Gestão de Sistemas Energéticos 2016/2017

Gestão de Sistemas Energéticos 2016/2017 Energy efficiency in transports: characterization Patrícia Baptista IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa patricia.baptista@tecnico.ulisboa.pt 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 1

Energy efficiency in transports: characterization and regulation 3/5 (10h30-12h) - Energy efficiency in transports: characterization 5/5 (10h30-12h) - Energy efficiency in transports: characterization, regulation and alternatives 10/5 (14h-15h30) Exercise class 1 10/5 (15h30-17h) Exercise class 2??? 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 2

Review Fuel Units 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 4

Mobility or Accessibility? What do we need? 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 5

What do we need? Accessibility not mobility To people To places To information To goods To services (job, school, ) To entertainment. 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 6

Role of transports Transport of Passenger Goods EU Statistical pocketbook 2015 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 7

Role of transports Modal distribution Freight - Dominance of road transport, followed by maritime and rail transport EU Statistical pocketbook 2015 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 8

Role of transports Modal distribution Passengers - Dominance of passenger cars, followed by buses, with increasing trend of air transport EU Statistical pocketbook 2015 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 9

Problems of transport sector? 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 10

Problems of transport sector? Urban planning and infra-structure Congestion / Traffic Dependency on private transport and need for modal shift Energy problems Environmental problems Others 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 11

Problems of transport sector Urban planning and infra-structure Macroscopic level Microscopic level Influence of urban density New concept of pedestrian/vehicle interaction 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 12

Problems of transport sector Congestion / Traffic Traffic Parking Hourly average Lisbon traffic counts http://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/8436/1/brito_2012.pdf 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 13

Problems of transport sector Congestion / Traffic Traffic Parking http://goo.gl/rvdvm3 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 14

Problems of transport sector Dependency on private transport and need for modal shift High motorization rate Use of public transport IEA, 2009 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 15

Problems of transport sector Dependency on private transport and need for modal shift High motorization rate Use of public transport http://goo.gl/rvdvm3 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 16

Problems of transport sector Energy problems High energy consumption trend Energy dependency and need to diversify energy sources 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 17

Problems of transport sector Environmental problems Exceedances of air quality (NO x and PM) objectives due to traffic, EEA 2016 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 18

Problems of transport sector Environmental problems QualAr http://qualar.apambiente.pt 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 19

Problems of transport sector Others Mobility policies (defined locally with no integrated strategy ) Road safety (related to vehicle occupants and pedestrians) Economic context (influences passengers and freight flows) Etc. EU Statistical pocketbook 2015 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 20

Final energy consumption (ktoe) Energy use in transports EU Statistical pocketbook 2015 32% of final energy consumption due to the transport sector 20 000 000 18 000 000 16 000 000 14 000 000 Services 12 000 000 Residential 10 000 000 Transportation 8 000 000 construction 6 000 000 Industry 4 000 000 Agriculture 2 000 000 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 DGEG, 2015 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 21

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 Energy consumption (PJ) Energy use in transports The road transportation sub-sector is the largest energy consumer in the transportation sector, accounting for 82% of the final energy consumption. The two other largest sub-sectors are aviation, accounting for 14%, and rail responsible for 2%. 18.000 16.000 14.000 12.000 10.000 8.000 6.000 4.000 2.000 0 Total Road Rail Aviation Maritime Unspecified Eurostat, 2014 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 22

Energy use in transports Worldwide fuel use distribution in transport sector IEA, 2016 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 23

Energy use in transports CO 2 emissions profile Increasing CO 2 emission level with limited alternatives Eurostat, 2016 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 24

Energy use in transports Penetration of alternative technologies in 2010? Dulac, IEA, 2010 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 25

Energy use in transports Current penetration of alternative technologies? 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 26

Main providers of mobility IEA, 2016 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 27

Main providers of mobility What is the correct energy efficiency unit for analysis of transport modes? 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 28

