Magnus Callavik, ABB Grid Systems / HVDC HVDC Grids for Integration of Renewable Power Sources EPRI s HVDC & FACTS Conf. Oct. 28-29, 2010, Palo Alto, CA October 28, 2010 Slide 1
Outline HVDC Light technologies Renewable applications Multi-terminal HVDC and DC-grids October 28, 2010 Slide 2
Core HVDC technologies from ABB HVDC-CSC CSC AC AC Filters Outdoor Indoor Converter Transformers DC Filters DC HVDC Classic operation experience from 1954 Current source converters Line-commutated thyristor valves Requires 50% reactive compensation (35% HF) Converter transformers Minimum short circuit capacity > 2x converter rating, > 1.3x with capacitor commutated converter (CCC) Thyristor Valves HVDC -VSC AC Outdoor Indoor October 28, 2010 Slide 3 AC Filter (if needed) DC IGBT Valves HVDC Light operation experience from 1999 Voltage source converters (VSC) Cascaded two level converters Self-commutated IGBT valves Requires no reactive power compensation (~0-15% HF as required) Virtual generator at receiving end: P,Q Standard transformers Weak system, black start Radial wind outlet regardless of type of wind T-G, off-shore or isolated U/G or OVHD
HVDC by ABB Let our experience work for you October 28, 2010 Slide 4 Nelson River 2 CU-project Vancouver Island Pole 1 Rapid City Square Butte Pacific Intertie Pacific Intertie Upgrading Pacific Intertie Expansion Intermountain IPP Upgrade Blackwater Highgate Châteauguay Outaouais Quebec- New England EWIP English Channel Dürnrohr Sardinia-Italy Sapei Cross Sound Eagle Pass Sharyland Hällsjön Rio Madeira Itaipu Inga-Shaba Caprivi Link Troll Skagerrak 1-3 Valhall NorNed Konti-Skan Tjæreborg BorWin1 DolWin1 Apollo Upgrade Cahora Bassa Brazil-Argentina Interconnection I&II Italy-Greece ChaPad Vizag II Rihand-Delhi Vindhyachal 56 HVDC Classic Projects since 1954 14 HVDC Classic Upgrades since 1991 14 HVDC Light Projects since 1997 FennoSkan 1&2 Estlink Gotland 1-3 Gotland Light SwePol Baltic Cable Kontek Hülünbeir- Liaoning Lingbao II Extension Three Gorges-Changzhou Three Gorges-Shanghai Sakuma Gezhouba-Shanghai Xiangjiaba-Shanghai Three Gorges-Guandong Leyte-Luzon Broken Hill New Zealand 1&2 Directlink Murraylink
HVDC Light Generation 4: Evolution since 1997 Maintained functionality, availability and reliability Reduce losses 3,5% 3,0% 2,5% 2,0% Losses Gen. 1 Gen. 2 HVDC Light 1400 1200 1000 800 Gen. Gen. 3 3 1,5% 600 Gen. Gen. 4 4 1,0% 400 0,5% HVDC Classic Capacity 200 0,0% 0 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 MW Increase capacity Compactness 150 x 100 m 320 kv, 1000 MW Recent : Dolwin 1 800 MW, 320 kv 2 x 165 km cable system October 28, 2010 Slide 6
HVDC Light Generation 4 Features Excellent controllability Active Power control AC-voltage Control Reactive Power Control Black start Fast recovery after AC network faults Frequency control Emergency power control.. Compact foot-print Low losses, approximately 1 % per converter Short delivery time October 28, 2010 Slide 7
HVDC Light Generation 4 Station layout 2 x 1000 MW 320 kv 150 m 220 m October 28, 2010 Slide 8
HVDC Light Gen 4: Low Losses, No Filters Required Cascaded Two-Level Converter (CTLC) + U d 1 Cell -U d CTL converter voltage Two-level converter voltage October 28, 2010 Slide 9
HVDC Light Generation 4. Converter Valve Design Cell Main Components: IGBT:s and Capacitors + 1 2 35 36 Double Cell - 1-8 2.2 x 2.0 x 1.6 m 3000 kg 1-8 1-8 1-8 October 28, 2010 Slide 10
HVDC Light Generation 4 Press pack semiconductor concept the only way Semiconductors tailor made for transmission applications: safety, quality, operation mode Safe short circuit failure mode i.e. required for safe operation of VSC for continued operation after failure of IGBT. Integrated Press Pack diodes that withstand pole-to-pole Short circuit. No risk for explosion or electrical arcing at failure. No need for auxiliary equipment or mechanisms. October 28, 2010 Slide 11
