ROAD STATISTICS YEARBOOK 2017

ROAD STISTICS YEARBOOK 2017

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ROAD STISTICS YEARBOOK 2017

4 INTRODUCTION

The ERF is pleased to present you with the ERF Road Statistics Yearbook 2017. This new edition contains important updated information on road transport sector and road infrastructure in Europe and beyond. More than ever, the road infrastructure is an essential key element of the global mobility and the road sector is constantly striving to provide citizens with the accessible, efficient and safe mobility they deserve. We are convinced that this Yearbook will provide you with the same interesting and fruitful information as the previous editions. 5

CONTENTS 1. General Data 3. Infrastructure Financing 2. Road Network 5. Freight Transport 4. Road Maintenance & Investment 6

7. Safety 8. Taxation 6. Passenger Transport 9. Environment 10. Case Studies 7

Introduction Contents Symbols & Abbreviations General data 1.1 Percentage of turnover by mode of transport in EU 28 1.2 Transport growth in EU 28 1.3 Annual growth rates EU 28 1.4 Employment by mode of transport in EU countries 1.5 Employment by mode of transport in EU 28 Road Network 2.1 Length of total road network by category by country 2.2 Length of total road network by country 2.3 Density of the total road network by country 2.4 Length of motorway network by country 2.5 Length and Type of TENT Roads in EU 28 2.6 Proportion of motorways compared to the total road network by country 2.7 Density of motorways by country 2.8 Passenger cars per km of motorway by country 2.9 Transport network comparison between EU 28, USA, Japan, Russia and China 2.10 Density of motorways: comparison between EU 28, USA, Japan, Russia and China p.12 p.18 Infrastructure Financing 3.1 Toll net revenues in selected countries 3.2 Budget managed by INEA 3.3 European Investment Bank Loans for Transport to EU 28 3.4 European Investment Bank Loans for Transport to EU 28 3.5 World Bank Total Transport Lending 3.6 Transport Lending Breakdown by Region p.26 Road Maintenance and Investment p.32 4.1 Gross investment spending in road infrastructure in selected countries 4.2 Investment in inland transport infrastructure in EU 28 4.3 Volume of investment in inland transport infrastructure by region 4.4 Distribution of infrastructure investment between modes in EU 28 4.5 Maintenance expenditures in road infrastructure in selected countries 4.6 Maintenance expenditures in road infrastructure in selected countries Freight Transport 5.1 Transport of goods, performance by mode in EU 28 5.2 Goods transport by mode in EU 28 5.3 Inland transport modal split in EU 28 5.4 Inland transport modal split in EU 28 5.5 Performance of inland freight transport by mode in EU countries 5.6 Performance by mode for inland freight transport in EU 28 5.7 Total road transport by group of goods in EU countries 5.8 Transport of dangerous goods in EU countries 5.9 Registration of commercial vehicles in EU and selected countries p.38 8

Passenger Transport p.46 6.1 Transport of passengers by mode in EU 28 6.2 Evolution of passenger transport by mode in EU 28 6.3 Passenger transport modal split in EU 28 6.4 Modal split of passenger transport on land by country in EU countries 6.5 Passenger vehicles by country 6.6 Motorisation by country, 2014 6.7 New passenger car registration per 1.000 inhabitants in EU countries 6.8 Motorcycle registrations in EU countries 6.9 Transport of passengers per mode: comparison EU 28/World 6.10 Motorisation: comparison EU 28/ World 6.11 Trends and outlooks in passenger transport demand for the different modes of transport in EU Safety p.56 7.1 Road accidents involving personal injury by country 7.2 Road accidents involving personal injury per one thousand population in EU countries 7.3 Road fatalities in EU countries 7.4 Percentage change in road fatalities between 2002 and 2015 7.5 Road fatalities country rankings 7.6 Lives saved per million inhabitants in EU countries in 2015 7.7 Evolution of road fatalities and injured in EU 28 7.8 Road fatalities by mode of transport in EU 28 7.9 PTWs fatalities in selected EU countries 7.10 Road fatalities by gender in EU countries 7.11 Road fatalities by age group in EU28 and selected countries 7.12 Road Fatalities (per 100.000 population) in EU 28 and selected countries 7.13 Speed limits, blood alcohol limits by country 7.14 Fatalities at 30 days by road user type in EU countries Taxation p.70 8.1 Taxes on acquisition of motor vehicles in EU countries 8.2 Fiscal income from motor vehicles in EU selected countries 8.3 Revenues from environmentally related taxes in % of GDP 8.4 CO2 based motor vehicle taxes in EU countries 8.5 Excise duties on fuels in EU countries at 112015 & 112017 8.6 At the pump prices of petroleum in EU countries, first quarter of 2017 8.7 Net charges per domestic haul by type in EU countries Environment p.77 9.1 Comparison between freight and passenger transport evolution and CO2 emissions in EU 28 9.2 CO2 emissions from road transport in EU and selected countries 9.3 CO2 emissions from road passenger transport by mode in EU and selected countries 9.4 CO2 emissions from road freight transport in EU and selected countries 9.5 Average CO2 emissions per km from new passenger cars in EU 9.6 Fuel market share for new car registrations in EU 9.7 Biodiesel production in EU countries 9.8 Biofuels share in transport consumption in EU 9.9 Share of total CO2 emmissions from fossil fuel by sector in EU 9.10 Final energy consumption by sector in EU countries 10. Case Study: Roads in Ethiopia p.85 9

10 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIIONS

EU28 EUcandidates EFTA EEA Other Countries Other abbreviations Austria BE Belgium DE Germany DK Denmark EL Greece ES Spain Finland FR France Ireland Italy LU Luxembourg NL The Netherlands PT Portugal SE Sweden UK United Kingdom BG Bulgaria CY Cyprus CZ Czech Republic EE Estonia HR Croatia HU Hungary Lithuania LV Latvia MT Malta Poland RO Romania SI Slovenia Slovakia AL Albania ME Montenegro MK Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia TR Turkey RS Republic of Serbia IS Iceland LI Liechtenstein NO Norway CH Switzerland AU Australia CA Canada CL Chile IL Israel JP Japan KP Korea MX Mexico NZ New Zealand US United States RF Russian Federation ACEA European Automobile Manufacturers Association ACEM European Association of Motorcycle Manufacturers ASECAP European Association of tolled motorways, bridges and tunnel operators Bn Billion (thousand million) CARE European Road Accident Database CORDIS Community Research and Development Information Service EBB European Biodiesel Board EC European Commission EEA European Environment Agency EIB European Investment Bank EU European Union EUR Euro GDP Gross Domestic Product g Gram INEA Innovation and Networks Executive Agency IRTAD International Road Traffic and Accident Database F International Transport Forum n.a. Not available data OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development pkm Passengerkilometre PTW Powered TwoWheelers TENT Trans European Transport Network tkm Tonnekilometre toe Tonne of oil equivalent 11

12

GENERAL DA 13

1.1 Percentage of turnover by mode of transport in EU 28, 2013 (total 1,373 billion) Warehousing and support activities 35,4% Postal and courier activities 8% Road freight transport 22,7% Road passenger transport (*) 9,1% Air transport 10,1% Sea transport 7,7 Pipelines 1,2% Railways 5,3% Inland water transport 0,5% EU 28 (%) 14 Source : EC (*) Including all urban and suburban land transport modes (motor bus, tramway, streetcar, trolley bus, underground and elevated railways). The above figures refer to employment only in those companies whose main activity lies in the mode concerned.

