Particulate Emissions from Mopeds: Effect of Lubricant and Fuel G. Martini, P. Bonnel, A. Krasenbrink, G. De Santi Institute of Environment and Sustainability European Commission Joint Research Centre ISPRA (Italy) Vehicle Emissions Laboratory (VELA) - Institute for Environment and Sustainability 1
Main objectives: The main objective was to contribute to the discussion on the possibility of introducing new limits for particulate emissions from mopeds The experimental programme was designed in order to have an understanding of: physical properties of particulates emitted by mopeds the effect of engine technology on particulate emissions from mopeds the effect of the lubricating oil quality on particulates emissions the effect on pollutant emissions of a conversion kit to LPG for mopeds 2
Experimental programme details: Emission tests: Carried out at the JRC emission test facility Roller bench 48 suitable for testing small two wheelers Conventional CVS system + dilution tunnel Driving Cycle: ECE 47 Emissions were measured during both the cold part and the hot part of the cycle 3
ECE 47 Cycle 50 45 No Sampling Sampling 40 35 30 Speed (km/h) 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 121 269 436 560 681 829 Time (s) 4
Particulate Emissions Characterisation: Measurement of particulate total mass The legislative procedure prescribed for Diesel was used to measure particulate total mass In addition, a cyclone was used to avoid contaminating the sampling system and the analysers with very large droplets of lubricant Particulate physical properties: Number/size distribution (TSI SMPS) Mass/size distribution (LPI) 5
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Particulate physical properties: Number/size distribution (TSI SMPS) Constant speed (40 km/h) Mass/size distribution (Low Pressure Impactor) 11+1 stages Volume flow rate: 25 l/min Measuring range: 0.0085 mm-16 mm Constant speed (40 km/h) and ECE 47 cycle 7
Effect of Lubricant on Particulate Emissions Test lubricants Low quality lubricant (mineral, low content of additives) API TC specifications High quality lubricant (full synthetic, high content of additives) API TC, JASO FC and ISO-L-EGD specifications 8
Test Fleet MT001-M-50 Pre-Euro 1 moped Conventional two stroke engine; no after-treatment device MT002-M-50 Euro 1 moped Direct injection engine; no after-treatment device MT003-M-50 Euro 1 moped Conventional two stroke engine; oxidation catalyst MT004-M-50 Euro 1 moped equipped with a LPG conversion kit Conventional two stroke engine; oxidation catalyst 9
Effect of Lubricant on PM Emissions Total Mass 10
0.250 Effect of Lubricating Oil Quality on Moped Emissions ECE 47 Cycle - Particulates Emissions ECE 47 Cold Part (1-2-3-4) ECE 47 Hot Part (5-6-7-8) 0.200 Pre Euro 1 Moped Low Quality Lubricant High Quality Lubricant Factory Lubricant Total Mass (g/km) 0.150 0.100 Euro 1 Direct Inj. Euro 1 Oxycat 0.050 0.000 MT001-M-50 MT002-M-50 MT003-M-50 MT001-M-50 MT002-M-50 MT003-M-50 11
Effect of Lubricating Oil Quality on Moped Emissions ECE 47 Cycle (Whole Cycle) - Particulates Emissions 0.250 Pre-Euro 1 Moped Low Quality Lubricant High Quality Lubricant 0.200-24% Total Mass, (g/km) 0.150 0.100 0.050 Euro 1 Direct Inj. +17% Euro 1 Oxycat -38% 0.000 MT001-M-50 MT002-M-50 MT003-M-50 12
Effect of Lubricant Oil Quality on Moped Emissions ECE 47 Cycle (Hot Part) - Percentage Variations Change from Low Quality Oil to High Quality Oil HC CO 30% CO2 NOx 20% 19% PM Pre-Euro 1 Moped 12% 10% 0% -10% -2% -2% -1% -3% -4% -5% -6% -6% -9% 1% -20% -18% Euro 1 Direct Inj. -30% -27% Euro 1 Oxycat -40% -50% -52% -60% 13 MT001-M-50 MT002-M-50 MT003-M-50
Effect of Lubricant on PM Emissions Mass/Size Distribution 14
Particulate Emissions from Mopeds ECE 47 Cycle - Mass/Size Distribution (LPI 11 stages) 1.20E-01 1.00E-01 8.00E-02 Pre-Euro 1 Moped MT001-M-50 (Min) MT002-M-50 (Min) MT003-M-50 (Min) Diesel passenger car dm/dlogd (g/km) 6.00E-02 4.00E-02 Euro 1 - Oxycat 2.00E-02 Euro 1 - Direct Inj. 0.00E+00 10 100 1000 10000 100000 Aerodynamic Diameter (nm) 15
