + 100 (X + 100) X CITY B Source: A. López Pita (1994) AIR X (km)
CENIT TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF ROAD AND AIR TRANSPORT REFERENCE TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION JOURNEY TIME D» 500 km (1) (2) (1) (2) NATIONAL ROADS (1 X 1) MOTROWAYS (1935) (2X2 or 3X3) 7h 5h (3) (4) (3) (4) TURBOPROP JETS COMMUTERS INSTRUMENT LANDING 1h 25 1h SYSTEM (ILS) (1950/1960) Source: A. López Pita (2006)
CENIT AIR 401 km PARÍS ROAD 456 km LYON CONVENTIONAL RAIL 514 km HIGH-SPEED RAIL 427 km Source: Hachette/A. López Pita (2006)
THE THE MODAL DISTRIBUTION OF OF PASSENGER TRAFFIC ON ON THE THE PARIS LYON SERVICE (1963 to to1976) MODE OF TRANSPORT 1963 1967 PREDICTION 1976 RAIL SERVICES 4h (128 km/h) 4h (128 km/h) 3h 45 (137 km/h) RAIL 65% 48% 25% AIR 7% 20% 39% ROAD 28% 32% 36% Source: Adapted from WALRAVE (1970) CENIT
THE ESTIMATE OF THE COMMERCIAL INCIDENCE OF A NEW HIGH-SPEED BETWEEN PARIS AND LYON YEAR 1976 1963 1967 WITHOUT NEW LINE WITH NEW LINE MARKET SHARE OF THE RAIL 65% 48% 25% 58% COMMERCIAL SPEED (km/h) 130 130 135 204 Source: Adapted from Walrave (1970)
CONVENTIONAL LINE PARIS LYON: OCCUPATION LEVEL ST. FLORENTÍN DIJON
TEST JOURNEYS CARRIED OUT BY SNCF HIGH-SPEEDS (1960 to to1978) TOTAL NUMBER OF HIGH-SPEEDS TEST 175 50 80 Speed (km/h) 220 to 230 240 to 250 300 to 320 1960 to 1978 Source: SNCF/A. LÓPEZ PITA (2004) CENIT
THE TGV PARIS - LYON
HIGH-SPEED LINE PARIS - LYON * 260/270 km/h NUM. OF PASSENGERS (10 6 ) 1,2 9,2 13,7 1981 1983 1984 YEAR
FIRTS CONVENTIONAL RAIL LINES 159 KM 23 YEARS STOCKTON-DARLINGTON 1825 BRUSELAS- MALINAS 1835 (+ 10) BARCELONA- MATARO 1848 (+ 23) ST. ETIENNE LYON 1832 (+ 7) Source. A. López Pita (2004) NUREMBURG - FÜRTH 1835 (+ 10) NAPOLI PORTICI 1839 (+ 14) SEVILLA HIGH-SPEED LINES 1800 KM LONDRES CANAL 1983 PARIS LYON MADRID 1992 (+9) 2003 (+ 20) 1º FASE BRUSELAS 20 YEARS 1998 (+ 10) HANNOVER WÜRZBURG 1991 (+ 8) ROMA NAPOLI 1992 (+ 9) CENIT
THE HIGH-SPEED NETWORK IN IN 2006 Operation (3.800 km) Works
CENIT ESTIMATION OF RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES LINKED TO HIGH SPEED RAIL DEVELOPMENT World investment in HSR infrastructures Costs related to the project Global infrastructures investment 8.500 M 170.000 M Lines in service Lines under construction Lines in project 170.000 M (8.570 Km) 109.000 M (6.240 Km) 84.000 M (3.040 Km) Infrastructure Superstructure (65.000 M ) Track Electrification Safety & segnalling equipment Cost related to the rolling stock < 105.000 M 30.000 M 15.000 M 20.000 M 26.000 36000 M