1.2 Transport growth in EU 28, evolution 19952014 150 140 130 Passengers (1) (pkm) Goods (2) (tkm) GDP (at constant year 2005 prices) 120 110 100 90 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Source: Eurostat Notes : (1) : passenger cars, powered twowheelers, buses & coaches, tram & metro, railways, intraeu air, intraeu sea (2) : road, rail, inland waterways, oil pipelines, intraeu air, intraeu sea GDP: at constant year 2005 prices and exchange rates 1.3 Annual growth rates EU 28 (% change) 1995 2014 p.a. 2000 2014 p.a. 2013 2014 p.a. GDP at year 2005 prices and exchange rates Passenger transport (pkm) Freight transport (tkm) 1,6% 1,2% 1,4% 1,1% 0,7% 1,8% 1,1% 0,6% 1,4% Source : EC 15

1.4 Employment by mode of transport in EU countries, 2013 (thousand) Total Road freight transport Road passenger transport (**) Railways Pipelines Inland water transport Sea transport Air transport Warehousing and support activities Postal and courier activities EU28 EU15 EU13 10521,3 2938,0 1991,4 559,6 28,5 40,3 164,8 350,2 2635,8 1812,6 8336,7 2121,6 1593,1 388,3 14,4 33,0 150,6 328,4 2184,8 1522,3 2184,6 816,4 398,3 171,3 14,1 7,3 14,2 21,8 451,0 290,3 EU28 EU15 EU13 BE BG CZ DK DE EE EL ES FR HR CY LV LU HU MT NL PT RO SI SE UK 215,0 155,5 262,9 147,3 2062,4 37,8 79,9 166,6 824,6 1378,5 77,2 1059,7 17,9 74,9 108,7 19,8 216,3 9,9 409,0 206,8 720,8 147,8 337,5 43,4 121,9 148,0 270,0 1205,1 59,9 55,7 113,9 32,8 409,9 15,1 19,8 34,8 305,8 351,8 20,1 304,9 1,9 23,9 52,8 7,6 65,1 1,1 113,5 57,9 293,6 58,8 113,8 20,4 38,9 45,5 75,9 242,5 18,3 32,5 37,5 23,3 385,3 3,8 16,0 67,4 174,0 256,7 10,5 166,8 3,1 13,0 14,8 5,0 48,0 1,8 60,0 55,5 131,7 33,2 78,4 5,1 18,0 33,0 68,8 229,9 1,9 10,9 27,8 6,7 48,1 1,7 2,9 1,0 13,8 169,4 4,2 41,1 0,0 3,7 10,8 1,0 11,6 0,0 20,0 11,5 55,3 0,6 31,7 0,7 12,9 8,6 10,3 59,6 0,1 0,3 0,6 0,1 3,3 0,0 0,0 0,2 2,0 4,9 0,5 2,2 0,0 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,9 0,0 0,1 0,5 3,6 0,1 6,6 0,6 0,9 0,2 0,0 0,9 1,0 0,7 0,6 0,2 8,1 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,4 2,3 0,3 2,5 0,0 0,1 0,1 0,3 0,9 0,0 13,8 0,5 1,3 0,6 2,2 0,3 0,5 0,6 1,5 1,1 1,8 1,6 0,0 21,1 21,3 0,8 0,7 13,2 6,4 13,1 4,1 25,6 1,9 0,8 1,4 0,0 0,0 1,1 12,8 0,0 1,9 0,7 0,4 0,2 0,0 8,2 13,3 12,4 5,3 2,0 2,5 9,2 57,8 0,3 9,5 2,4 28,8 65,0 2,8 22,0 1,0 1,3 0,5 1,2 0,9 0,6 25,1 6,6 5,1 10,7 4,0 0,6 0,3 4,7 9,0 71,0 90,2 32,2 39,0 30,6 625,7 12,4 14,4 35,6 209,9 259,3 22,9 333,6 8,7 26,2 19,5 3,4 52,3 4,3 85,3 49,5 130,1 28,5 60,6 8,2 34,6 29,3 48,3 341,2 36,4 19,5 41,0 23,5 502,9 3,6 16,6 12,0 83,5 256,0 11,7 161,0 1,3 5,6 8,7 1,3 36,5 1,0 78,4 24,9 98,2 14,6 39,8 7,3 15,9 21,9 42,8 246,5 BE BG CZ DK DE EE EL ES FR HR CY LV LU HU MT NL PT RO SI SE UK 16 Source: Eurostat Notes: (*) Data refers to transportation and storage activities (including postal and courier services). (**) Including all urban and suburban land transport modes (motor bus, tramway, streetcar, trolley bus, underground and elevated railways) The above figures refer to employment only in those companies whose main activity lies in the mode concerned.

1.5 Employment by mode of transport in EU 28, 2013 (%) 27,9% 18,9% Road freight transport Warehousing and support activities Road passenger transport (*) Postal and Courier activities Railways Air transport 17,2% 25,1% 5,3% 0,3% 0,4% 3,3% 1,6% Sea transport Inland water transport Pipelines Source: Eurostat Notes: (*) Including all urban and suburban land transport modes (motor bus, tramway, streetcar, trolley bus, underground and elevated railways) The above figures refer to employment only in those companies whose main activity lies in the mode concerned. 17

18

ROAD NETWORK 19

2.1 Length of total road network by category(*) by country, end of 2013 (km) Motorways Main or national roads Secondary or regional roads Other roads* Total BE BG CZ DK DE EE EL ES FR HR CY LV LU HU MT NL PT RO SI SE UK EU28 1 763 605 776 1 216 12 917 140 897 1 558 14 981 11 552 1 295 6 751 257 309 152 1 767 2 678 1 719 1 482 3 065 644 770 420 810 2 057 3 760 74340,8 13 229 2 975 6 250 2 646 39 389 3 873 4 531 9 299 15 041 9 658 6 711 19 920 2 203 1 674 6 372 837 6 824 2361 2 564 9 997 17 804 6 454 17 110 819 3 538 12 521 13 553 49 074 287227,4 1 349 4 035 48 736 70268 178 071 12 476 11 631 30 864 135 340 377 323 9 720 154 948 2 307 5 388 14 573 1 891 23 169 2 361 7 749 23 640 153 753 4 791 35 587 5 135 13 996 13 561 82 905 33 111 1456316,7 138 869 12 063 74 919 70 268 42 298 78 958 75 600 501 053 673 290 9 094 74 420 4 998 63 381 51 337 1 891 171 549 2 361 125 650 88 759 242 083 32 190 32 150 36 852 51 201 118 461 335 182 3034357,5 155 210 19 678 130 680 74 130 230 377 58 787 96 017 117 321 666 415 1 071 823 26 820 256 039 9 765 70 443 72 591 2 880 203 310 2 361 138 641 124 115 415 122 14 310 85 531 38 874 54 806 78 093 216 976 421 127 4 852 242 BE BG CZ DK DE EE EL ES FR HR CY LV LU HU MT NL PT RO SI SE UK EU28 ME MK RS TR IS NO CH 259 603 2 127 11 392 1 419 7 965 651 4 794 31 341 4 919 10 562 393 7 965 3 778 10 341 32 155 2 950 44 382 17 926 7 965 9 471 29 271 323 043 5 010 39 041 51 789 7 965 14 159 45 009 388 666 12 890 94 377 71 527 ME MK RS TR IS NO CH 20 Source: Eurostat, International Road Federation, national statistics Notes: The definition of road types varies from country to country, the data are therefore not comparable. "Other roads" sometimes includes roads without a hard surface. BE end of 2009 EL end of 2010 UK 1st of April 2014 IS end of 2011 MT end of 2012

2.2 Length of total road network by country, 2013 (thousand km) 1200 1000 1071,82 800 600 400 200 0 BE BG CZ DK DE EE EL ES FR HR CY LV LU HU MT NL PT RO SI SE UK ME MK RS TR IS NO CH Source: EC, IRF Notes: "Other roads" sometimes includes roads without a hard surface. BE end of 2009 EL end of 2010 UK 1st April,2014 IS end of 2011 MT end of 2012 2.3 Density of the total road network by country, 2013 (km road/ km² land area) 8 7 7,5 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 BE BG CZ DK DE EE EL ES FR HR CY LV LU HU MT NL PT RO SI SE UK ME MK RS TR IS NO CH Source: EC Notes: The definition of road types varies from country to country, the data are therefore not comparable. "Other roads" sometimes includes roads without a hard surface. BE end of 2009 EL end of 2010 UK 1st April,2014 IS end of 2011 MT end of 2012 21