Effect of Lubricating Oil on Particulate Emissions ECE 47 Cycle - Particulate Mass/Size Distribution (LPI 11 stages) 1.20E-01 1.00E-01 Low Quality Lubricant High Quality Lubricant dm/dlogd (g/km) 8.00E-02 6.00E-02 4.00E-02 MT001-M-50 (Pre - Euro 1) 2.00E-02 0.00E+00 10 100 1000 10000 100000 Aerodynamic Diameter (nm) 16
Effect of Lubricating Oil on Particulate Emissions ECE 47 Cycle - Particulate Mass/Size Distribution (LPI 11 stages) 6.00E-03 5.00E-03 Low Quality Lubricant High Quality Lubricant dm/dlogd (g/km) 4.00E-03 3.00E-03 2.00E-03 MT002-M-50 (Euro 1 - Direct Inj.) 1.00E-03 0.00E+00 10 100 1000 10000 100000 Aerodynamic Diameter (nm) 17
Effect of Lubricating Oil on Particulate Emissions ECE 47 Cycle - Particulate Mass/Size Distribution (LPI 11 stages) 2.00E-02 1.80E-02 1.60E-02 1.40E-02 Low Quality Lubricant High Quality Lubricant dm/dlogd (g/km) 1.20E-02 1.00E-02 8.00E-03 MT003-M-50 (Euro 1 - Oxycat) 6.00E-03 4.00E-03 2.00E-03 0.00E+00 10 100 1000 10000 100000 Aerodynamic Diameter (nm) 18
0.250 Particulate Emissions from Mopeds Total Mass - Filter vs LPI 91% Low Quality Oil High Quality Oil 0.200 86% Total Mass, (g/km) 0.150 0.100 Filter LPI 0.050 98% 88% 95% 97% 0.000 MT001-M-50 MT002-M-50 MT003-M-50 MT001-M-50 MT002-M-50 MT003-M-50 19
Effect of Lubricant and Fuel on PM Emissions Number/Size Distribution 20
1.2E+14 Particulate Emissions from Mopeds Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed: 40 km/h Low Quality Oil 1E+14 8E+13 MT001-M-50 MT002-M-50 MT003-M-50 Pre-Euro 1 Moped [dn/dlog Dp]/km 6E+13 4E+13 Euro 1 Direct Inj. 2E+13 0 Euro 1 Oxycat 1 10 100 1000 Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm) 21
Effect Of Lubricating Oil on Particulate Emissions Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed: 40 km/h 1.2E+14 1E+14 8E+13 Low Quality Oil High Quality Oil [dn/dlog Dp]/km 6E+13 MT001-M-50 (Pre - Euro 1) 4E+13 2E+13 0 1 10 100 1000 Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm) 22
Effect Of Lubricating Oil on Particulate Emissions Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed: 40 km/h 3E+13 3E+13 [dn/dlog Dp]/km 2E+13 2E+13 1E+13 Low Quality Oil High Quality Oil MT002-M-50 (Euro 1 - Direct Inj.) 5E+12 0 1 10 100 1000 Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm) 23
Effect Of Lubricating Oil on Particulate Emissions Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed: 40 km/h 3.5E+13 3E+13 2.5E+13 Low Quality Oil High Quality Oil [dn/dlog Dp]/km 2E+13 1.5E+13 MT003-M-50 (Euro 1 - Oxycat) 1E+13 5E+12 0 1 10 100 1000 Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm) 24
Effect of Conversion to LPG on Emissions of Moped 25
350% 300% MT004-M-50 (Euro 1 - Oxicat - LPG) Effect of LPG on Emissions ECE 47 Cycle (Hot Part) - Percentage Variations 318% 250% 200% 150% 100% HC CO PM 50% 0% -50% -100% -43% -90% NOx From 0.010 to 0.043 g/km -49% -150% 26
Effect of LPG on Emissions ECE 47 Cycle - Particulate Emissions 0.180 0.160 0.140 Gasoline LPG Total Mass (g/km) 0.120 0.100 0.080 0.060 MT004-M-50 (Euro 1 - Oxicat - LPG) 0.040 0.020 0.000 Cold Part (1-2-3-4) Hot Part (5-6-7-8) 27
5.00E-02 Effect of LPG on Particulate Emissions ECE 47 Cycle (Whole Cycle) - Mass/Size Distribution (LPI 11 stages) 4.50E-02 4.00E-02 3.50E-02 Gasoline LPG dm/dlogd (g/km) 3.00E-02 2.50E-02 2.00E-02 1.50E-02 MT004-M-50 (Euro 1 - Oxicat - LPG) 1.00E-02 5.00E-03 0.00E+00 10 100 1000 10000 100000 Aerodynamic Diameter (nm) 28
Effect Of LPG on Particulate Emissions Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed: 40 km/h 4E+13 4E+13 3E+13 Gasoline LPG [dn/dlog Dp]/km 3E+13 2E+13 2E+13 MT004-M-50 (Euro 1 - Oxicat - LPG) 1E+13 5E+12 0 1 10 100 1000 Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm) 29
Conclusions: The engine technology has a huge effect on particulate emissions from mopeds The Euro 1 mopeds tested at the JRC showed particulate emission values (g/km) close to those of Euro 3 diesel vehicles The lubricant quality has a significant impact on particulate mass, particle number and size The effect of lubricant quality depends on the engine technology The moped equipped with the direct injection engine exhibited a different behaviour compared to conventional two stroke engines The LPG conversion kit tested proved to be an effective way to reduce particulate emissions from mopeds 30