A NATIONAL SERVICES FRANKFURT P PARÍS 3h 60% F M 53% 3h 30 MUNICH M MARSELLA B INTERNATIONSL SERVICES S M MARKET SHARE MADRID 2h 30 85% SEVILLA AMSTERDAM LONDRES 45% 45% 61% 2h 35 1h 20 BRUSELAS 100% PARÍS RAIL-AIR Source: A. LÓPEZ PITA (2003) CENIT
CENIT 1 PASSENGER RAIL TRAFFIC IN MAIN CORRIDORS: 6/22 MILLIONS PASSENGERS/YEAR 2 MARKET SHARE OF THE RAIL: 40 / 90% Source: A. López Pita (2003)
JOURNEY TIME, FRECUENCY AND FARE LEVEL ON SOME HIGH-SPEED LINES PARAMETER SERVICE CONVENTIO- NAL LINE HIGH- SPEED LINE JOURNEY TIME PARIS LYON KÖLN FRANKFURT MADRID - SEVILLA 3h 45 2h 6h 2h 1h 2h 30 FRECUENCY * ONE WAY PARIS LYON MADRID - SEVILLA 10 6 20 12 FARE LEVEL RAIL/AIR PARIS LYON KÖLN FRANKFURT MADRID - SEVILLA ------- 30 to 50% Lower * Firts year of operation Source: A. LÓPEZ PITA (2004) CENIT
CENIT ICE 3
CENIT TALGO 350
CENIT TGV DUPLEX
EVOLUTION OF COMMERCIAL RAILWAYS SPEEDS IN FRANCE MAXIMUM COMMERCIAL SPEED (km/h) PARÍS-LYON 204 PARÍS-MARSEILLE 250 1983 2001 year
CENIT PUNCTUALITY COMMITMENT - IF AN AVE TRAIN ARRIVES MORE THAN FIVE MINUTES LATE, THE COMPANY UNDERTAKES TO REFUND THE FULL TICKET FARE PAID
CENIT REGIONAL TRAIN CONVENTIONAL
SNCF REGIONAL SERVICE (1997-2002) + 1 Mpassengers RENFE + 2,4 Mpassengers CENIT
CENIT NEW HIGH-SPEED LINE HANNOVER- WÜRBURG: FREIGHT TRAFFIC HAMBURG 800 km (7h 40 ) MUNICH
MIXED TRAFFIC?
TRAINS WITH DIFERENT SPEED OF CIRCULATION TRAINS WITH THE SAME SPEED RAPID TRAINS FREIGHT TRAINS STATION B STATION B STATION A HOURS STATION A HOURS TRAINS WITH DIFERENT SPEED STATION B STATION B STATION A HOURS STATION A HOURS 1 FREIGHT TRAIN = 3 TGV TRAINS 1 FREIGHT TRAIN = 3 TGV TRAINS
FRANCE NUMBER OF TGV PER DAY 200 180 260 BORDEAUX TOULOUSE 140 CONCLUSION: NEW LINES WERE DESIGNED FOR HIGH-SPEED PASSENGER TRAFFIC
HAMBURG 2 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION HIGH-SPEED LINE UPGRADEDLINES HANNOVER 0,70 10 Mhab KÖLN GERMANY FRANKFURT MANNHEIM KARLSRUHE BASEL 2,15 1,85 WÜRZBURG 0,13 STUTTGART Km/h 160 80 1,4 MUNCHEN
YEAR NEW LINE PASSENGER TRAINS 250 km/h 200 km/h TOTAL FREIGHT TRAINS* 100/160 km/h TOTAL TRAFIC HANNOVER-WÜRBURG 2001 (KASSEL - FULDA) 49 -- 49 37 86 MANNHEIM-STUTGART 27 29 56 16 72 * NUMBER OF TRAINS PER DAY CENIT
CENIT KOLN FRANKFURT CORRIDOR: NUMBER OF OF TOTAL PASSENGER PASSENGER PER YEAR (MILLION) 22 26,6 2005 2010 Year of Forecast CONCLUSION: LINE DEDICATED EXCLUSIVELY TO VERY HIGH-SPEED PASSENGER TRAFFIC
