Well-to-wheel efficiency for fuels from natural gas and biomass Meeting in Stockholm 2003-06-17 Peter Ahlvik, Ecotraffic ERD 3
Outline Introduction and background Methodology Assumptions and conditions Vehicles, energy converters and drivetrain Fuel production and fuel supply (well-to-tank) Vehicle efficiency (tank-to-wheel) Full fuel cycle efficiency (well-to-wheel) Summary and conclusions Ecotraffic 2003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 2 Ecotraffic
Some finalized and on-going Ecotraffic projects in this area BAL: Etanol, methanol from cellulosic m. BioMeeT I: Energy combine in Trollhättan Well-to-wheel efficiency Sustainable fuels: Introduction of biofuels BioMeeT II: Stakeholders (incl( incl.. DME) BLGMF: Methanol/DME from black liquor Preliminary results: very low cost (!) RENEWA: Methanol/DME from waste Compl Compl Compl Compl Compl Ecotraffic 2003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 3 Ecotraffic
Worldwide yearly oil production Yearly oil production (Gb/year) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Source: EIA, Energy Information Administration EUR: Estimated Ultimately Recoverable (global oil) Gb = Gigabarrel Production statistics EUR=1800 Gb EUR=2000 Gb EUR=2200 Gb EUR=2400 Gb EUR=2600 Gb 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 Ecotraffic 2003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 4 Ecotraffic
Environmental driving forces for vehicle development Source: Schindler et al. (VW), DEER 2002 Workshop Ecotraffic 2003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 5 Ecotraffic
Voluntary CO 2 reduction by EU car manufacturers (ACEA) CO 2 emissions (g/km) 220 200 180 160 140 185 224 199 164 Target 2008: 140 ACEA commitment Statistics 1995-2000 Sweden 1995&2000 Indicative target 2003: 165-170 (2000: 169) 120 Average CO 2 emissions for ACEA manufacturers Indicative target 2012: 120 100 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 Ecotraffic 2003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 6 Ecotraffic
EU biofuels directive 2003/30/EC, targets Reference value for targets for proportion of all sold gasoline and diesel fuel (energy equiv.) in a member state. Cancellations compared to original proposal are shown. Year Biofuel (%) Share of lowblending (%) 2005 2-2006 2,75-2007 3,5-2008 4,25-2009 5 1 2010 5,75 1,75 Ecotraffic 2003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 7 Ecotraffic
Optimistic scenario in the EU Assessment of alternative fuel potential if an active policy is decided to promote them (does not exclude other possibilities, e.g. DME). Note that this is an optimistic scenario and not part of the directive. Year Biofuel Natural Hydrogen (%) gas (%) (%) Total (%) 2005 2 2 2010 6 2 8 2015 (7) 5 2 14 2020 (8) 10 5 (23) Ecotraffic 2003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 8 Ecotraffic
Methodology Assumptions and conditions for period 2010 to 2015 (2012). Fuel efficiency scenario according to EU & car industry indicative target for 2012 Well-to-tank efficiency based on previous Ecotraffic WTW study Life of Fuels but with extensive update using new input data. Vehicle simulations: Advisor (by NREL) Some comparisons with studies by GM USA and MIT (2000) are shown (later studies by GM Europa and addendum by MIT are now available...) Ecotraffic 2003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 9 Ecotraffic
Systems that have been assessed (well-to-wheel) Feedstock production Feedstock transport Fuel production METANOL Fuel transport Refuelling (+conversion) Energy conversion in the vehicle Some examples of pathways Motor fuel Energy converters (EC) Drivetrains (DT) Ethanol (EtOH) Otto engine (otto) C o n v e n t i o n a l ( c o n v.) Hydrogen, gaseous (GH2) F u el cel l ( F C) Electric hybrid (hyb) Methanol (MeOH) Diesel engine (diesel) Electric hybrid (hyb) In total: 98 different combinations of feedstocks, fuels and drivetrains 2003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 10 Ecotraffic