Usage stage - Typical energy consumption values Energy content Gasoline Diesel CO 2 Emission factors Gasoline Diesel 31.76 MJ/l 35.95 MJ/l 2.31 kg/l 2.68 kg/l Typical energy consumption values Vehicle Vehicle energy consumption Occupancy Vehicle energy consumption l/100km kwh/km MJ/km Seats Number of passenger Occupancy rate MJ/pass.km Urban passenger car (diesel) 7.0-2.52 5 1.3 25% 2.01 Urban passenger car (gasoline) 9.0-2.86 5 1.3 25% 2.29 Motorcycle (gasoline) 4.5-1.43 1 1.0 100% 1.43 Electric vehicle - 0.16 0.58 5 1.3 25% 0.46 Electric bicycle - 0.03 0.10 1 1.0 100% 0.10 Segway - 0.03 0.12 1 1.0 100% 0.12 Measure of Unicycle - 0.01 0.04 1 1.0 100% 0.04 vehicles energy efficiency Urban bus (diesel) 40.0-14.38 70 7.1 10% 2.01 Interurban bus (diesel) 30.0-10.79 50 37.5 75% 0.29 Metro - 5.0 18.00 230 57.5 25% 0.31 Surface Metro - 7.0 25.20 240 24.5 10% 1.03 Suburban train - 10.0 36.00 890 222.5 25% 0.16 Interurban train - 15.0 54.00 301 225.8 75% 0.24 Ferry boat - - 302.00 600 215.0 36% 1.40 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 29

What is the occupancy rate of a bus and of a metro? 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 30

What is the occupancy rate of a bus and of a metro? Carris Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Offer Vehicle x Km (S.P.) (million) 42.2 40.1 39.7 40.6 41 41.6 41.4 38.2 34.5 32.8 Seat x Km (S.P.) (millions) 3856 3605 3534 3621 3716.9 3748.9 3727.5 3431.5 3124.8 2967.4 Demand Passengers (S.P.) (milllions) 256.6 240.8 234.9 236.4 234.4 224.2 223.4 215 180.9 174.5 Passengers x Km (S.P.) (millions) 796 776 768.9 758.3 786.1 732.7 737.7 709.9 590.4 542.5 Quality Average speed (Km/h) 14.5 14.5 14.4 14.3 14.4 14.3 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.6 Occupancy rate 7% 7% 7% 7% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% Average number of people in bus 18.9 19.4 19.4 18.7 19.2 17.6 17.8 18.6 17.1 16.5 Metro de Lisboa Year Carriages x km of exploration Seat x km Passenger x km (million) Average km per trip (km) Occupancy rate 2014 507 2802 745.6 5.3 27% 2013 497 2752 655.7 4.8 24% 2012 494 2730 745.6 4.8 27% 2011 668 3361 864.2 4.8 26% 2010 698 3511 865.5 4.7 25% 2009 638 4272 829.1 4.6 19% 2008 623 3968 835.4 4.6 21% 2007 599 3818 835.5 4.6 22% 2006 642 3865 855.5 4.6 22% 2005 649 3905 862.3 4.6 22% 2004 628 3776 801.2 4.4 21% 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 31

Energy content Gasoline Diesel CO 2 Emission factors Gasoline Diesel Typical energy consumption values Usage stage - Typical energy consumption values 31.76 MJ/l 35.95 MJ/l 2.31 kg/l 2.68 kg/l Occupancy rate = Number of passengers Number of seats MJ km Number of seats = MJ km Number of passenger = MJ seat. km MJ pass. km x 100 Vehicle Vehicle energy consumption Occupancy Vehicle energy consumption l/100km kwh/km MJ/km Seats Number of passenger Occupancy rate MJ/pass.km Urban passenger car (diesel) 7.0-2.52 5 1.3 25% 2.01 Urban passenger car (gasoline) 9.0-2.86 5 1.3 25% 2.29 Motorcycle (gasoline) 4.5-1.43 1 1.0 100% 1.43 Electric vehicle - 0.16 0.58 5 1.3 25% 0.46 Electric bicycle - 0.03 0.10 1 1.0 100% 0.10 Segway - 0.03 0.12 1 1.0 100% 0.12 Unicycle - 0.01 0.04 1 1.0 100% 0.04 Urban bus (diesel) 40.0-14.38 70 7.1 10% 2.01 Interurban bus (diesel) 30.0-10.79 50 37.5 75% 0.29 Metro - 5.0 18.00 230 57.5 25% 0.31 Surface Metro - 7.0 25.20 240 24.5 10% 1.03 Suburban train - 10.0 36.00 890 222.5 25% 0.16 Interurban train - 15.0 54.00 301 225.8 75% 0.24 Ferry boat - - 302.00 600 215.0 36% 1.40 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 32