2.4 Length of motorway network by country, 2013 (km) 15000 14981 12000 9000 6000 3000 0 BE BG CZ DK DE EE EL ES FR HR CY LV LU HU MT NL PT RO SI SE UK MK RS TR IS NO CH Notes: BE end of 2009 EL end of 2010 UK 1st April,2014 IS end of 2011 MT end of 2012 2.5 Length (Km) and Type of TENT* Roads in EU 28 120000 Total 100000 80000 60000 Motorways High quality roads Ordinary Roads 40000 20000 0 Source: EC * The Guidelines define the TENT roads as composed of motorways and highquality roads existing, new or to be adapted 22

2.6 Proportion of motorways compared to the total road network by country, 2013 (%) 25 20 15 21,42 % 10 5 0 BE BG CZ DK DE EE EL ES FR HR CY LV LU HU MT NL PT RO SI SE UK MK RS TR IS NO CH Source: EC Notes: "Other roads" sometimes includes roads without a hard surface. BE end of 2009 IS end of 2011 MT end of 2012 2.7 Density of motorways by country, 2013 (km motorway per 100 km² land area) 8 7 6 6,40 5 4 3 2 1 0 BE BG CZ DK DE EE EL ES FR HR CY LV LU HU MT NL PT RO SI SE UK EU ME MK RS TR IS NO CH Source: Eurostat, EC BE end of 2009 EL end of 2010 UK 1st April,2014 IS end of 2011 MT end of 2012 23

2.8 Passenger cars per km of motorway by country, 2014 20000 19769 15000 10000 5000 0 BE BG CZ DK DE EE EL ES FR HR CY LV LU HU MT NL PT RO SI SE UK AL ME MK RS TR IS NO CH Source: Eurostat, EC, UNECE statistical database Notes: Stock at end of year, except for BE: 1 August (1 July in 2012), CH: 30 September Taxis are usually included. 2.9 Transport network comparison between EU 28, USA, Japan, Russia and China, 2013 (thousand km) EU 28 USA (1) Japan (2) China Russia Road network (paved) Motorway network Railway network Electrified rail lines 5.000 74,3 220,0 115,2 4.310 93,3 205,6 989 8,4 19,5 11,7 3.756 104,4 103,1 36,0 1.094 51,0 86,0 43,0 24 Source: Eurostat, International Road Federation, Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer, national statistics Notes: (1): Divided highways with 4 or more lanes (rural or urban interstate, freeways, expressways, arterial and collector) with full access control by the authorities. (2): Japan: national expressways. (3): Russia: federal roads. (4): USA: a sum of partly overlapping networks. (5): China: both oil and gas pipelines (6): Russia: only crude oil pipelines. 20 thousand km of oil products pipelines are not included. (7): USA: light duty vehicles, short wheel and long wheel base. (8): Japan: including 31.8 million light motor vehicles (engine capacity up to 660 cubic centimetres).

2.10 Density of motorways: comparison between EU 28, USA, Japan, Russia and China, 2013 (km motorway per km² land area) EU 28 Source: EC, IRF Area EU 28: including French overseas department USA Japan 2,22 China Russia Source: EC, IRF Area EU 28: including French overseas department 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 2.11 Passenger cars per km of motorway comparison between EU 28, USA, Japan, Russia and China, 2014 EU 28 Source: EC, IRF (1) USA: data are from 2009 USA Japan China Russia 812 0 200 400 600 800 1000 25

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INFRASTRUCTURE NANCING 27

3.1 Toll net revenues in selected countries, 20102015 (EUR million) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 DK 454,00 472,00 492,0 507,0 537 559 DK EL 565,00 530,00 516,0 516,0 469 495 EL ES 1820,56 1808,7 1623,8 1565,0 1608,6 1709,27 ES FR 7775,6 8442,6 8450,0 9170 (1) 9222,4 9160 FR 184,00 184,00 193,0 200,0 217 217 4835,90 4971,00 4804,5 4914,0 5176,94 5454,86 NL 27,21 28,49 26,8 26,5 27,67 28,3 NL 1535,50 1561,00 1622,1 1687,0 1826 1840 PT 725,31 693,43 627,8 812,5 855,37 915,62 PT HU 145,50 167,90 167,9 189,2 677,6 677,6 HU SI 290,10 298,34 294,9 305,0 344,16 349,92 SI NO 457,30 605,70 641,2 614,4 940,63 940,63 NO HR 267,40 272,34 282,8 296,69 (2) 297,05 317,25 HR 189,3 148,25 157,0 179,6 (3) 185,86 209 UK 70,1 64,40 71,6 77,6 83,3 102 UK RS 137,9 137,90 19,0 138,3 138,44 139,55 RS CZ 262,8 325,00 346,5 342,2 (4) 316 360,18 CZ DE 4484,00 4498,00 4364,0 4400,0 4460 4370 DE RF 29,3 75,16 55,5 RF 175,3 199,88 151,3 158,63 (5) 113,7 119,6 28 Source: ASECAP Notes: (1) Provisional figure (2) Preliminary value for 2013 (3) Toll revenues on motorways A2 and A4 (4) kmbased tolling only (5) Revenue from ETC and the revenue from the vignette on the whole charged network including motorways, expressways and selected 1st class roads

3.2 Budget managed by INEA (Total 34 bn) 25 20 15 22,4 10 5 0 Transport Energy Digital Transport Energy Connecting Europe Facility Horizon 2020 Source: EC 3.3 European Investment Bank Loans for Transport to EU 28, 20062015 (EUR million) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Roads, Motorways 4384 3542 4932 6030 3716 3876 2726 4728 5384 2827 Railways 2999 3534 2495 2704 4352 4624 3541 3419 3875 5548 Urban Transport 1294 1924 1981 3399 4151 4411 2655 2733 2865 3371 Air Transport 764 644 2458 1740 487 500 261 420 428 18 Maritime Transport 593 454 894 1.821 496 793 863 212 368 586 Intermodal Freight Terminals and Other 36 29 763 n.a. 2 66 28 81 45 15 Transport 60 Total Transport Sector 10.070 10.127 13.523 15.694 13.204 14.270 10.074 11.593 12.965 12.425 Source: EC 29

3.4 European Investment Bank Loans for Transport to EU 28, 2015 (total 12.425 million) Urban Transport Maritime Transport 5% Intermodal Freight Terminals and Other Roads, Motorways 27% 23% 1% Air Transport 0,14% Railways 45% 30 Source: EIB

3.5 World Bank Total Transport Lending, 20042016 ($ billion) 10 8 9 6 4 2 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2010 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Source: World Bank 3.6 Transport Lending Breakdown by Region, 2016 (total $ 6,39 billion) 12% 10% Europe & Central Asia East Asia & the Pacific 32% 20% Latin America and the Caribbean South Asia Middle East & North Africa Africa 17% 8% Source: World Bank 31

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ROAD MAINTENANCE AND INVESTMENT 33

4.1 Gross investment spending in road infrastructure in selected countries, 2010 2014 (at current prices and exchange rates million Euros) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 BE BG HR CZ DK EE FR DE GR HU LV LU MT NL PT RO SI ES SE UK 390 348 281 515 1720 937 137 890 11942 11240 1394 840 1188 3389 99 422 183 40 2300 6510 1511 2850 342 221 7851 1668 6478 303 248 344 466 1293 1052 158 973 11876 11340 1310 298 850 4129 159 343 222 37 2287 8319 3283 432 112 5966 1911 5557 327 553 388 479 876 1324 1127 12006 11530 1088 153 776 3107 148 243 213 38 4382 274 3092 311 102 5362 2213 5544 363 587 359 424 648 1115 12093 11730 2181 401 561 2841 150 253 220 32 2465 211 2729 360 104 4651 2013 6166 453 417 253 280 604 1102 144 1132 10735 11780.. 164 638 3860 188 224 205 39.. 1721.. 2493 550 139 4266 1864 7726 BE BG HR CZ DK EE FR DE GR HU LV LU MT NL PT RO SI ES SE UK ME MK RS TR IS NO CH 18 32 227 5419 79 2675 3423 15 38 339 5181 39 2812 3827 18 255 4799 38 3301 3880 20 280 4880 42 3844 3731 9.. 337 4803 45 3804.. ME MK RS TR IS NO CH 34 Source: F, OECD Note: the data coverage varies significantly from a country to another, mainly due to the lack of more detailed common definitions and the difficulty for countries to change their data collection system.

