Daejin Kim Shavi Tolan Yongzheng Zhang Delivery of aviation fuels from the Chevron Pascagoula Refinery to the Nashville International Airport Comparison between shale gas and Camelina biodiesel
Introduction Comparison of two fuels in the transportation of jet fuel from Chevron Pascagoula Refinery in Mississippi to Nashville International Airport in Tennessee. Shale Gas vs Camelina GREET, MOVES, Cost Analysis 2
Transportation Flow Diagram Pipeline Rail Truck Barge Electric wire Natural gas CNG Chevron s Pascagoula Refinery Natural gas processing plant Electricity Natural gas Shale Natural Gas Wellhead Jet-fuel Electricity power plant Biodisel Biodisel Camelina farms Camelina oil Nashville international airport 3 Biofuel production plant
Nashville International Airport Medium sized airport located in the southeast section of Nashville, TN. Serves as a public and military use airport. Ranked as the 32 nd busiest airport in the United States, averaging approximately 440 flights daily. Currently served by 10 airlines to both domestic and international destinations. 4
Chevron Pascagoula Refinery Located in the Bayou Casotte Industrial Park in Pascagoula, Mississippi. 11 th largest refinery by capacity in the United States with the ability to process approximately 330,000 barrels of crude oil per day. The Pascagoula refinery currently produces motor gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel. 5
6 Shale Natural Gas and Camelina to Jet-fuel Refinery
Fuel Type: Shale Natural Gas Shale natural gas reserve in US 7
Natural gas processing to produce CNG Average distance from NG wellhead to the refinery: 453 miles (estimated) Natural gas processing plants Natural gas reserve Pipeline Truck 242mi Floyd Haynesville 205mi Jackson 190mi Monroe 270mi Pascagoula Refinery 8 Source: http://www.api.org/oil-and-natural-gas/wells-to-consumer/transporting-oil-natural-gas/pipeline https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/power-plants/
Natural gas processing to produce CNG Apply Greet model to CNG processing analysis Produce CNG to be used for barge and truck from the refinery to Nashville airport The total distance is 453 miles Used an electricity as a pipeline energy source Model year of 2030 9
Natural gas to electricity Average distance from NG wellhead to the refinery: 395 miles (estimated) Natural gas reserve Electricity power plant Pipeline Haynesville 389 mi 402 mi Floyd 10 http://www.api.org/oil-and-natural-gas/wells-to-consumer/transporting-oil-natural-gas/pipeline https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/power-plants/
Natural gas used to generate electricity Apply Greet model to CNG processing analysis Generate electricity to be used for pipeline and rail from the refinery to Nashville airport: the total distance is 395 miles Used an electricity as a pipeline energy source Model year of 2030 11
Greet model results for natural gas processing Emission/Fuel consumption of producing CNG from NG shale is greater than generating electricity To estimate energy consumption rate, the ratio of CO2 to energy consumption for CNG in MOVES-Matrix is used: 15.68 kilojoules of CNG consumption = 1 gram of CO2 Total amount of emission/fuel consumption will be discussed Emission/Fuel consumption rate results Per 1mmBTU VOC (g) CO (g) NOx (g) CO2 (kg) PM2.5 (g) Energy (gallon) Cost ($) Natural gas to CNG 9.28 25.49 29.69 8.54 0.46 0.12 0.26 Natural gas to electricity 6.58 11.86 13.59 6.98 0.41 0.10 0.21 12
Camelina Camelina is an oilseed crop that contains a unique fatty acid profile that makes it a viable candidate for the production of biofuels. The oil content of Camelina seeds ranges from 32% - 46%. Camelina oil is mainly used in conjunction with petroleum fuels to make jet fuel or can be used to make biodiesel. 13
Fuel type : Camelina Biodiesel Transport to Bio-diesel plant Transport to Biodiesel plant Transport plant to Jet-fuel refinery Transport plant to Jet-fuel refinery Current Route Future Route 14
Potential Crop Rotation 15
Fuel type : Camelina Biodiesel MOVES analysis process Vehicle selection STP Calculation Operation Mode Bin Calculation Excel sheet - based Exploring Emission/Fuel rate in MOVES Matrix Applying MY distribution Python code - based Single-Unit Long Haul Diesel Truck MOVES fuel type selection Obtain average emission/fuel rates 16
