French - IFSTTAR activities ERMES Brussels, 26-27 September 2013 Yao LIU, Michel ANDRÉ Laboratoire Transports et Environnement 1
French activities (Ifsttar Lab. Transport & Environment) Emission factors / transport contribution French data elaboration: fleet, traffic Emission model application 2
Emission factors / transport contribution Emission factors from the traffic On-road real-world Chassis dynamometer Interested compounds Regulated compounds NOx CO HC PM PN Non-regulated compounds N 2 O, NH 3 VOC PAH Carbonyl compounds Black carbon Environment and health impacts Followed regularly Emission factors not updated 3
Emission factors / transport contribution On-road (in-situ) real-world and chassis dynamometer emissions measurements for characterizing the traffic contribution Project : CORTEA PM-DRIVE (Particulate DiRect and Indirect Vehicular Emissions) (IFSTTAR, col. LGGE, LCME, LCP, Cerea, 2011-2014) Chassis dynamometer measurement Kerbside measurements (other labs) 5 types of vehicle Emission Factors 4 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Diesel w/o DPF 1 1 Diesel DPF 1 Gasoline 1 1 Gas phase Regulated compounds Non-regulated compounds: PAH, VOC, Carbonyl compounds Particulate phase Particle chemical characterization Non-regulated compounds: about 100 organic compounds, metals, black carbon Particle size number distribution
Emission factors / transport contribution On-road (in-situ) real-world and chassis dynamometer emissions measurements for characterizing the traffic contribution Project : URBE (Source apportionment of URBan Emissions of primary particulate matter) (coop. Univ of Aveiro, Portugal, CSIC Barcelona, Univ. Birmingham, IFSTTAR, 2013-2014) Chassis dynamometer measurement Tunnel measurements (other labs) Non-exhaust emissions (other labs) 7 types of vehicle Emission Factors 5 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5 Diesel w/o DPF 1 2 Diesel DPF 1 1 Gasoline 1 1 1 Gas phase Regulated compounds Particulate phase Particle chemical characterization Non-regulated compounds: about 300 organic compounds Particle size number distribution Both PM-DRIVE and URBE : Measurement of specific molecular tracers for inclusion in CMB source profiles representative of European fleet
Emission factors / transport contribution Chassis dynamometer emissions measurements for characterizing the traffic contribution Project : CORTEA FEVER (Emission Factor of Recent VEhicles) (IFSTTAR, Sept. 2013 Aug. 2015) 5 types of vehicle Diesel w/o DPF Euro 4 Euro 5 Diesel DPF 2 3 Gasoline 1 2 1 Gas phase Emission Factors Regulated Compounds Non-Regulated Compounds PAH, VOC, Carbonyl compounds Particulate phase Emission Factors Black Carbon PAH Particle size number distribution Emission Factors for Artemis Urban, Road and Highway cycles Identify and quantify the key of nonregulated pollutants 6
French data elaboration: fleet, traffic Vehicle fleet and traffic activity A whole exercise was completed in 2013, covering all vehicle categories (Pass. cars, Light and Heavy duty vehicles, Urban bus, Coaches, 2 wheelers), over the period 1980-2030, and including : Revision of several assumptions (survival rates, annual mileage), Large data collection (detailed registrations over 10 years, systematic review of the mobility surveys) Setting-up of prospective scenario as regards new technologies based on a ADEME - car manufacturers prospective study (2012) (French Environment and Energy Management Agency) The French dataset is ready for inclusion in the HBEFA tools But also available with the COPERT structure However new technologies segments should be considered in the software! (otherwise, the propsective exercise would be difficult) 7
French data elaboration: fleet, traffic exemple: Evolution of the French fleet over 1980-2030 New technologies should represent 31% of the traffic (veh x km) and 27% of the fleet Conv. Diesel 49% Conv. Petrol 20% Plug-in petrol 5% Electric 4% Hybrid Petrol 15% Hybrid Diesel 7% These new technologies should be considered in software 8 5,0E+08 4,5E+08 4,0E+08 3,5E+08 3,0E+08 2,5E+08 2,0E+08 1,5E+08 1,0E+08 5,0E+07 0,0E+00 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 i-pc not specified-1 h-pc PHEV Petrol g-pc BEV f-hybride essence e-hybride Diesel d-pc E85 c-pc LPG b-essence a-diesel
French data elaboration: fleet, traffic It should be noted that strong discrepancies were observed between different database for France (EMISIA, CITEPA, IFSTTAR) Varied from 30% and up to 100%, depending on: absolute levels (number of vehicles, or total traffic) distribution between categories. Example of comparison between diesel and petrol passenger vehicles 9 2015 PV Diesel Petrol Number of vehicles CITEPA 65 34 EMISIA 49 44 IFSTTAR-LTE 65 34 Discrepancies % 34 32 Total traffic CITEPA 71 29 EMISIA 58 34 IFSTTAR-LTE 76 23 Discrepancies % 32 44 Induce strong differences on emission calculations