4.2 Investment in inland transport infrastructure in EU 28, 2014 (as a percentage of GDP, at current prices) 2.5 2 2,10 1,5 1 0,5 0 BE BG HR CZ DK EE FR DE EL HU LV LU MT NL PT RO SI ES SE UK Source: F at the OECD Note: No data for CY 4.3 Volume of investment in inland transport infrastructure by region, 1995 2014 (Euro) EU 1.4E+11 1.2E+11 North America Russian Federa on 1E+11 8E+10 6E+10 4E+10 2E+10 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Source: F The drop in North America is due to non existing data for United States after 2004 35

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 4.4 Distribution of infrastructure investment between modes in EU 28, 19952014 (Euros, current prices, current exchange rates) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Rail Road IWW Source: F Note: No data for CY 4.5 Maintenance expenditures in road infrastructure in selected countries, 20102014 (at current prices and exchange rates million Euros) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 BE BG HR CZ DK EE FR HU LV LU MT NL PT RO SI SE UK Total EU MK RS TR IS NO CH 559 184 100 195 670 1.058 38 667 2.431 328 164 6.437 85 160 34 25 1.209 2.636 102 175 137 875 3.919 22.188 16 228 360 29 1.361 2.001 494 156 71 212 570 881 39 658 2.746 256 161 6.220 90 153 37 27 323 2.678 160 122 856 3.552 20.462 15 205 674 29 1.615 2.238 517 145 103 187 571 945 44 574 2.851 296 139 7.195 93 123 34 24 428 165 193 120 959 3.591 19.295 208 600 29 1.747 2.414 559 147 96 209 513 920 47 585 2.904 412 128 9.134 100 127 41 25 438 174 204 123 1.044 3.346 21.276 129 630 28 1.841 2.402 667 206 93 257 587 796 45 506 2.760 357 85 9.564 154 143 41 17.. 383.... 181 118 1.017 3229,13 21.206.. 142,98 582,14 32 1997,63.. BE BG HR CZ DK EE FR HU LV LU MT NL PT RO SI SE UK Total EU MK RS TR IS NO CH Source: F 36

4.6 Maintenance expenditures in road infrastructure in selected countries, 2002 2014 (million Euros) 35000 30000 25000 20000 2002 16275,6 2003 22325,6 2004 23471,6 2005 27430,1 2006 31301,8 2007 27960,3 2008 26791,6 2009 21536,9 2010 22188,4 2011 20462,4 2012 19295,1 2013 21275,6 2014 21206,3 15000 10000 5000 0 Source: F Note: No data for CY 37

38

FREIGHT TRANSPORT 39

5.1 Transport of goods, performance by mode in EU 28, 19952014 (billion tkm) Road Rail Inland Water ways Pipe lines Sea (1) Air Total 1995 1 289 388 122 115 930 2 2845, 948 1995 1996 1 303 394 120 119 942 2 2879, 110 1996 1997 1 352 411 128 119 969 2 2980, 161 1997 1998 1 414 394 131 126 1 000 2 3068, 126 1998 1999 1 461 385 129 125 1 029 2 3131, 013 1999 2000 1 509 405 134 127 1 067 2 3244, 912 2000 2001 1 553 388 133 134 1 083 2 3292, 283 2001 2002 1 603 386 133 130 1 100 2 3353, 314 2002 2003 1 608 394 124 132 1 119 2 3378, 221 2003 2004 1 751 419 137 133 1 159 2 3601, 139 2004 2005 1 795 416 139 138 1 178 2 3667, 082 2005 2006 1 858 438 139 137 1 191 2 3764, 233 2006 2007 1 925 452 145 128 1 174 2 3826, 497 2007 2008 1 891 443 146 125 1 153 2 3760, 470 2008 2009 1 700 364 131 122 1 035 2 3353, 069 2009 2010 1 755 394 156 121 1 094 2 3522, 114 2010 2011 1 744 422 142 118 1 111 2 3539, 859 2011 2012 1 693 407 150 115 1 085 2 3451, 158 2012 2013 1 719 406 153 112 1 082 2 3474, 050 2013 2014 1 725 411 151 113 1 122 2 3524, 416 2014 1995 2014 33,9% 5,8% 23,5% 1,8% 20,6% 27,0% 23,8% 1995 2014 20132014 0,4% 1,1% 1,2% 1,0% 3,8% 0,0% 1,4% 20132014 40 Source: EC Air and Sea: only domestic and intraeu28 transport; estimates for air and for sea (19952004) Road: national and international haulage by vehicles registered in the EU28. (1) The time series for maritime transport performance has been revised, for the period from 2005 to 2014, by replacing previous estimates on portto port distances with more accurate measurements by Eurostat. The time series from 1995 to 2004 has been recalibrated by DG MOVE in line with the new Eurostat figures to avoid break in series. The revision of tkm figures mainly concerns the calculation of distance travelled and not the tonnages transported by sea.

5.2 Goods transport by mode in EU 28, 2014 (% of tkm) Sea 31,8% Air 1% Pipelines 5% Inland waterway 5% Roads Rail 11,7% 49% Source: EC Notes: Air and Sea: only domestic and intraeu28 transport; provisional estimates Road: national and international haulage by vehicles registered in the EU28 41

5.3 Inland transport modal split in EU 28, 20002014 (% of tkm) Road Rail Inland waterways Pipelines 2000 69,4 18,6 6,2 5,8 2000 2001 70,3 17,6 6,0 6,1 2001 2002 71,2 17,1 5,9 5,8 2002 2003 71,2 17,5 5,5 5,8 2003 2004 71,7 17,2 5,6 5,5 2004 2005 72,2 16,7 5,6 5,5 2005 2006 72,3 17,0 5,4 5,3 2006 2007 72,6 17,1 5,5 4,8 2007 2008 72,6 17,0 5,6 4,8 2008 2009 73,4 15,7 5,6 5,3 2009 2010 72,4 16,2 6,4 5,0 2010 2011 71,9 17,4 5,9 4,9 2011 2012 71,6 17,2 6,3 4,9 2012 2013 71,9 17,0 6,4 4,7 2013 2014 71,9 17,1 6,3 4,7 2014 20002014 3,6 8,1 2,1 19,5 20002014 Source: EC Notes: Road: national and international haulage by vehicles registered in the EU28 5.4 Inland transport modal split in EU 28, 2014 (% of tkm) 4,7% 6,3% Road Rail 17,1% Inland waterways Pipelines 71,9% 42 Source: EC Notes: Road: national and international haulage by vehicles registered in the EU28

5.5 Performance of inland freight transport by mode in EU countries, 2014 (billion tkm) Road (*) Railways Inland Waterways (**) Pipelines (Oil) (***) EU28 BE BG CZ DK DE EE EL ES FR HR CY LV LU HU MT NL PT RO SI SE UK 1725,5 31,8 27,9 54,1 16,2 310,1 6,3 9,8 19,2 195,8 165,2 9,4 117,8 0,5 13,7 28,1 9,6 37,5 0,3 70,9 24,3 250,9 34,9 35,1 16,3 31,4 23,4 42,0 143,2 410,8 7,3 3,4 14,6 2,5 112,6 3,3 0,1 0,3 10,8 32,2 2,1 20,1 19,4 14,3 0,2 10,2 6,2 20,5 50,1 2,4 12,3 4,1 8,8 9,6 21,3 22,1 150,9 10,5 5,1 0,0 59,1 8,8 0,7 0,1 0,0 0,3 1,8 49,3 2,2 0,1 11,8 0,9 0,1 0,2 112,9 1,6 0,6 2,1 2,4 17,5 0,2 9,0 11,1 1,1 9,6 2,4 0,6 2,8 5,8 8,3 22,1 0,4 1,0 4,5 10,0 EU28 BE BG CZ DK DE EE EL ES FR HR CY LV LU HU MT NL PT RO SI SE UK Source: EC (*) National and international haulage by vehicles registered in the reporting country (including crosstrade and cabotage). Only haulage of heavy goods vehicles (usually > 3,5 tonnes load capacity) (**) For only shipborne transport (i.e. no floating) (***) Data are not harmonised and therefore not fully comparable; in most countries, only pipelines longer than 40km are included. DE: only crude oil (i.e. no refined petroleum products) 5.6 Performance by mode for inland freight transport in EU 28, 19952014 (billion tkm) 2500 2000 1500 Oil Pipeline Inland Waterway Rail Road 1000 500 0 1995 1996 Source: EC 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 43