1 135 269 403 537 671 805 939 1073 1207 1341 1475 1609 1743 1877 2011 2145 Emission/Fuel Rate per Second MOVES driving cycles for HDV 17 STP Calculation Operation Mode Bin Calculation Exploring Emission/Fuel rate in MOVES Matrix Applying MY distribution Obtain average emission/fuel rates Excel sheet - based Python code - based drivescheduleid averagespeed_mph driveschedulename 301 5.8 HDV 5mph Non-Freeway 302 11.2 HDV 10mph Non-Freeway 303 15.6 HDV 15mph Non-Freeway 304 19.4 HDV 20mph Non-Freeway 305 25.6 HDV 25mph Non-Freeway 306 32.5 HDV 30mph Non-Freeway 351 34.3 HDV 30mph Freeway 352 47.1 HDV 40mph Freeway 353 54.2 HDV 50mph Freeway 354 59.4 HDV 60mph Freeway 355 71.7 HDV High Speed Freeway 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 HDV 30mph driving cycle for urban freeway (example) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Note: assume that grades are zeros Operation mode bin distribution by driving cycle 0 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 33 35 37 38 39 40 Operation Mode Bin IDs 30mph 40mph 60mph High speed
Camelina - MOVES Google travel time is used to determine MOVES driving cycles for each urban and rural highway segment Utah to LA LA Houston Camelina farm to Utah Utah LA to Arizona 18 Arizona to Houston Houston to the refinery station
Future (from Baton Rouge to the refinery station) Current (from Post Agronomy Farm to the refinery station) Camelina - MOVES Driving cycles chosen for each segment No Freeways Distance (mile) Travel time (min) Speed Type MOVES driving cycle selected 1 Camelina Farm to Salt Lake City 358.0 324.0 66.3 Rural 354 2 Salt Lake City area 120.0 104.0 69.2 Urban 354 3 Salt Lake City to LA 632.0 510.0 74.4 Rural 355 4 LA area 136.0 134.0 60.9 Urban 354 5 LA to Phoenix 280.0 237.0 70.9 Rural 355 6 Phoenix area 57.6 55.0 62.8 Urban 354 7 Phoenix to San Antonio 905.0 800.0 67.9 Rural 355 8 San Antonio area 26.9 28 57.6 Urban 353 9 San Antonio to Houston 156.0 127 73.7 Rural 355 10 Houstion area 45.5 42 65.0 Urban 354 11 Houstion to Pascagoula refinery 423.0 365 69.5 Rural 354 1 Baton Rouge to Bogalusa 101.0 113 53.6 Rural 353 2 Bogalusa to Chevron Refinery 107.0 109 58.9 Rural 353 19
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30+ Fuel type : Camelina Biodiesel Assume model year distribution for Single-Unit Long Haul will be same in 2030 STP Calculation Operation Mode Bin Calculation Exploring Emission/Fuel rate in MOVES Matrix Applying MY distribution Excel sheet - based Python code - based 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% Model year distribution for Single-Unit Long Haul Truck Model year Obtain average emission/fuel rates Emission/fuel consumption rates = i=30 MY i= 0 emission or fuel rate for MY i MY distribution of i 20
Future Current Total emission/fuel consumption per one trip Route Travel time (min) MOVES driving cycles chosen VOC (gram) CO (gram) Nox (gram) CO2 (gram) PM2.5 (gram) Energy (gallon) Camelina farm to Bio-diesel plant 1,072 354, 355 63.78 399.87 891.90 694,005 17.22 71.40 Bio-diesel plant to Jet-fuel refinery plant 1,654 353, 354, 355 93.90 605.12 1,424.78 1,118,841 25.18 115.11 Total 157.69 1,004.98 2,316.68 1,812,846 42.39 186.51 Camelina farm to Bio-diesel plant Bio-diesel plant to Jet-fuel refinery plant 113 353 6.65 40.42 86.82 66,952 1.70 6.89 109 353 6.14 38.07 83.97 64,582 1.54 6.64 Total 12.79 78.49 170.79 131,534.08 3.24 13.53 21
Biodiesel Process Plant Cost-Benefit Analysis (Future) Camelina Biodiesel Process Plant Cost Analysis Estimated Capital Cost ($) 100,000,000.00 Estimated Maintenance Cost ($/yr) 5,000,000.00 Salaries ($/yr) 5,000,000.00 Plant Production Capacity (gal biodiesel/yr) 30,000,000.00 Approximate Cost of Production ($/gal biodiesel) 3.84 Total Production Cost ($/yr) 115,200,000.00 Selling Price ($/gal biodiesel) 4.50 Profit without Expenses ($/yr) 135,000,000.00 Profit not including Capital ($/yr) 14,800,000.000 Profit After Taxes ($/yr) 13,764,000.000 22 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Camelina Biodiesel Processing plant using 1.5% interest rate on Capital Cost Loan and a 3% increase on maintenance costs annually.