NEW LINES IN FRANCE FOR MIXED TRAFFIC MULHOUSE DIJON MAÇON LYON 50 TGV/DAY 75 FREIGHT TRAINS/DAY CENIT
CENIT PASSENGER TRAFFIC STUDY 2010/2020 (BILLION PASSENGER-KM) 3111 1967 +60% 1999 2020 YEAR
CENIT ROAD CONGESTION
AIR AIR TRAFFIC IN IN EUROPE: FLIGHTS PER PER YEAR 2.000 8 MILLION FLIGHTS 12 12 MILLION FLIGHTS 2.010 16 16 MILLION FLIGHTS 2.020 Source: EUROPEAN COMMISSION CENIT
CENIT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF AN HIGH-SPEED LINE UNDER CONSTRUCTION INTERMEDIATE STAGE PARIS LYON LINE Source: A. LÓPEZ PITA/SNCF/ La Vie du Rail LINE OPEN TO COMMERCIAL SERVICE
HANNOVER WÜRZBURG LINE CENIT UNDER CONSTRUCTION IN COMMERCIAL SERVICE Source: DBAG KOLN FRANKFURT LINE
CENIT LAND USE: KOLN FRANKFURT NEW LINE AND MOTORWAY A3 10 Hectares/km 6 Hectares/km Source. DBAG
CENIT Kg AIR POLLUTION : CARBON DIOXIDE HAMBURG - MUNICH AIRBUS 320-200 PRIVATE CAR ICE 2 36,2 109,2 111,4 DIFFERENT TRANSPORT MODES Source: DB (1995)
1979 ICE MELTING 2003 Source: Science et Vie (2004)
ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER TRANSPORT MODE ON HAMBURG MUNICH ROUTE MODE LITRES OF DISTANCE OCCUPATION OF TRANSPORT (Km) LEVEL FUEL RAILWAY (ICE) 813 46% 21,15 PLANE 600 60% 47,50 Source: DBAG
THE HIGH-SPEED TRAIN BOTH COMPETES WITH AND COMPLEMENTS AIR TRANSPORT CENIT
CENIT TGV TERMINAL AT AT CHARLES DE GAULLE AIRPORT TGV LINE
CENIT
CENIT HIGH-SPEED LINES AT SOME EUROPEAN AIRPORTS 44 TRAINS/YOUR 84 TRAINS/YOUR AMSTERDAM FRANKFURT 14 TRAINS/YOUR 75 TRAINS/YOUR LYON Source: A. LÓPEZ PITA (2003) ZURICH
THE THE RAILWAYS RAILWAYS CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTION TO TO LIBERALISING LIBERALISING SLOTS SLOTS AT AT SOME SOME EUROPEAN EUROPEAN AIRPORTS AIRPORTS BENELUX 20.000 slots PARIS 40.000 slots FRANKFURT 20.000 slots 0,08 X LONDON-AMSTERDAM 0,02 X (X 4) MADRID-FRANFURT CENIT ENVIRONNMETAL ENVIRONNMETAL COST COST PER PER PASSENGER/KM PASSENGER/KM (1995 (1995 ECU) ECU) DISTANCE 500 1500 ( km) ACQUISITION COSTS COSTS FOR FOR HIGH-SPEED TRAINS AND AND JET JET PLANES FOR FOR MEDIUM DISTANCES TYPE OF MATERIAL HIGH-SPEED TRAINS SEATS 300 to 600 AVERAGE COST PER SEAT (thousands of euros) 36 to 45 JETS A 320, B757 Source. A. López Pita (2004) 150 to 200 277 to 296
CENIT 1. ACCESIBILITY TO THE MAIN AIRPORTS DISTANCE 170 KM Source. A. López Pita (2004)
CENIT 2. THE TRAIN AND THE PLANE ARE COMPLEMENTARY MADRID BARCELONA Source. A. López Pita (2004)
CENIT 3. TRAIN + AEROPLANE INTERMODALITY SAN FRANCISCO BRUSELAS PARIS Source. A. López Pita (2004)