5.7 Total road transport by group of goods in EU countries, 2015 (1.000 tonnes and million tkm) Thousand tonnes Million tkm Thousand tonnes Million tkm BE BG CZ DK DE EE EL ES FR HR CY LV 264.034 161.567 437.118 181.232 3.031.325 28.162 117.090 420.005 1.258.261 1.796.755 66.503 957.006 14.402 62.569 31.729 32.297 57.200 15.500 314.677 6.263 9.900 19.764 209.390 153.580 10.439 116.820 563 14.690 LU HU MT NL PT RO SI SE UK 58.601 52.547 198.744 : 641.538 351.068 1.264.960 150.358 198.824 70.509 147.225 271.912 422.891 1.667.627 26.485 8.850 38.353 : 68.900 24.436 260.713 31.835 39.023 17.909 33.540 24.488 41.502 158.924 Source: Eurostat TOTAL 14.292.833 1.767.770 5.8 Transport of dangerous goods* in EU countries, 20132015 (million tkm) 2013 2014 2015 BE BG CZ DK DE EE EL ES FR HR CY LV LU HU MT NL PT RO SI SE UK EU 28 2.124 958 1.281 760 12.958 163 476 1.169 10.626 8.158 483 8.037 181 213 386 700 997 n.a. 1.342 946 7.024 973 1.704 552 228 1.426 1.064 9.017 73.946 1.694 684 1.567 690 12.912 172 355 1.010 11.718 7.976 501 7.358 147 227 534 839 1.023 1.119 933 8.778 946 1.664 724 329 1.423 1.283 8.583 1.029 76.218 2.922 885 1.869 814 12.420 146 347 1.446 12.269 8.281 455 6.942 138 315 488 454 1.206 1.171 927 9.174 1.158 1.623 714 364 1.909 2.122 10.682 1.333 82.574 44 Source: Eurostat *Total of dangerous goods includes: Explosives; Gases compressed, liquified, dissolved under pressure; Flammable liquids and solids; Substances liable to spontaneous combustion; Substance emitting flammable gases (with water); Oxidising substances; Organic peroxides; Toxic substances; Substances liable to cause infections; Radioactive material; Corrosives; Miscellaneous dangerous substances.

5.9 Registration of commercial vehicles in EU and selected countries, 20152016 2015 2016 Evolution 20152016 BE DK HR CZ DK EE FR DE EL HU LV LU NL PT RO SI ES SE UK EU 28 IS NO CH 32.852 63.856 4.875 6.843 17.272 32.456 3.897 11.522 377.741 237.922 5.652 17.516 23.403 133.680 2.348 2.369 3.949 57.376 50.307 30.858 11.356 7.289 6.639 154.795 44.799 371.123 1.712.695 1.269 33.235 33.526 35.906 70.849 4.552 8.316 19.236 36.624 4.353 13.678 408.545 258.119 5.623 21.335 27.514 199.534 2.218 2.791 4.593 70.025 56.926 34.862 14.372 7.459 7.738 172.191 51.647 374.889 1.913.895 1.624 36.002 33.250 9,3% 11,0% 6,6% 21,5% 11,4% 12,8% 11,7% 18,7% 8,2% 8,5% 0,5% 21,8% 17,6% 49,3% 5,5% 17,8% 16,3% 22,0% 13,2% 13,0% 26,6% 2,3% 16,6% 11,2% 15,3% 1,0% 11,7% 28,0% 8,3% 0,8% Light Commercial Vehicles (LCV) Up to 3,5 t BE DK HR CZ DK EE FR DE EL HU LV LU NL PT RO SI ES SE UK EU 28 IS NO CH 7291 9366 0 977 11386 4753 767 2670 42780 89723 465 5702 2250 15329 1255 3602 1152 14080 22430 4041 6125 2608 1907 22568 5456 47890 326573 220 5215 4416 7992 10738 1325 11862 5099 878 3249 48157 92458 321 5513 3040 21156 1588 6004 1288 15720 26630 4557 8032 2392 24846 6520 24678 334043 318 5988 4483 9,6% 14,6% 35,6% 4,2% 7,3% 14,5% 21,7% 12,6% 3,0% 31,0% 3,3% 35,1% 38,0% 26,5% 66,7% 11,8% 11,6% 18,7% 12,8% 31,1% 25,4% 10,1% 19,5% 48,5% 2,3% 44,5% 14,8% 1,5% Medium and Heavy Commercial Vehicles Over 3.5 t Source: ACEA 45

46

PASSENGER TRANSPORT 47

6.1 Transport of passengers by mode in EU 28, 19952014 (billion pkm) Passenger Cars PTW Bus & Coach Railway Tram & Metro Air Sea Total 1995 3 935 116 503 350 74 348 44 5 370 1995 1996 4 003 118 507 349 75 368 44 5 464 1996 1997 4 087 122 509 350 76 392 44 5 579 1997 1998 4 191 126 516 351 77 411 43 5 715 1998 1999 4 307 130 518 358 79 427 43 5 862 1999 2000 4 355 108 549 372 81 460 42 5 965 2000 2001 4 454 112 549 374 82 455 42 6 068 2001 2002 4 542 114 539 366 82 447 43 6 135 2002 2003 4 586 117 543 362 83 466 43 6 200 2003 2004 4 652 121 545 369 86 496 43 6 310 2004 2005 4 591 123 542 377 87 530 42 6 293 2005 2006 4 636 123 538 389 89 552 42 6 370 2006 2007 4 690 119 551 396 91 575 43 6 466 2007 2008 4 698 124 557 411 94 560 43 6 488 2008 2009 4 774 122 535 404 94 522 43 6 493 2009 2010 4 726 123 529 405 97 538 40 6 458 2010 2011 4 702 125 531 415 98 579 39 6 489 2011 2012 4 621 126 525 420 100 572 42 6 405 2012 2013 4 678 125 528 425 100 579 39 6 475 2013 2014 4 766 127 526 428 102 605 38 6 592 2014 1995 2014 21,1% 9,4% 4,5% 22,2% 37,8% 74,0% 15,5% 22,7% 1995 2014 per year 1,1% 0,5% 0,2% 1,1% 1,8% 3,1% 0,9% 1,1% per year 20002014 9,4% 18,2% 4,2% 15,3% 25,6% 31,7% 10,1% 10,5% 20002014 per year 0,6% 1,2% 0,3% 1,0% 1,6% 2,0% 0,8% 0,7% per year 20132014 1,9% 1,8% 0,5% 0,8% 1,6% 4,5% 3,9% 1,8% 20132014 48 Source : EC Estimates Notes: Air and Sea: only domestic and intraeu28 transport; provisional estimates

6.2 Evolution of passenger transport by mode in EU 28, 19952014 4000 2500 1000 500 400 Sea Air Tram & Metro Railway Bus & Coach PTW Passenger Cars 300 200 100 0 Source: EC 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 6.3 Passenger transport modal split in EU 28, 2014 (pkm in %) 0,6% 1,5% 9,2% Passenger cars 6,5% Air 8% Bus & Coach Railway 1,9% PTW 72,3% Tram & Metro Sea Source: EC Notes Air and Sea: only domestic and intraeu28 transport; provisional estimates 49