Production of biofuels via the synthesis gas route 2003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 11 11 Ecotraffic Biomass CO 2 Renewable H 2 Synthesis gas production CO 2 (air) Fuel synthesis Shift/cleaning DME MeOH FTD H 2
2003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 12 12 Ecotraffic Some vehicle parameters Model year: 2010 2015 (2012) Vehicle size: between VW Golf and Passat Aerodyn.: A=2,1 m 3, C d =0,25, C d A=0,525 m 3 Rolling resistance: 0,007 Vehicle weight (conventional): 1088 kg (plus fuel and driver) Performance: acc.. 0-100 km/h: 11,0 s ± 0,1 s. The powertrains were scaled to match the performance criterion
Vehicle weight for some fuel and powertrain combinations Vehicle weight (kg) 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 1097 1088 Hybrid (parallell, series) 1096 1102 1204 1195 1204 1195 Conventional/direct 1323 1270 1272 1244 1438 1296 1270 200 0 Gas, Otto Diesel, diesel CH4, Otto H2, Otto H2, FC MeOH, PEFC 2003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 13 MeOH, DMFC DME, PEFC 13 Ecotraffic
Relative vehicle weight Ecotraffic vs. MIT 160 100 100 108,8 100,8 101,6 101,3 104,8 100,7 104,9 116,7 114,3 121,6 128,3 140 116,9 121 109,8 110,7 103,2 116,7 121,6 115,7 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Ecotraffic MIT Gasoline Diesel MeOH CNG GH2 Relative vehicle weight (otto=100) Otto, base Otto, conv Otto-hyb FC-dir FC-hyb Diesel, conv Diesel-hyb FC-dir FC-hyb Otto-conv Otto-hyb FC-dir FC-hyb 2003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 14 Ecotraffic
Powertrain Energy converters Otto engine: direct injection ( GDI ), N/A Diesel engine: direct injection, turbocharged ( TDI ) and downsized Fuel cell: PEFC, DMFC (MeOH) Drivetrain Otto & diesel: Automated manual transmission (5 & 6 speed), conventional and parallel hybrid FC: direct drive and series hybrid Battery: 2x performance of NiMh in Advisor 2003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 15 15 Ecotraffic
Ecotraffic s forecast for future energy converters i the EU Market share, new vehicles (%) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 16 IDI diesel CIDI diesel SIDI (comb.) SIDI otto Fully VVT otto (TWC) Conv. otto (TWC) Fuel cells 16 Ecotraffic
Relative efficiency, gasoline and diesel cars with similar performance Relative efficiency (%) 124% 122% 120% 118% 116% 114% 112% Relative mileage Number of cars FE Based on fuel consumption in in NEDC Equal performance: acc., 0-100 km/h Statistical data compiled by Ecotraffic 110% 0 1998-01 1999-01 2000-01 2001-01 2002-01 2003-01 2004-01 2003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 17 No. of cars 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 Number of cars (#) 17 Ecotraffic
Comparison of efficiencies for CI diesel and SI methanol engines Is it possible to improve ICEs, i.e. achieve a higher efficiency than the diesel engine? Methanol Diesel fuel Adapted from SAE 2002-01-2743 The efficiency achieved in SAE 2002-01-2743 was significantly higher than in the Ecotraffic WTW study 2003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 18 18 Ecotraffic
Efficiency for various fuel cell systems (fuel cell engine ) 60% 50% Efficiency (%) 40% 30% 20% 10% ANL, atmospheric (Advisor) Ecotraffic, pressurized ANL, gasoline w/ reformer 0% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 Power (kw) 2003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 19 19 Ecotraffic
Fuel cell - reformer Methanol Ethanol 250 C 550 C What about efficiency??? Gasoline 850 C 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Reforming temperature ( C) 2003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 20 20 Ecotraffic
