Electric Vehicles for Clean-Air, Grid-Integrated, and Connected Smart Infrastructure Girish Ghatikar Technical Executive Electric Power Research Institute Working Group 5 Chair India Smart Grid Forum Reji Kumar Pillai President India Smart Grid Forum Chair, Board of Directors Global Smart Grid Federation Smart Cities and E-Mobility: Project Experiences and Recommendations for India
Agenda 1. Prerogative of Zero Emission Vehicles and Smart Infrastructure 2. Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Opportunities 3. Charging Infrastructure and Interoperability Standards 4. Examples and Key Considerations (from studies) References: 1. Ghatikar G., R. Pillai, and A. Ahuja; Electric Transportation: Action Plan for India; IEEE Proceedings for Sustainable Green Buildings and Communities (SGBC), India, December 2016. 2. Ghatikar G., A. Ahuja, and R. Pillai; Battery Electric Vehicle Global Adoption Practices & Distribution Grid Impacts: A Preliminary Case Study for Delhi, India, Proceedings of ISGW 2017. 2
Zero Emission Vehicles and Smart City Framework Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEVs) are key to Smart City infrastructure: 1. Lower carbon emissions 2. Improve air quality 3. Enable technological innovation 4. Enable new business services 5. Improve citizen quality-of-life Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEVs) are: Vehicles with no tailpipe emissions Battery-based and Hydrogen fuel-cell electric vehicles (BEV and FCEV) are two popular forms of ZEVs Focus Prioritized on Battery-based battery-based Electric Electric Vehicles (BEV) and its links with Smart Grid. Smart Grid. Smart City India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF), Leveraging Smart Grid Assets for Building Smart Cities at Marginal Cost, Version 2.0, January 2016. California Energy Commission (CEC), 2016-2017 Investment Plan Update for the Alternative and Renewable Fuel and Vehicle Technology Program, May 2016 3
China Annual urban national standard CHINA Who annual guideline Indian annual national standard INDIA Introduction and Motivation for the Indian Context Accelerated electrification of electric transportation, charging infrastructure, and the 21 st century electric grid are key to future-proof energy security, environment, and smart infrastructure. Policy Drivers: 1. National Electricity Mobility Mission (NEMM) Plan 2020 6 to 7 million electric vehicles 2. National Smart Grid Mission (NSGM) Grid-tied renewable generation of 175 GW by 2022 3. Development of 100 Smart Cities With smart and connected infrastructure 4. Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and improved air-quality 68% power generated from coal. Hyderabad Chandrapur Bengaluru India now overshadowing China Average PM2.5 concentration, micrograms per m 2 July- November 2015 Delhi Lucknow Faridabad Ahmedabad Kanpur Varanasi Agra Pune Mumbai Chennai Jinan Beijing Shanghai Guangzhou -10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150 Source: Greenpeace, Economist.com 4
Are we in midst of a major transformation? Amid low gasoline prices, EV sales jumped 60 percent worldwide in 2015. If that level of growth continues, the crash-triggering benchmark of 2 million barrels of reduced demand could come as early as 2023*. *Bloomberg Business; The Rise of Electric Cars, http://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-ev-oil-crisis/ 5
Transformation toward a decentralized energy generation creates opportunities and challenges to utilities, customers, and industry. The Grid, Yesterday/Today Centralized Generation & Variable Demand The Grid, Today/Future Distributed Resources & Demand Flexibility 6
Challenges with enabling connected V2* services. The Most Common Warranty for Plug-In Vehicle Batteries is 8 Years/100,000 Miles* 1. Battery Warranty 2. Battery Degradation 3. Power Systems 4. Market Value Source: Compiled by Oak Ridge National Laboratory from manufacturer and industry websites, February 2016. 7
Open Standards: Enables More Equipment Choice Lite-On Level 2 CMI Level 2 Efacec DCFC ABB DCFC Eaton Level 2 Signet DCFC 20kW / 50kW / 100kW 208V or 480V 8
Ownership Models Integration with EV infrastructure ownership and publicly-funded models* Description Installations Electricity Rate Tariffs Customer Most widely used business model for level 1 with any available 108-120 V outlets and, partially, for level 2 charging. Residential, Building, and Campus Owners Comprised of three types: Third-Party Increasingly popular business model for level 2 and DCFCs, where a charging station OEM, or a city/county deploys charging infrastructure. Public Spaces, Highway Corridors 1. Dynamic day-ahead VGI rate to driver/ host. Utility Evolving business model to deploy level 2 and DCFCs in to support aggressive national- and state-level BEV adoption and zero-emission vehicle mandates. Public spaces, highway corridors, & disadvantaged communities. 2. TOU rates to driver or host. 3. TOU rates to host. * Examples referenced from the California Investor-Owned Utility (IOU) planning for EV infrastructure rollout to meet the 1 Million EV target by 2020. 9
Key Takeaways (Global Practices) 1. Zero emission vehicles (ZEV) represent an unique opportunity to improve city s air quality. 2. EVs, as a distributed energy resource, can provide grid balancing services and better integration of renewable resources and a cleaner city. 3. EV Charging infrastructure, grid-integration, and infrastructure connectivity can enable multiple value streams. 4. Grid connectivity must consider standards, interoperability, and gridstakeholder business models to enable multi-functional connectivity. 10
Charging Station Types And Recommended Locations for India Type of Chargers AC Slow Charging Type 2 EVSE (AC Fast Charging - Refer AIS 138) DCFC Bus Chargers (also for Trucks) Two Wheeler Chargers Recommended Locations Residential Colonies, Bungalows, Commercial Centres/Buildings, Industrial Parks, University Campuses Bus Stands, Airports, Railway Stations, Sea Ports, Parking Lots, Malls, Movie Halls, Restaurants, Commercial Centres, Govt Offices, Industrial Parks, Hospitals/Medical Centres, Campuses, Hotels, Religious Places, Party Places/Marriage Halls Fuel Stations, Railway Stations, Airports, Sea Ports, Bus Stands, Parking Lots, Metro Stations, Malls, Campuses, Hospitals, Hotels, Strategic Locations on Highways Bus Depots, Bus Routes Homes, Offices, Industries and Shops 11
Key Conclusions and Recommendations for India 1. VGI lessons serve as a model to accelerate adoption of EVs, and connected smart city and smart grid infrastructure. 1. Public transportation (2-, 3-wheelers, & light-, medium-, and heavy-duty) in urban areas (Delhi, Kolkata, Bangalore, Mumbai etc.) represent greatest opportunity. 2. Optimal quantity and location of public charging with Level 2 and DCFC stations encourage customer adoption of EV. 3. Review of payment settlement mechanisms and inter-ministerial (MoHI, MoP, and MNRE) coordination is necessary. 12
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