6.4 Modal split of passenger transport on land by country in EU countries, 2014 ( billion pkm and pkm in %) Passenger cars Buses and coaches* Railways Urban Rail Total (billion pkm)" (%) (billion pkm) (%) (billion pkm) (%) (billion pkm) (%) (billion pkm) BE BG CZ DK DE EE EL ES FR HR CY LV LU HU MT NL PT RO SI SE UK 109,6 54,0 66,3 53,7 920,8 11,9 47,2 96,9 319,7 815,7 26,1 642,9 6,1 12,6 24,3 7,1 52,7 2,4 145,0 76,6 218,9 83,3 85,2 25,6 27,3 65,5 114,9 654,2 76,12 79,51 66,14 79,65 84,45 80,62 79,61 80,32 81,68 83,91 83,52 80,12 81,81 80,24 88,24 83,56 65,18 83,08 83,29 72,45 78,69 88,87 75,91 86,30 76,88 84,60 83,19 84,69 22,2 11,5 16,7 6,6 63,2 2,4 10,2 21,0 39,5 53,4 3,6 102,8 1,3 2,3 3,0 1,0 17,6 0,5 11,5 10,1 39,2 5,6 14,1 3,4 5,4 7,5 8,7 41,1 15,41 16,91 16,69 9,82 5,80 16,28 17,21 17,42 10,08 5,50 11,69 12,81 18,19 14,81 10,78 12,16 21,80 16,92 6,60 9,59 14,08 6,00 12,53 11,61 15,10 9,74 6,27 5,32 11,0 1,7 7,6 6,8 89,5 0,3 1,7 1,1 25,1 86,7 0,9 50,0 0,6 0,3 0,4 7,7 16,2 12,0 15,9 3,9 5,0 0,6 2,6 3,9 12,1 64,7 7,62 2,50 7,63 10,10 8,21 1,90 2,92 0,89 6,42 8,92 2,94 6,23 4,09 0,98 4,29 9,53 9,29 11,40 6,70 4,10 4,50 2,50 7,00 5,20 8,90 8,00 1,2 0,7 9,6 0,3 16,8 0,2 0,2 1,7 7,1 16,2 0,6 6,8 0,1 2,8 1,4 7,0 4,2 1,0 8,0 0,3 0,5 2,4 12,5 0,01 0,01 0,10 0,00 0,02 0,01 0,00 0,01 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,01 0,01 0,03 0,01 0,07 0,02 0,01 0,07 0,01 0,01 0,02 0,02 144,03 67,86 100,18 67,37 1.090,30 14,70 59,27 120,61 391,43 972,08 31,20 802,41 7,40 15,73 27,58 8,54 80,88 2,91 174,10 105,72 278,18 93,78 112,23 29,71 35,44 77,45 138,12 772,54 BE BG CZ DK DE EE EL ES FR HR CY LV LU HU MT NL PT RO SI SE UK EU 28 4766,48 81,87% 525,51 9,03% 428,21 7,36% 101,56 1,74% 5.821,76 EU 28 50 Source : EC Notes: Data are not harmonised and therefore not fully comparable. BE: Passenger cars data include pkm by vehicles registered as light goods vehicles but used as personal cars. UK: Passenger data refer to Great Britain only; include pkm by vans. UK: Buses and coaches data: GB data + 1.5 bln pkm throughout to account for Northern Ireland FR: Urban rail data refer to the Paris Metro and RER (Réseau Express Régional) systems and to metros in other French cities. PT: Urban rail data refer only to Lisbon and Porto Metro. "* Public Service Obligation (PSO) means a requirement defined or determined by a competent authority in order to ensure public passenger transport services in the general interest that an operator, if it were considering its own commercial interests, would not assume or would not assume to the same extent or under the same conditions without reward."

6.5 Passenger vehicles by country, 2014 Stock of registered passenger cars (thousand) Stock of registered PTW (thousand) Stock of registered buses & coaches (thousand) BE 5572,57 453,01 16,77 BG 3013,90 154,80 23,60 CZ 4833,39 998,82 20,51 DK 2329,58 197,51 13,41 DE 44403,12 6181,74 77,50 EE 653,00 42,30 4,60 1966,24 36,57 8,80 EL 5107,62 1619,62 26,59 ES 22029,51 5033,21 59,80 FR 31800,00 3015,22 89,00 HR 1474,50 153,05 5,04 37080,75 9022,23 97,91 CY 478,49 40,97 2,58 LV 657,80 46,42 4,85 1205,67 33,16 6,94 LU 372,83 27,28 1,78 HU 3107,70 161,54 17,92 MT 265,95 18,40 1,79 NL 7979,08 1772,21 9,60 4694,92 788,18 9,59 20003,86 2406,11 106,06 PT 4496,00 486,00 14,50 RO 4907,56 107,34 44,28 SI 1068,36 95,80 2,56 1949,06 80,79 9,16 3179,80 568,19 16,25 SE 4584,71 618,55 13,99 UK 30557,16 1240,20 112,16 EU 28 249773,13 35399,24 817,53 MK 371,45 8,63 3,16 RS 1797,43 63,17 9,04 TR 9857,92 2828,47 638,46 Source: EC Notes: Motorisation: Passenger car stock at end of year n has been divided by the population on 1 January of year n+1 Stock of registered passenger cars, PTWs and buses and coaches: At end of year, except for BE (1 August). Stock of registered passenger cars: Taxis are usually included. Stock of registered buses and coaches: Data include buses, coaches, minibuses and sometimes also trolleybuses. Stock of registered PTW: National vehicle stock data do not always include all powered twowheelers and are therefore not fully comparable between countries. Break in time series due to inclusion of mopeds from 2001 in ES, from 2002 in SI and HR, from 2004 in LV, from 2005 in, from 2007 in. Tricycles and quads are sometimes included in the data. 51

6.6 Motorisation by country 2014 6.7 New passenger car registration per 1.000 inhabitants in EU countries, 2015 Motorisation (number of passenger cars per 1.000 inhabitants) Motorisation (number of passenger cars per 1.000 inhabitants) BE 495 LU 83 BG 418 BE 45 CZ 459 UK 41 DK 412 DE 39 DE 547 DK 37 EE 497 36 425 SE 35 EL 472 FR 29 ES 474 SI 29 FR 479 27 HR 349 NL 27 CY LV LU HU MT NL PT RO SI SE UK EU 28 610 565 331 413 662 316 619 472 547 526 433 247 518 360 581 470 472 13170 EU 28 CZ ES PT EE CY HR HU EL LV RO BG 27 26 22 22 20 17 15 14 12 9 8 8 7 7 6 4 3 MK 180 RS 253 TR 127 52 Source : EC Estimates Notes: Motorisation: Passenger car stock at end of year n has been divided by the population on 1 January of year n+1 Source: ACEA

Motorcycle registrations in EU countries, 20102016 6.8 Source: ACEM Notes Data of 2015 available till November BE BG CY CZ DE DK EE EL ES FR HR HU LU LV MT NL PT RO SE SI UK EU 28 BE BG CY CZ DE DK EE EL ES FR HR HU LU LV MT NL PT RO SE SI UK EU 28 21.510 24.271 n.a. 3.060 5.418 122.382 3.258 244 59.638 134.297 6.054 198.086 2.851 2.453 1.042 306.303 229 1.255 278 568 12.843 8.718 18.896 440 9.024 2.324 2.658 81.060 1.029.160 22.750 25.047 n.a. 2.527 6.056 126.991 2.032 299 44.785 119.423 5.692 185.122 2.726 2.091 831 254.895 280 1.306 472 746 11.662 8.957 18.937 469 8.223 1.960 2.139 79.144 935.562 24.808 23.428 127 2.074 6.974 127.497 1.984 364 31.805 97.931 4.986 169.644 2.397 1.957 663 206.291 224 1.201 494 n.a. 10.617 7.758 17.136 555 7.605 1.920 2.042 80.029 832.511 2010 2011 2012 25.996 20.644 173 1.675 n.a. 129.605 1.870 409 28.522 92.678 3.943 147.915 2.046 1.778 441 153.941 241 1.566 477 n.a. 9.570 7.394 14.510 521 7.800 2.840 2.380 80.951 739.886 2013 25.155 20.681 n.a. n.a. 12.441 141.623 1.936 449 30.951 111.460 3.467 153.324 n.a. n.a. 360 156.431 294 1.734 589 n.a. 10.673 9.848 15.335 n.a. 8.378 n.a. 1.707 91.492 798.328 2014 24.891 21.577 n.a. n.a. 13.424 151.661 2.417 489 32.468 132.536 3.157 153.242 1.511 2.093 1.022 172.073 294 1.654 595 n.a. 11.688 23.865 17.611 648 9.422 5.309 1.855 105.717 891.219 2015 29.763 23.621 n.a. n.a. 14.086 174.624 3.139 609 38.632 155.003 3.022 163.335 1.811 2.204 1.420 195.290 390 1.783 642 n.a. 12.872 25.823 19.760 952 13.220 5.565 2.074 119.889 1.009.529 2016 53

