Physical Characteristics of PM from 2- Stroke and 4-Stroke Motorcycle Engines G. Martini, P. Bonnel, C. Astorga-LLorens, A. Krasenbrink Institute of Environment and Sustainability European Commission Joint Research Centre ISPRA (Italy) Vehicle Emissions Laboratory (VELA) - Institute for Environment and Sustainability 1
Background and objectives of the study: Background: Amendment of the European Directive 97/24/EC EURO3 stage for two and three-wheelers from 2006 Reduction of particulate emissions Main Objectives: To evaluate particulate measurement techniques To determine particulate mass emissions from 2-stroke engines To assess particulate emissions for big four-stroke engines to check if they diverge significantly from passenger cars with similar engine sizes 2
Test Fleet: Motos Eng. (cc) 2S 4S Remarks MT001-50 50 X Pre Euro1 Moped No Cat MT002-50 50 X Direct Injection No Cat MT003-50 50 X Conventional 2-stroke With OxCat MT004-125 125 X Carburetor MT005-125 125 X Controlled TWC MT006-200 200 X Carburetor MT007-500 500 X SAI MT008-1150 1150 X Controlled TWC MT009-1200 1200 X Controlled TWC EFI = Electronic Injection SAI = Secondary Air Injection OC = Oxidation Catalyst TWC= Three Way Catalyst 3
Test Matrix: Motos EURO2 EURO3 WMTC ECE47 ECE 40 6UDC 6UDC+EUDC (*) MT001-50 X X X MT002-50 X X X X MT003-50 X X X MT004-125 X X X MT005-125 X X MT006-200 X X MT007-500 X X X MT008-1150 X X MT009-1200 X X (*) Worldwide Motorcycle Test Cycle 4
Test Procedure: 1a. ECE 47 Test Cycle (Mopeds only) 50 "COLD" PHASE "HOT" PHASE 40 Speed [km/h] 30 20 10 0 0 Time [s] 5
60 Test Procedure: 1b. EURO 2 Test Cycle Conditionning 2 phases ECE15 (UDC) of 195 s = 390 s km 1.013*2 phases = 2.026 km Max. Speed: 50 km/h Average Speed: 19 km/h Measurement 4 phases ECE15 of 195 s = 780 s km 1.013*4 phases = 4.052 km Max. Speed 50 km/h Average Speed: 19 km/h 50 NO SAMPLING SAMPLING 40 Speed [km/h] 30 20 10 0 1 101 201 301 401 501 601 701 801 901 1001 1101 Time [s] 6
Test Procedure: 1c. EURO 3 Test Cycle (<=150 cc) 60 50 UDC Cycle - 6 phases ECE15 of 195 s = 1170 s km 1.013*6 phases= 6.078 km Max. Speed: 50 km/h Average Speed: 19 km/h SAMPLING 40 Speed [km/h] 30 20 10 0 1 101 201 301 401 501 601 701 801 901 1001 1101 Time [s] 7
Test Procedure: 1d. EURO 3 Test Cycle (>150 cc) Speed [km/h] 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Part One UDC Cycle - 6 phases ECE15 of 195 s = 1170 s km 1.013*6 phases= 6.078 km Max. Speed: 50 km/h Average Speed: 19 km/h SAMPLING 1 101 201 301 401 501 601 701 801 901 1001 1101 1201 1301 1401 1501 Time [s] Part Two EUDC Cycle of 400 s km 6.955 Max. Speed: 120 km/h Average Speed: 62.6 km/h 8
Test Procedure: 2. Test Set-up Carried out at the JRC-VELA1 emissions test facility Roller bench 48 suitable for testing small two wheelers Conventional CVS system + dilution tunnel 9
Particulate Emissions Characterisation: Measurement of particulate total mass The legislative procedure prescribed for Diesel was used to measure particulate total mass In addition, a cyclone was used to avoid contaminating the sampling system and the analysers with very large droplets of lubricant Particulate physical properties: Number/size distribution (TSI SMPS) Mass/size distribution (LPI) 10
Particulate physical properties: Number/size distribution (TSI SMPS) Constant speed (40 km/h) Sampling: from dilution tunnel Mass/size distribution (Low Pressure Impactor) 11+1 stages Volume flow rate: 25 l/min Measuring range: 0.0085 µm-16 µm Constant speed (40 km/h) and ECE 47 cycle Sampling: from dilution tunnel 11