TRANSPORTING JET-FUEL FROM THE REFINERY TO NASHVILLE AIRPORT 23
Nashville International Airport jet fuel consumption Total storage capacity shall consist of at least two 10,000 gallon storage tanks for turbine fuel and one 10,000 gallon storage tank for aviation gasoline to assure adequate supplies of fuel at all time.* Transportation of refined petroleum products is accomplished via pipeline(60%), ocean-going tankers and barges on inland waterways(30%), tanker trucks(5%), and rail(5%).** d Transportation method Volume of jet fuel (gal) Pipeline 60,000(60%) Railroad 5,000(5 %) Truck 5,000(5 %) Barge 30,000(30%) Total 100,000 *Aeronautical Service Operator Minimum Standards Nashville International Airport **An Overview of Aviation Fuel Markets for Biofuels Stakeholders 24
Chevron Refinery to Nashville Airport To transport jet fuel, there are four main transportation methods: Barge Pipeline Railroad Truck Two fuels: Biodiesel Natural gas GREET and MOVES 25
Barge Route: Chevron Pascagoula Refinery--- Mississippi River---Ohio River--- Tennessee River--- Kentucky Lake---Barkley Canal--- Cumberland River---Lake Barkley--- Cumberland River ---Nashville International Airport 26
27 GREET model for barge transportation
Emission of barge transportation The emission of transporting 1 gal jet fuel by barge 28
Pipeline Distance: 698.44 miles 29 http://www.pipeline101.org/where-are-pipelines-located
30 GREET model for pipeline transportation
Emission of pipeline transportation The emission of transporting 1 gal jet fuel by pipeline 31
Railroad Distance: 495 miles 32 http://www.acwr.com/economic-development/rail-maps/csx
33 GREET for railroad transportation
Emission of railroad transportation The emission of transporting 1 gal jet fuel by railroad 34
MOVES-Matrix for truck transportation Choose Single-Unit Long Haul Truck for Jet-fuel Distance: 488 miles One truck (6,000 gallon of capacity) will be used to carry 5,000 gallon of jet-fuel Consider two fuel types, CNG and Camelinabiodiesel Same procedure as Camelina biodiesel transport 35
Urban share for on-road vehicle Travel speeds for each segment are calculated using Google Maps No Freeways Distance (mile) Travel time (min) Speed Type MOVES driving cycle selected Nashville: 9.9mi Mobile: 10.0mi 1 Pascagoula 5.0 8.0 37.5 Urban 351 2 Mobile 10.0 9.0 66.7 Urban 354 3 Birmingham 8.9 8.0 66.8 Urban 354 4 Nashville 12.0 16.0 45.0 Urban 352 5 Nashville to Birmingham 186.0 151.0 73.9 Rural 355 36 Birmingham: 8.9mi Pascagoula: 5.0mi 6 7 Birmingham to Mobile Mobile to Pascagoula 245.0 194.0 75.8 Rural 355 31.8 29.0 65.8 Rural 354
Emission/Fuel Rate per Second MOVES Model year distribution STP Calculation Operation Mode Bin Calculation Excel sheet - based Exploring Emission/Fuel rate in MOVES Matrix Applying MY distribution Python code - based Type 20 is applied for Biodiesel truck, and type 3 is applied for CNG bus (because MOVES does not include CNG truck s emission/fuel rates Obtain average emission/fuel rates Emission/fuel consumption rates = i=30 emission or fuel rate for MY i MY distribution of i MY i= 0 37