Key Renewable Energy Alternatives Located at remote locations and off-shore Hydro Wind Solar Increase the use of renewable energy: Reduce our CO2 emissions Reduce our dependence on fossil energy Hugh drivers for new transmission! October 28, 2010 Slide 12
Hydropower resources of about 500 GW available Transmission distance 2,000-3,000 kilometers 50 GW 300 GW 50 GW 120 GW October 28, 2010 Slide 13
NorNed Example The world s longest underwater cable Customer: Statnett and TenneT Year of commissioning: 2008 Customer s need Optimize the production system in Northern Europe Combine production systems in Scandinavia and northern Europe with 580 km long submarine HVDC cable with 700 MW rating Benefits Increased security of supply in both markets Sharing of balancing power Improved power market Emissions reduced by 1.7 million tons/year Data October 28, 2010 Slide 14 450 kv, 700 MW, 2x580-km cable system Low losses 3.7%
EWEA s 20 year offshore network development plan North Sea Grid Global cumulative wind power capacity 1990-2007 (MW) 140 GW Global Wind Installed 2009. October 28, 2010 Slide 15 Source: EWEA (European Wind Energy Association) 2009. 2030 EWEA Offshore grid vision Growth 2009 + 40 GW
Wind power projects in the North Sea For connection in Germany Total of 39 GW off-shore wind planned in UK waters only triggers 15 B in grid investment 3 4 13 OWP vergeben 30 OWP in Vergabe 31 OWP und Trasse gen. OWP genehmigt 25 OWP beantragt 35 OWP-Projekt ruht 33 34? 29 Borkum 1st row 19 15 18 9 10 23 27 28 17 1 8 14 16 7 6 5 Borkum 2nd row 12 Helgoland 1st row 32 11 2 20 26? 21 22 Helgolan d 2nd row 24 1 ALPHA VENTUS / DOTI 2 Amrumbank West 3 Austerngrund 4 Bard Offshore I 5 Borkum Riffgat 6 Borkum Riffgrund I 7 Borkum Riffgrund II 8 Borkum Riffgrund West I 9 Borkum Riffgrund West II 10 Borkum West II 11 Butendiek 12 Dan-Tysk 13 Deutsche Bucht 14 ENOVA North Sea Windpower III 15 GlobalTech I 16 Gode Wind 17 Godewind II 18 Hochsee Windpark Nordsee 19 Hochsee WP "He dreiht 20 Hochsee Testfeld Helgoland 21 Meerwind Ost 22 Meerwind Süd 23 MEG Offshore I 24 Nordergründe 25 Nördlicher Grund 26 Nordsee-Ost (Amrumbank) 27 OWP Delta Nordsee 28 OWP Delta Nordsee II 29 OWP West 30 Sandbank 24 31 Sandbank 24 Erw. 32 Uthland 33 Ventotec Nord 1 34 Ventotec Nord 2 35 Weiße Bank October 28, 2010 Slide 16
BorWin1, offshore wind in Germany The world s largest offshore wind park in operation Customer: transpower Year of commissioning: 2010 Customer s need 125 km subsea and 75 km underground power connection operational in 24 months Robust grid connection ABB s response Turnkey 400 MW HVDC Light system Customer s benefits Environmentally friendly power transport Reduce CO 2 emissions by 1.5 million tons per year by replacing fossil-fuels Supports German wind power development October 28, 2010 Slide 17
DolWin1 Offshore Wind Power Connector 800 MW, ±320 kv DC Customer: transpower Year of commissioning: 2013 165 km long subsea and underground power connection to offshore wind farm Robust grid connection Turnkey 800 MW HVDC Light system First ± 320 kv extruded cable delivery Invisible, sustainable transmission Low losses and high reliability Reduce CO 2 emissions by 3 million tons per year replacing fossil-fuel generation Supports German wind power 14 th HVDC Light project, 4 th with wind, 4 th offshore, proven black start October 28, 2010 Slide 18
Solar energy from deserts 90 percent of people live within 2,700 km of a desert Surface of Sahara 9 million km 2 Area needed to produce all European electricity 18 000 km 2 Source: DESERTEC 2008 Area needed for all world energy 650 000 km 2 October 28, 2010 Slide 19
Europe 20XX Scenario ABB s DC grid vision already in the 1990 s 99LFC0825 Hydro 200 GW Hydro power Solar power Wind power DC transmission Wind 300 GW 25 000 km sq 5000 x 10 km Cables (Solar) 140 pairs of 5 GW and 3000 km each Solar 700 GW 8000 km sq 90 x 90 km October 28, 2010 Slide 20