Usage stage - Typical CO 2 emission values Energy content MJ/l Gasoline MJ/l Diesel CO 2 Emission factors kg/l Gasoline kg/l Diesel Typical energy consumption values 31.76 MJ/l 35.95 MJ/l 2.31 kg/l 2.68 kg/l g km Number of seats = g km Number of passenger = g seat. km g pass. km energy consumption Vehicle Occupancy energy consumption Vehicle energy consumption Occupancy Vehicle CO Vehicle energy consumption Vehicle 2 emissions kwh/km MJ/km Seats Number l/100km of passenger kwh/km Occupancy MJ/km rate Seats Number MJ/pass.km of passenger Occupancy g/km rate g/pass.km MJ/pass.km Urban - passenger 2.52car (diesel) 5 1.3 7.0-25% 2.52 5 2.011.3 25% 187 150 2.01 Urban - passenger 2.86car (gasoline) 5 1.3 9.0-25% 2.86 5 2.291.3 25% 208 167 2.29 Motorcycle - (gasoline) 1.43 1 1.0 4.5-100% 1.43 1 1.431.0 100% 104 104 1.43 Electric 0.16 vehicle 0.58 5 1.3-0.16 25% 0.58 5 0.461.3 25% 0 0 0.46 Electric 0.03 bicycle 0.10 1 1.0-0.03 100% 0.10 1 0.101.0 100% 0 0 0.10 Segway 0.03 0.12 1 1.0-0.03 100% 0.12 1 0.121.0 100% 0 0 0.12 Unicycle 0.01 0.04 1 1.0-0.01 100% 0.04 1 0.041.0 100% 0 0 0.04 Urban - bus (diesel) 14.38 70 40.0 7.1-10% 14.38 70 2.017.1 10% 1071 150 2.01 Interurban - bus 10.79 (diesel) 50 37.5 30.0-75% 10.79 50 0.29 37.5 75% 803 21 0.29 Metro 5.0 18.00 230 57.5-5.0 25% 18.00 230 0.31 57.5 25% 0 0 0.31 Surface 7.0 Metro 25.20 240 24.5-7.0 10% 25.20 240 1.03 24.5 10% 0 0 1.03 Suburban 10.0 train 36.00 890 222.5-10.0 25% 36.00 890 0.16 222.5 25% 0 0 0.16 Interurban 15.0 train 54.00 301 225.8-15.0 75% 54.00 301 0.24 225.8 75% 0 0 0.24 Ferry - boat 302.00 600 215.0 - - 36% 302.00 600 1.40 215.0 22498 36% 105 1.40 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 33

Exercise Consider the following four vehicles (vehicle A, B, C and D): - Vehicle A is a Euro IV mid-size gasoline car (occupancy rate 1/5; fuel consumption: 8 l/100 km); - Vehicle B is a 1998 12 meter urban bus (occupancy rate 20/75; fuel consumption: 35 l/100 km); - Vehicle C is an underground metro system (occupancy rate 300/700; energy consumption: 6 kwh/km); and - Vehicle D is a Euro I diesel car (occupancy rate 2/5; fuel consumption: 6.5 l/100 km) Assumptions: Gasoline 31.76 MJ/l and 2.31 kg CO 2 /l; Diesel 35.95 MJ/l and 2.68 kg CO 2 /l 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 34

Exercise Complete the following table regarding energy consumption and CO 2 emissions for the four vehicles (vehicle A, B, C and D): Vehicle A Vehicle B Vehicle C Vehicle D Energy consumption CO 2 emissions MJ/km MJ/seat.km MJ/pass.km g/km g/seat.km g/pass.km Assumptions: Gasoline 31.76 MJ/l and 2.31 kg CO 2 /l; Diesel 35.95 MJ/l and 2.68 kg CO 2 /l 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 35

Exercise Complete the following table regarding energy consumption and CO 2 emissions for the four vehicles (vehicle A, B, C and D): Energy consumption CO 2 emissions MJ/km MJ/seat.km MJ/pass.km g/km g/seat.km g/pass.km Vehicle A 2.5 0.51 2.54 185 37 185 Vehicle B 12.6 0.17 0.63 938 13 47 Vehicle C 21.6 0.03 0.07 0 0 0 Vehicle D 2.3 0.50 1.26 174 35 87 - What is the best choice of transport mode? 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 36

Gestão de Sistemas Energéticos 2016/2017 Energy efficiency in transports: characterization Patrícia Baptista IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa patricia.baptista@tecnico.ulisboa.pt 2017-05-03 Instituto Superior Técnico 37