Total emission/fuel consumption per one trip CNG emits/spends more emissions/energy than biodiesel No Freeways Travel time (min) MOVES driving cycle selected Bio diesel VOC CO NOx CO2 PM2.5 Energy CNG Bio diesel CNG Bio diesel CNG Bio diesel CNG 1 Pascagoula 8.0 351 0.41 0.60 2.19 26.14 5.31 5.72 4,228 3,948 0.09 0.01 0.43 0.47 2 Mobile 9.0 354 0.51 0.33 3.24 36.49 6.99 12.44 5,283 6,206 0.13 0.04 0.54 0.78 3 Birmingham 8.0 354 0.46 0.30 2.88 32.43 6.22 11.06 4,696 5,517 0.12 0.04 0.48 0.69 4 Nashville 16.0 352 0.87 0.98 5.23 65.24 12.03 16.83 9,619 10,016 0.21 0.05 0.99 1.23 5 6 7 Nashville to Birmingham Birmingham to Mobile Mobile to Pascagoula Bio diesel CNG Bio diesel 151.0 355 8.55 6.26 55.63 639.73 135.46 217.64 107,811 116,308 2.33 0.70 11.09 14.59 194.0 355 10.98 8.04 71.47 821.90 174.03 279.62 138,512 149,429 3.00 0.89 14.25 18.74 29.0 354 1.66 1.07 10.45 117.57 22.54 40.09 17,022 19,998 0.43 0.13 1.75 2.51 Total 23.44 17.59 151.09 1,739.5 362.57 583.39 287,171 311,422 6.31 1.85 29.55 39.01 CNG 38
Summary results from the refinery to Nashville airport Emission and energy consumption of transporting jet fuel Pipeline Rail Truck Barge Total VOC(kg) CO(kg) NOx(kg) CO2(ton) PM2.5(kg) Volume of Fuel (gal) NG 7.02 18.18 21.96 10.32 0.52 1,294 Camelina 7.67 12.18 21.12 8.95 0.31 904 NG 0.52 1.11 3.48 0.80 0.03 100 Camelina 0.52 1.09 3.45 0.77 0.03 78 NG 0.02 1.74 0.58 0.31 0.006 39 Camelina 0.02 0.15 0.36 0.28 0.001 29 NG 5.40 8.40 37.76 5.10 0.19 639 Camelina 5.36 7.30 59.40 4.05 0.19 409 NG 12.96 27.69 63.78 16.53 0.75 2,072 Camelina 13.57 20.72 84.33 14.06 0.53 1,420 39 Around 0.24 trucks a day of 6,000 gallon of capacity are needed to transport biodiesel from the farm to the refinery
Summary results from wellhead/farm to Nashville airport Emission/Fuel Consumption Comparison VOC(kg) CO(kg) NOx(kg) CO2(ton) PM2.5(kg) Volume of Fuel (gal) * Shale Gas 15.14 32.46 69.29 18.72 0.87 2,103.13 Camelina (current) Camelina (future) 13.94 23.03 89.66 18.23 0.63 1,848.97 13.60 20.90 84.72 14.36 0.54 1,451.12 * Conversion factors used in table above Biodiesel: 1 gram of CO 2 is equivalent to 13.57 kilojoules (from MOVES) and 0.000092 gallon of diesel (http://www.convertunits.com/from/kilojoule/to/gallon) CNG: 1 gram of CO 2 is equivalent to 15.68 kilojoules (from MOVES) and 0.0000143 gallon of natural gas (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gasoline_gallon_equivalent#compressed_natural_gas) 40
Cost results from wellhead/farm to Nashville airport 10-year cost analysis Capital ($) Energy cost ($)* Total ($) NG - 16,197,234 16,197,234 Camelina (current) - 25,915,206 25,915,206 Camelina (future) Biodiesel plant installation 100,000,000 Maintenance** 50,000,000 Salaries** 50,000,000 20,338,884 220,338,884 41 * Daily energy cost is multiplied by 365 days and 10 years; $2.11/gallon of CNG (U.S. average) (http://www.cngprices.com/), $3.84/gallon of biodiesel (http://articles.extension.org/pages/70514/research-summary:-economics-of-dryland-camelina-biofuels-production ) ** The costs are multiplied by 10 years
Conclusion Based on total emissions both Camelina Biodiesel and Shale Gas are comparable with respect to total emissions. The current route for Camelina Biodiesel is more cost effective route when compared to the proposed future route. Based on total Fuel Consumption, less Camelina Biodiesel is required to transport jet fuel to the Nashville Airport than Shale Gas. Based on cost analysis for both fuels including future and current routes, Shale Gas is the most cost effective fuel between the two. 42
Questions?