6.9 Transport of passengers per mode: comparison EU 28/World EU 28 (2014) USA (2014) Japan (2013) China (2014) Russia (2014) Passenger car 4.766,5 6.005,9 1.208,4 Bus, trolleybus and coach 525,5 546,1 74,8 133,4 Railway 428,2 403,0 414 1.160,5 128,8 Tram and metro 101,6 23,0 50,4 Waterborne 37,5 0,7 3,1 7,4 0,6 Air (domestic/intra EU) 665,3 978,1 82,7 633,4 241,4 Source: Eurostat, Japan Statistics Bureau, US Bureau of Transportation Statisitics, Goskom ST (Russia), National Bureau of Statistics of China, International Transport Forum, estimates Notes: (1): USA: Including light trucks / vans (2): China: including buses and coaches (3): Japan: included in railway pkm 6.10 Motorisation: comparison EU 28/ World, 2014 (passenger cars/ 1000 inhabitants) 800 600 753 400 200 0 EU28 USA(1) Japan China Russia 54 Source: EC (1) USA: data from 2012

6.11 Trends and outlooks in passenger transport demand for the different modes of transport in EU, 19902030 (Gpkm) 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Inland Navigation Aviation Rail Private Cars and Motorcycles Public Road Transport 55

56

SAFETY 57

7.1 7.1 Road accidents involving personal injury by country, 19902015 (thousand) 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Evolution 1990 2015 (%) Evolution 2014 2015 (%) BE BG CZ DK DE EE EL ES FR HR CY LV LU HU MT NL PT RO SI SE UK 62,4 6,5 21,9 9,2 389,4 2,1 6,1 19,6 101,5 162,6 14,5 161,8 3,2 4,3 5,1 1,2 27,8 0,2 44,9 46,3 50,5 45,1 9,7 5,2 8,2 10,2 17,0 265,6 50,7 7,4 28,8 8,4 388,0 1,6 8,1 22,8 83,6 133,0 12,7 182,8 3,1 4,1 4,1 1,2 19,8 1,0 42,6 39,0 56,9 48,3 9,1 6,6 8,7 7,8 15,6 237,3 49,1 6,9 25.4 7,3 382,9 1,5 7,7 23,0 101,7 121,2 14,4 256,5 2,4 4,5 5,8 0,9 17,5 1,3 42,3 42,1 57,3 44,5 7,9 9,0 7,9 6,6 15,8 242,1 49,3 8,2 25,2 5,4 336,6 2,3 6,5 16,9 91,2 84,5 15,7 240,0 1,4 9,3 6,8 0,8 20,8 0,8 27,0 40,9 48,1 37,1 19,8 10,5 7,9 7,0 18,1 203,7 42,1 6,6 19,7 3,5 288,3 1,3 5,8 15,0 85,5 67,3 13,3 211,4 1,2 3,2 3,5 0,8 16,3 0,6 12,5 35,3 38,8 35,4 26,0 7,7 8,1 6,1 16,5 160,1 42,1 6,6 20,5 3,5 306,3 1,5 5,2 13,7 83,0 65,0 13,2 205,6 1,1 3,4 3,3 1,0 15,8 0,3 10,8 35,1 40,1 32,5 26,6 7,1 5,4 6,4 16,1 157,1 37,5 6,7 20,5 3,1 299,6 1,4 5,6 12,2 83,1 60,4 11,8 186,7 0,9 3,4 3,4 1,0 15,2 0,4 5,0 40,8 37,0 29,9 26,9 6,9 5,4 5,7 16,5 151,3 35,6 7,0 20,3 3,0 291,1 1,4 5,0 12,1 89,5 56,8 11,2 181,7 0,8 3,5 3,4 0,9 15,7 1,2 9,5 38,5 35,8 30,3 24,8 6,6 4,7 5,3 14,9 144,5 41,5 7,0 21,1 2,9 302,4 1,4 5,4 11,7 91,6 58,2 10,3 177,0 0,8 3,7 3,3 0,9 15,8 1,4 13,4 38,0 35,0 30,6 25,4 6,2 5,1 5,3 13,1 152,4 40,3 7,2 21,6 2,9 305,7 1,4 5,5 11,6 97,8 56,6 11,0 174,5 0,7 3,7 3,2 1,0 16,3 1,4 18,5 38,0 33,0 32,0 28,9 6,6 5,2 5,2 14,7 146,2 45,1 10,8 1,4 85,8 21,9 47,1 7,8 35,0 3,7 87,4 23,8 5,0 104,2 14,1 33,8 25,9 65,6 91,2 62,4 19,9 30,6 29,6 243,8 15,7 38,9 75,5 14,6 49,3 2,8 3,0 2,4 1,0 1,1 3,1 1,0 1,1 6,8 2,7 6,9 1,4 12,9 1,0 2,6 8,3 3,1 4,8 38,7 0,0 5,7 4,4 14,2 6,6 2,1 3,0 12,1 4,1 BE BG CZ DK DE EE EL ES FR HR CY LV LU HU MT NL PT RO SI SE UK EU 28 1502,1 1433,0 1505,7 1342,0 1130,4 1128,5 1078,4 1054,7 1080,8 1090,3 27,3 0,9 EU 28 ME MK IS NO CH 2,3 0,6 8,8 23,8 2,4 1,1 8,6 23,0 1,7 1,0 8,4 23,7 2,8 0,7 8,1 21,7 9,1 4,2 0,9 6,4 19,6 8,5 4,5 0,9 6,1 19,0 8,1 4,1 0,7 6,2 18,2 5,3 4,2 0,8 5,2 17,5 5,5 3,9 0,8 5,0 17,8 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. ME MK IS NO CH Source: CARE; United Nations (Statistics of road traffic accidents), national statistics (MT, candidate countries, IS, CH). 58 Notes: the definition of an accident involving personal injury differs from country to country. RO: only serious accidents before 2005. ME : Data used from 2010 and onwards

7.2 Road accidents involving personal injury per one thousand population in EU countries, 2015 BE BG CZ DK DE EE EL ES FR HR CY LV LU HU MT NL PT RO SI SE UK EU 28 0,51 1,00 1,06 1,18 1,06 0,86 0,77 1,08 1,10 0,87 0,95 0,95 2,05 2,10 1,85 1,77 1,66 1,45 1,51 2,27 2,15 2,61 2,87 3,23 3,07 3,19 3,59 3,77 4,44 0 1 2 3 4 5 Source: EC Notes: The definition of an accident involving personal injury differs from country to country. The number of inhabitants used in this table is the sum of the population at 1 January 2014 and at 1 January 2015 divided by two. 59

