Technology Development within Alternative Fuels Yves Scharff 1
Agenda Introduction Axens and Alternative Fuels Axens Renewable Iso-paraffins Route 2
Why Alternative Fuels? Environmental Regulation By 2020, 10% of renewable energy should be incorporated into transportation sector (from renewable sources: biofuels, electricity, H 2, etc.) (2009/28/EC) Diesel pool challenges FAME incorporation limited to 7 % for diesel (EN590) Jet Fuel challenges Aviation integration into EU ETS (Emission Trading Scheme) Reduce Pressure on Petroleum Resources Crude oil reserves are limited Air traffic expected to double by 2020/25 Reduce Risk on Energy Security of Supply Reduce Carbon Footprint of Transportation Use short cycle carbon sources (i.e. biomass) Carbon free energy for transportation still to come 3
Alternative Fuels Challenges Preferred Alternative Fuels for Transportation are Hydrocarbon Liquids (density of energy, compatibility with existing fleets) Large alternative carbon sources are gaseous or solid (natural gas, coal, ligno-cellulosic biomass, waste) They are often containing much more than Carbon and Hydrogen (oxygen, impurities) 4
1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 Mbdoe Axens Estimates Biojet + Biodiesel 2005-2030 Source: Axens estimates (2011) Biodiesel contribution to on-road diesel supply ~ 5.1% by 2030 (2.3% today, ~ 4.5% by 2020) ~ 12% of 2010-2030 incremental demand Biojet contribution to jet fuel supply ~ 6.5% by 2030 (0% today, ~ 1% by 2020) ~ 20% of 2010-2030 incremental demand BtL 0.20 Mbdoe Biojet (HEFA) 0.43 Mbdoe 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Biodiesel (FAME + HEFA) 0.80 Mbdoe 0.0 2005 2008 2011 est. 2015 est. BtL = Biodiesel from Biomass to Liquids ; FAME = Fatty Acid Methyl Ester ; HEFA = Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids 2020 est. 2025 est. 2030 est. 5
Agenda Introduction Axens and Alternative Fuels Axens Renewable Iso-paraffins Route 6
Markets Served & Ambitions Business Units Markets Served Ambitions Benchmark company for Clean Fuels and Aromatics production, Leader in purification for olefins/polyolefins, syngas, refining and petrochemical, and natural gas streams, Innovator in the biodiesel market and syngas to liquids technology. 7
Biomass Renewable oils & fats Forest & Agric. residues Transesterification Hydrotreatment Axens Technologies Towards Alternative Fuels Esterfip-H Vegan Bio Diesel (FAME) Renew. Paraffinic Kerosene or Diesel Natural Gas Syngas Generation Syngas FT Synthesis + Upgrading Gasel BTL GTL CTL Kerosene + Diesel Coal Direct Coal Liquefaction + Upgrading H-Coal DCL Kerosene + Diesel 9
Agenda Introduction Axens and Alternative Fuels Axens Renewable Iso-paraffins Route 10
VEGAN Renewable Iso-paraffins Route high cetane n-paraffins On-Spec Diesel & Jet Feed Pretreat HDT Hydro- Isom Renewable oils & fats Impurities removal Hydrogenation & Decarboxylation Oxygen removal, olefin saturation Hydro-isomerization to improve CFPP Hydrocracking if Jet is desired 11
VEGAN Renewable Iso-paraffins Route Process Features Flexible feed process Produces high quality molecules Product properties independent from the feedstock quality higher energy content (no oxygen) Advantages Increase resources availability True drop-in fuels High blending rate Diesel D7566 compliant Jet Fuel no sulfur nor aromatics 12
Lipids Hydroprocessing 1 O H 2 H2-C-O-C CH3 O H-C-O-C CH3 O H2-C-O-C 1 2 Hydrogenolysis / Hydrogenation CH3 2 3 TG + 16* H 2 => 3 C 18 H 38 + 6 H 2 O + C 3 H 8 Decarboxylation TG + 7* H 2 => 3 C 17 H 36 + C 3 H 8 + 3 CO 2 Shift + Methanation reactions CO & CH 4 by-products * Assuming 4 double bonds saturation per TG 13
Hydrotreatment Yields Theoretical Yields on Palm Oil in wt% / vol% Decarboxylation Hydrogenolysis In Hydrogen 1.1 3.3 Out Paraffins Propane CO 2 / Water 80.3 / 94.7 85.3 / 100.6 5.2 5.2 15.6 12.8 14
Highly Exothermic Reactions Palm Jatropha Algae Average double bounds number Tailored reactor heat management Ensures optimal temperature profile Maximizes paraffins yield Limits catalyst deactivation 15
HDT Catalyst Formulation Rate constant 10 3.[min -1.g -1 ] 1,5 Deoxygenation 1,2 0,9 0,6 HDO 0,3 Décarb. 0,0 Ni/Mo [atom/atom] Optimization of catalyst formulation Preserves high yield of valuable product Minimize catalyst deactivation 16
HDT Product Paraffins Properties Cetane Number 120 100 80 60 40 20 Cold Flow Prop. >20 C Melting Point ( C) +28 C +18 C 0 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 Carbon number N-paraffins 17
HydroIsom & Paraffins Properties Cetane Number 120 100 80 Kero Diesel Melting Point ( C) +28 C +18 C 60 40 20 0 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 Carbon number N-paraffins Iso-paraffins - 6 C -23 C -78 C -70 C -106 C Hydroisom Hydro-cracking 18
High Quality Diesel 20 10 RME CWA 15940 Class A CFPP [ C] 0 50-10 60 70 80 90 100 110-20 EN590 Range -30-40 -50-60 Cetane Number nc16 nc18 Rape High quality diesel fuel component 19
And Bio Jet Fuel Component 20 10 CFPP [ C] 0 50-10 60 70 80 90 100 110-20 -30-40 nc16-50 -60 nc18 Rape Cetane Number Freezing Point Viscosity @ -20 C Density D86 FBP C mm²/s kg/m³ C D7566 max -47 max 8 730-770 max 300 Vegan -67 3.8 766 292 20
Tunable Cold Flow Properties Product distribution Diesel range Jet range Naphtha and light ends Cold flow properties improvement A good freezing point is not "free" 21
Mastering the Challenges of Renewable Iso-Paraffins Production Feeds impurities Highly exothermic reactions Corrosive reaction effluents Light ends production Optimal catalyst selection Optimized process design Vegan Renewable Iso-Paraffins production by Axens 22
Technology Development within Alternative Fuels 23