Why do we need a stronger grid? 35% Renewable Wind & Solar integrated by a Pan-European Super Grid and supported by distributed demand side participation Key wind locations Regulating hydro Large scale PV October 28, 2010 Slide 21 Copyright Power Circle
DC Grids are popular in the public debate Supergrid initiatives are competing for attention pepei.pennnet.com wind-energy-the-facts.org mainstreamrp.com Statnett wikipedia/desertec Desertec-australia.org Statnett claverton-energy.com October 28, 2010 Slide 22
USA: Examples of proposed new power lines & renewable energy resources Source: NREL, G Washington University, N.Y. Times Off-shore wind On-shore wind Solar October 28, 2010 Slide 23
Why DC Grids? Significant loss reduction Increased power capacity per line/cable vs. AC Stabilized AC & DC grid operation Less visual impact and lower electromagnetic fields Easier acceptance of new DC projects if lines can be tapped DC = only solution for subsea connections > 60 km Connection of asynchronous AC Networks Circumvent right of way limitations Technology required for visions like Desertec & North Sea Offshore Grid October 28, 2010 Slide 24
What is a DC grid? A DC electricity grid that can operate: Independent of one or several disturbances (isolate a failure) In different operation modes in the connected AC- & DC-systems Technology gaps for the full realization includes: DC breaker Power flow control Automatic network restoration High voltage DC/DC converters Global rules/regulations for operation required for market acceptance October 28, 2010 Slide 25
DC grids- Where do we stand today Vision: A system that that can operate independent of one or several disturbances Available (HQ delivery in the 90s): 3-node multi-terminal DC grid that goes out of operation when disturbed, i.e. one protection zone October 28, 2010 Slide 26
DC Grid Advantages: Reduce number of AC/DC converters in a grid with high penetration of HVDC Point-to-point HVDC transmission Today: Scattered point-to-point connections Future: HVDC-point-to-point covering whole regions HVDC Grid example: only ¼ converter stations needed October 28, 2010 Slide 27
HVDC evolution towards a DC grid Point-2-Point Power in-feed Tapping DC-grid Connection of asynchronous AC Networks Connection of remote renewables Tapping-off from long-distance DCtransmissions Strengthening the combined AC and DC grid Redundancy October 28, 2010 Slide 28
Existing palette to gain experience from Some examples The multi-terminal Québec - New England transmission link (three terminals), in service since 1992 The worlds longest subsea cable in the 700 MW NorNed transmission project, in service since 2008 The 400 MW BorWin1 offshore wind HVDC Light connection The 500 MW East West Interconnector transmission link, in operation 2012 Several multi-terminal HVDC transmission systems currently in development phase October 28, 2010 Slide 29
Examples of Installed HVDC Breaker Technologies Passive Resonance Breaker Arc negative resistance causes current oscillations over the capacitor, resulting in current zero crossings Classic HVDC dc-neutral switchyards Speed and voltage rating to be improved for grid applications Semiconductor Breaker Very fast interruption < 1ms On-state losses a drawback 10 kv pilot in Hällsjön, Sweden October 28, 2010 Slide 30
Summary HVDC Light technology is mature and available for renewable connections HVDC Light Generation 4 Artists view Regional DC grids with one protection zone can be built today no technology gaps to be solved Interregional DC grids will be built in the near future. Technology gaps are worked on BorWin1 Off-shore platform Regulatory issues such as how to manage such new grids need to be solved October 28, 2010 Slide 31
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