7.3 Road fatalities in EU countries, 20052015 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 evolution % 14/15 evolution % 05/15 BE BG CZ DK DE EE EL ES FR HR CY LV LU HU MT NL PT RO SI SE UK 1 089 957 1 286 331 5 361 170 400 1 658 4 442 5 318 597 5 818 102 442 773 47 1 278 17 750 768 5 444 1 247 2 629 258 606 379 440 3 336 840 776 802 255 3 648 79 212 1 258 2 479 3 992 426 4 114 60 218 299 32 740 13 537 552 3 908 937 2 377 138 353 272 266 1 905 862 657 772 220 4 009 101 186 1 141 2 060 3 963 418 3 860 71 179 296 33 638 16 546 523 4 189 891 2 018 141 328 292 319 1 960 770 601 742 167 3 600 87 162 988 1 903 3 653 390 3 753 51 177 302 34 606 9 562 531 3 571 718 2 042 130 352 255 285 1 802 723 601 655 191 3 339 81 188 879 1 680 3 268 368 3 401 44 179 256 45 591 17 476 455 3 357 637 1 861 125 251 258 260 1 770 727 661 688 182 3 377 78 193 795 1 688 3 384 308 3 381 45 212 267 35 626 10 477 430 3 202 638 1 818 108 291 229 270 1 854 732 708 734 178 3 459 67 166 805 1 689 3 461 348 3 428 57 188 242 36 644 11 531 479 2 938 593 1 893 120 274 266 259 1 806 0,7 7,1 6,7 2,2 2,4 14,1 14,0 1,3 0,1 2,3 13,0 1,4 26,7 11,3 9,4 2,9 2,9 10,0 11,3 11,4 8,2 7,1 4,1 11,1 5,8 16,2 4,1 2,6 32,8 26,0 42,9 46,2 35,5 60,6 58,5 51,4 62,0 34,9 41,7 41,1 44,1 57,5 68,7 23,4 49,6 35,3 29,2 37,6 46,0 52,4 28,0 53,5 54,8 29,8 41,1 45,9 BE BG CZ DK DE EE EL ES FR HR CY LV LU HU MT NL PT RO SI SE UK EU28 45 943 31 488 30 689 28 243 25 956 25 974 26 112 0,5 43,2 EU28 60 Source: CARE database (DG Mobility and Transport) Notes: Persons killed are all persons deceased within 30 days of the accident. Corrective factors have been applied to the figures which did not follow this definition.

7.4 Percentage change in road fatalities between 2002 and 2015 (%) 0 EE ES LV PT DK SI HU FR SE EU EL UK DE CZ NL HR BE LU CY MT BG RO 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Source: CARE 7.5 Road fatalities country rankings, 2014 per million inhabitants per 10 billion pkm per million passenger cars MT SE NL UK DK ES DE FR EU 28 SI CY EE PT LU HU BE CZ HR EL RO BG LV 23 28 28 29 32 36 42 42 42 50 51 51 52 53 54 56 59 61 63 63 65 65 73 73 84 91 91 92 106 SE UK NL DK DE MT FR SI LU ES EU 28 EE BE CY PT EL CZ HR HU BG LV RO 23 28 32 34 34 36 40 41 41 42 48 49 51 53 55 64 66 73 75 77 98 104 106 114 116 120 142 161 205 MT SE NL UK DE ES DK CY LU SI EU 28 FR EE BE PT CZ EL HU HR BG LV RO 38 59 60 61 73 77 77 79 91 92 94 95 99 101 104 107 122 131 142 144 152 155 163 177 204 211 223 328 379 Source: EC Notes: Fatalities: all fatalities on the road: car drivers and passengers, bus and coach occupants, powered twowheelers' riders and passengers, cyclists, pedestrians, commercial vehicle drivers, etc. indicated in table 2.7.1 for 2014. 61

7.6 Lives saved per million inhabitants in EU countries in 2015 (compared to 2001) 150 120 90 60 30 0 MT RO BG NL UK SE DE DK HU CZ HR CY BE SI FR EE LU EL ES PT LV Source: CARE 7.7 Evolution of road fatalities and injured in EU 28, 20032015 2000000 55000 1900000 1800000 1700000 1600000 1500000 1400000 1300000 50000 45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Injuries Road Fatalities 62 Source: CARE

OTALINSIDEURBANAREREA46,1% 7.8 Road fatalities by mode of transport in EU 28, 2015 0,5% 2,6% 1% Other Moped TBus or Coach 21,7% Car + Taxi HGV 7.8.3 53.39% 13.46% Motorcycle Lorry <3.5 tonnes 7.8.1 7,8% HGV 15% 0,6% Motorcycle Agricultural Tractor Cyclists Pedestrian 2,7% 1,9% 0,35% 4,17% Moped Bus or Coach 25,70% Car + Taxi 39,62% Lorry <3.5 tonnes 7.8.2 HGV 1,57% Motorcycle 15,35% 0,67% Agricultural Tractor Cyclists 0,59% Pedestrian 0,48% 1,94% 10.08% 5,33% Moped Bus or Coach Car + Taxi 9,17% Lorry <3.5 tonnes Agricultural Tractor Cyclists 2,54% 3,61% Pedestrian AOUTSIDEURBANASource: CARE (EU road accidents database) or national publications 63

7.9 PTWs fatalities in selected EU countries, 2015 (%) moped % 40 motor cycle % 30 20 10 0 BE BG CZ DK DEEE EL ES FR HR CY LV LU HUMT NL PT RO SI SE UK 64 Source: CARE database (DG Mobility and Transport), national sources. Notes: Persons deceased within 30 days of their accident.

7.10 Road fatalities by gender in EU countries, 2015 (%) 80 % female 60 % male 40 20 0 BE BG CZ DK DE EE EL ES FR HR CY LV LU HU MT NL PT RO SI SE UK Source: CARE BE, DK, EL,, SE & UK 2014 figures BG 2009 figures MT, 2010 figures 2013 figures 7.11 Road fatalities by age group in EU 28 and selected countries, 2015 (%) 80 70 USA 60 Japan 50 40 30 20 Israel EU 28 Australia 10 0 0 14 1517 1824 2564 >64 Source: IRTAD, CARE, OECD Data and figures, EU: 2015, Australia: 2015, Israel: 2015, USA:2014, Japan:2014 figures 65

7.12 Road Fatalities (per 100.000 population) in EU 28 and selected countries, 2014 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Australia(*) Canada (*) EU 28 Israel Japan Korea New Zealand USA Source: OECD * Figures & Data, USA: 2014, Australia: 2014, Canada:2014, Israel:2015, Japan:2014, Korea: 2014, New Zealand:2014 7.13 Speed limits, blood alcohol limits by country BE BG CZ DK DE EE EL ES FR HR CY LV LU HU MT NL PT RO SI SE UK Builtup areas 3050 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 5060 50 50 3050 50 4050 50 3248 Speed limit, cars (in general), km/h: Outside builtup areas 90120 90 90 80 100 90110 80100 90110 90100 80110 90110 90110 80 90 7090 90 90110 80 80100 100 90120 90100 90100 90100 90 80100 70 96112 Motorways 120 130 130 130 (130) 120 130 120 110130 130 130 100 110 110130 110130 130 130 130 140 120 130 130 130 100120 110 112 Blood alcohol limit, grams of alcohol in 1 litre of blood 0,5 0,5 0,0 0,5 0,5 0,2 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,4 0,5 0,0 0,8 0,5 0,5 0,2 0,5 0,0 0,5 0 0,5 0,2 0,8 66

limit, cars (in general), km/h: TALSpeed AL ME MK RS TR IS NO CH Builtup areas 40 50 60 50 50 50 50 50 Outside builtup areas 8090 80100 80100 80100 90110 8090 80 80100 Source: National sources, International Transport Forum, EC Road Safety website, TIPSOL, World Health Organization Notes : UK,, CY and MT drive on the left hand side of the road, the other Member States drive on the right hand side (Sweden since 3 September 1967). Signs in UK are in miles per hour. The higher figure shown in the "outside builtup areas" column generally refers to the speed limit on dual carriageways that are not motorways. Speed limits: DE: Motorways: No general speed limit, recommended speed limit is 130 km/h (more than half the network has a speed limit of 120 km/h or less). FR: Dual carriageways 110 km/h. If the road is wet : motorways 110 km/h, dual carriageways 90 km/h, other roads outside builtup areas 80 km/h. : 150 km/h on certain 2x3 lane motorways if the operator so requests. : in winter 100 km/h on motorways, 80 km/h on other roads. : Builtup areas: 50 km/h from 05h00 to 23h00, 60 km/h from 23h00 to 05h00. Blood alcohol limits: In many countries, special (more restrictive) rules apply to novice (i.e. new, unexperienced) and professional drivers 7.14 Fatalities at 30 days by road user type in EU countries 61,79% Motorways Blood alcohol limit, grams of alcohol in 1 litre of blood Unknown 7.14.1 T110 130 120 120 120 90100 120 Pedestrian Passenger 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,3 0,5 0,5 0,2 0,5 ODriver 67