Well-to-tank (WTT) efficiency Ecotraffic, MIT and GM USA Well-to-tank efficiency (%) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 82,9% 82,5% 79,9% 88,0% 87,9% 82,3% Ecotraffic MIT GM USA 55,0% 52,0% 59,0% 67,3% 65,0% 62,8% 70,1% 87,0% 85,0% 76,9% 85,5% Natural gas feedstock 61,1% 59,0% 53,9% 43,1% 41,1% 10% 0% Gas Diesel FTD MeOH DME CNG LNG GH2 LH2 2003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 21 21 Ecotraffic
Tank-to-wheel (TTW) efficiency Ecotraffic, MIT and GM USA Tank-to-wheel efficiency (rel. conv. gas car) 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 88 Gas, otto, base Ecotraffic MIT GM USA 100 100 100 Gas, otto, conv Gasoline 124 144 2003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 22 121 Gas, ottohybrid 118 135 Gas, FCdirect 123 86 150 Gas, FChybrid 118 114 Diesel 118 DF, diesel, conv 142 168 146 DF, dieselhybrid 22 Ecotraffic
Natural gas feedstock (WTW) Efficiency ranking of fuels, index Well-to-wheel eff., index (gasoline=100) 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 CNG FC-hyb 128,8 Best fuel/driveline combination for each fuel 126,6 120,2 Index: petrol=100 LNG FC-hyb 116,1 DME diesel-hyb GH2 FC-hyb 115,4 2003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 23 94,3 MeOH diesel-hyb FT diesel-hyb LH2 FC-hyb 81,9 Principal fuel (FFV) Principal fuel (non-ffv) Niche fuel (non-ffv) El-GH2 FC-hyb 70,2 23 Ecotraffic
Biomass feedstock (WTW) Efficiency ranking of fuels, index Well-to-wheel eff., index (gasoline=100) 100 80 60 40 20 0 Best fuel/driveline combination for each fuel 87,7 Index: petrol=100 92,5 90,9 2003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 24 78,6 DME diesel-hyb GH2 FC-hyb MeOH diesel-hyb LH2 FC-hyb EtOH diesel-hyb FT diesel-hyb CBG FC-hyb SNG FC-hyb El-GH2 FC-hyb 76,1 73,5 71,6 67,6 58,4 Principal fuel (FFV) Principal fuel (non-ffv) Niche fuel (non-ffv) 24 Ecotraffic
Relative efficiency (WTW) for liquid biofuels in hybrid cars Well-to-wheel efficiency (MeOH, otto=100) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 Otto engine Fuel cell Diesel engine 103 105 Liquid fuels 85 2003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 25 86 92 MeOH EtOH FTD LH2 79 88 Cryogenic fuel 73 95 25 Ecotraffic
Fossil and non-fossil energy use Conventional gasoline = 100 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 DME Methanol GH2 102,4 106,7 108,1 110,1 83,2 86,7 86,7 88,3 91,4 5,8 6,0 6,0 86,1 89,4 2003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 26 Ecotraffic 6,1 113,9 6,4 105,8 Bioenergy Fossil energy NG Bio NG Bio NG Bio NG Bio NG Bio NG Bio NG Bio 4,2 109,8 4,3 Relative energy use (gasoline=100) DME diesel-hyb DME diesel-hyb DME FC-hyb DME FC-hyb MeOH diesel-hyb MeOH diesel-hyb MeOH FC-hyb MeOH diesel-hyb MeOH diesel-hyb MeOH diesel-hyb GH2 diesel-hyb GH2 diesel-hyb GH2 diesel-hyb 108,1 112,7 114,1 116,3 120,3 110,0 114,2 GH2 diesel-hyb
Summary and conclusions WTW in 2010 to 2015 timeframe (2012) Improved drivetrain is essential, i.e. hybrids. Diesel and fuel cells more efficient than otto. Performance criteria are important conditions. Biomass conversion has low efficiency. Fossil energy use can be kept low (i.e. ~5%) CNG/LNG rank high; low process energy. DME, GH 2 and MeOH are best biofuels Differences between studies can be explained in most cases Many issues and uncertainties still remain... 2003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 27 27 Ecotraffic
2003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 28 28 Ecotraffic This concludes my presentation Thank you for your attention! Questions? More information available at: www.ecotraffic.se (e.g. reports, presentations, etc.)