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13 Total Mass
Total Mass, (g/km) 0.225 0.200 0.175 0.150 0.125 0.100 0.075 0.050 Particulate Emissions from Mopeds - Total Mass ECE 47 Cycle Moped - 2-stroke Pre-Euro 1 Moped - 2 stroke Direct Injection Cold Phase (1-2-3-4) Hot Phase (5-6-7-8) Moped - 2 stroke Oxycat 0.025 0.000 MT001-M-50 MT002-M-50 MT003-M-50 Motorcycle 14
Particulate Emissions from Mopeds and Motorcycles - Total Mass Euro 2 Cycle (ECE 40) Total Mass, (g/km) 0.350 0.300 0.250 0.200 0.150 0.100 0.050 Moped - 2 stroke Pre-Euro 1 Moped - 2 stroke Direct Injection Moped - 2 stroke Oxycat Cold Phase (UDC 1-2) Hot Part (UDC 3-4-5-6) Complete Cycle 4-stroke motorcycles 0.000 MT001-50 MT002-50 MT003-50 MT004-125 MT007-500 Motorcycle 15
Total Mass, (g/km) 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.030 0.020 0.010 0.000 Particulate Emissions from Mopeds and Motorcycles - Total Mass (Filter) Complete Euro 3 Cycle (6 Urban Driving Cycles) 0.20 Moped - 2 stroke Pre-Euro 1 Moped - 2 stroke Direct Injection Moped - 2 stroke Oxycat MT001-50 MT002-50 MT003-50 MT004-125 MT005-125 MT006-200 MT007-500 Motorcycle 4-stroke Motorcycles EURO4 Diesel Passenger cars = 0,025 g/km 16
Mass/Size Distribution 17
Particulate Emissions from Mopeds ECE 47 Cycle - Mass/Size Distribution (LPI 11 stages) 1.20E-01 1.00E-01 8.00E-02 Pre-Euro 1 Moped MT001-M-50 (Min) MT002-M-50 (Min) MT003-M-50 (Min) Diesel passenger car dm/dlogd (g/km) 6.00E-02 4.00E-02 Euro 1 - Oxycat 2.00E-02 Euro 1 - Direct Inj. 0.00E+00 10 100 1000 10000 100000 Aerodynamic Diameter (nm) 18
Mass/Size Distribution (LPI 11 stages) - Measurement Repeatibility ECE 47 (Cold Phase + Hot Phase) dm/dlogd, (g/km) 0.100 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.030 MT001-M-50 MT001-M-50 MT002-M-50 MT002-M-50 MT003-M-50 MT003-M-50 0.020 0.010 0.000 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 Aerodynamic Diameter (nm) 19
Particulate Emissions from Mopeds - Total Mass - LPI vs Filter ECE 47 Cycle (Cold Phase + Hot Phase) 0.200 0.180 0.160 91% Filter LPI dm/dlogd, (g/km) 0.140 0.120 0.100 0.080 0.060 0.040 0.020 75% 88% 0.000 MT001-M-50 MT002-M-50 MT003-M-50 Aerodynamic Diameter (nm) 20
Particulate Emissions from Mopeds and Motorcycles Mass/Size Distribution (LPI 11 stages) - EURO2 (Cold+ Hot Phase) Cycle dm/dlogd, (g/km) 0.100 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.030 MT001-M-50 MT002-M-50 MT003-M-50 MT006-C2-200* 0.020 0.010 0.000 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 Aerodynamic Diameter (nm) * 6 UDC_Euro 3 Cycle (no 40 s idling) 21
4.00E-04 MT007-C2-500 Mass/Size Distribution (LPI 11 stages) - WMTC 1-2-3 3.50E-04 3.00E-04 dm/dlogd, (g/km) 2.50E-04 2.00E-04 1.50E-04 WMTC 1_2_3 1.00E-04 5.00E-05 0.00E+00 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 Aerodynamic Diameter (nm) 22
Number/Size Distribution 23
Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed 20 km/h Engine Technology Effect 7E+13 6E+13 5E+13 MT001-M-50 (Day 1) MT002-M-50 (Day 1) MT003-M-50 (Day 1) Moped - 2 strokes Pre - Euro 1 [dn/dlog Dp]/km 4E+13 3E+13 Moped - 2 strokes Euro 1 - Direct Inj. Moped - 2 strokes Euro 1 - Oxycat 2E+13 1E+13 0 10 100 1000 Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm) 24
Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed: 40 km/h Engine Technology Effect 9E+13 8E+13 MT001-M-50 (Day 1) 7E+13 MT002-M-50 (Day 1) MT003-M-50 (Day 1) Moped - 2 strokes Pre - Euro 1 6E+13 [dn/dlog Dp]/km 5E+13 4E+13 3E+13 Moped - 2 strokes Euro 1 - Direct Inj. Moped - 2 strokes Euro 1 - Oxycat 2E+13 1E+13 0 10 100 1000 Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm) 25
[dn/dlog Dp]/km 8.00E+13 7.00E+13 6.00E+13 5.00E+13 4.00E+13 3.00E+13 2.00E+13 MT001-M-50 (Pre Euro1 2-stroke Moped) SMPS Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed: 20 km/h 5 consecutive scans Scan 1 Scan 2 Scan 3 Scan 4 Scan 5 1.00E+13 0.00E+00 1 10 100 1000 Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm) 26
[dn/dlog Dp]/km 5.00E+13 4.50E+13 4.00E+13 3.50E+13 3.00E+13 2.50E+13 2.00E+13 1.50E+13 1.00E+13 5.00E+12 0.00E+00 MT002-M-50 (2-stroke Moped - 50 cc Direct Injection) Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed: 40 km/h 5 consecutive scans Scan 1 Scan 2 Scan 3 Scan 4 Scan 5 1 10 100 1000 Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm) 27
[dn/dlog Dp]/km 7E+13 6E+13 5E+13 4E+13 3E+13 2E+13 MT001-M-50 Number/Size Distribution - 20 km/h Day to Day Repeatability Each curve is the average of 5 daily scans MT001-M-50 (Day 1) MT001-M-50 (Day 2) MT001-M-50 (Day 3) MT001-M-50 (Day 4) 1E+13 0 1 10 100 1000 Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm 28
MT006-C2-200 (4 strokes) SMPS Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed: 20 km/h 10 consecutive scans 4.00E+12 3.50E+12 [dn/dlog Dp]/km 3.00E+12 2.50E+12 2.00E+12 1.50E+12 1.00E+12 Scan 1 Scan 2 Scan 3 Scan 4 Scan 5 Scan 6 Scan 7 Scan 8 Scan 9 Scan 10 5.00E+11 0.00E+00 1 10 100 1000 Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm) 29
MT006-C2-200 (4 strokes) SMPS Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed: 40 km/h 4 consecutive scans 7.00E+11 6.00E+11 [dn/dlog Dp]/km 5.00E+11 4.00E+11 3.00E+11 Scan 1 Scan 2 Scan 3 Scan 4 2.00E+11 1.00E+11 0.00E+00 1 10 100 1000 Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm) 30
1.60E+14 MT002-M-50 (2 strokes- Dir. inj) SMPS Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed: 40 km/h Effect of Thermodenuder - 6 consecutive scans 1.40E+14 1.20E+14 [dn/dlog Dp]/km 1.00E+14 8.00E+13 6.00E+13 Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4 Series5 Series6 4.00E+13 2.00E+13 0.00E+00 1 10 100 1000 Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm) 31
Effect of Thermodenuder - MT002-M-50 (2 strokes - Injection) Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed: 40 km/h 9E+12 8E+12 [dn/dlog Dp]/km 7E+12 6E+12 5E+12 4E+12 3E+12 Without Thermodenuder Thermodenuder Switched Off Thermodenuder Switched On Dilution air 2E+12 1E+12 0 1 10 100 1000 Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm) 32
Conclusions: The engine technology has a huge effect on particulate emissions from mopeds Pre-Euro1 conventional 2-stroke engines emit high masses and numbers of particulate matter. There is some potential to reduce these levels using 2-stroke engines with direct injection and/or catalytic converters technologies. All 4 stroke engines, even the less modern ones, emit masses of particulate matter comparable to those observed for gasoline passenger cars On going works now focusing on: 1. Toxicity of PM (also for passenger cars), performing chemical analysis of the PM emissions 2. Limits of the instruments (Repeatability from test bench to test bench, Detection limits) 33