French data elaboration: fleet, traffic local data Experiments have been perfomed to monitor local fleet composition In Grenoble, (MOCOPO research project): 4 video cameras have been set up Around 1 Million of observations during one month, with technology information details Monitoring of the traffic (speed and flow) and of air quality near the road In Paris and area, (ZaParC research project): 9 different places to monitor different vehicle fleets Around 500,000 observations, for which the technology data have been collected through the registration file In both cases, build up the real-world fleet composition Analysis of the spatial and temporal variability Analysis of the sensitivity of the emission calculation In progress... 10
Emission model application pertinence, coherency Intercomparison of tools (in progress) COPERT4 - HBEFA expert-version - COPCETE (GIS tool including French data for road project impact studies, based on COPERT4) Study Cases : a few streets and a whole city Coupling of models and assessment methodologies (1 PhD) Create a modeling chain to estimate traffic impact on air and water quality Validate the modeling chain with experimental data Traffic model emission models Two research projects (TRAFIPOLLU and CoerT-P) aiming at implementing traffic (Static/Dyn) and emission models (COPERT, HBEFA, PHEM) at different scales 11
Emission model application pertinence, coherency Urban mobility plans, traffic management measures Case of Nantes Multidisciplinary approach for environmental impact assessment Detailed and critical analysis of the whole model chain High focus on the traffic modelling and emission calculation (DAVISUM travel and traffic modelling, + CIRCUL AIR plate-forme based on COPERT) In the Paris area - Case of the Low Emission Zones Large scale measurements of air quality, black carbon and tunnel experiment Real world vehicle fleet and traffic observation HEAVEN (plate-form from AirParif, based on COPERT methodology) modelling chain for traffic modelling and emission estimation and validation with air quality measurement 12
Conclusions Emission factors / transport contribution PM-DRIVE, URBE and FEVER focus on: Emission factors of PAH, VOC, Carbonyl compounds, black carbon Particle size number distribution Tunnel, Kerbside measurements and Non-exhaust emissions French data elaboration: fleet, traffic Experiments have been performed to monitor local fleet composition Grenoble, (MOCOPO research projet) Paris and area, (ZaParC research project) Emission model application Intercomparison of COPERT4 - HBEFA expert-version - COPCETE Coupling traffic emission-air quality models 13
Proposals for ERMES Non-regulated-pollutants ERMES Research Issue No. 10 Guidance on and benchmarking of models, uncertainty, test cases ERMES Research Issue No. 24 14
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Proposals for ERMES Non-regulated-pollutants A high concern, due to health and environment impacts with emerging technologies and fuels Three short term phases (24 months) Identify key non-regulated pollutants with evolution of vehicle technologies Collect literature and data into a database of emission factors Literature review on current sampling and analysis methods for each family of compounds (PAH, VOC, Aldehyde ) Then a tests program should be designed according to the above, to measure emissions data around the key NRP. Tests program Establish a test program on 30-40 diesel and gasoline vehicles (more or less recent Euro 2-6), with several partner laboratories (JRC, EMPA, LAT ) Data synthesis and elaboration of emission factors 16
Proposals for ERMES Guidance on and benchmarking of models, uncertainty, test cases Four phases are proposed: To question the emission models : accuracy and domain of pertinence, through a review, inter-comparisons. COPERT, HBEFA and PHEM should be considered. To question the data and assumptions for emission estimation (fleet and traffic data, prospective scenario, various assumptions): analyse their importance, quality and the sensitivity of the emissions calculation to these data. Particular point : the use of national data instead of local data To question the use of emission models within larger chains of models. These combinations require adaptations, or even reprogramming of the tools. Assumptions and interfaces should be examined carefully. Validity of the coupling with micro or macro traffic models should be demonstrated. Detailed analysis should enable determining the pertinence of these chains, and setting-up recommendations. (cont.) 17
Proposals for ERMES Guidance on and benchmarking of models, uncertainty, test cases Four phases are proposed: To analyse the practices for the assessment of the air pollution from road transport: to get lessons from real-cases of applications (French recent studies, EC works on green cities, CIVITAS program, etc.). Special care should concern the real-world practices, the setting-up of scenarios, the users and their advices on the emission tools, and even the lessons or benefits gained from the implantation of various transport / traffic measures, Expected results : a better knowledge of the contexts in which emissions models are used, of their accuracy, limits and domain of pertinence, recommendation around the assessment approaches. 18
Introduction Objective: To create a modelling chain to estimate traffic impact on air and water quality 19
Model integration 20