Linde Hydrogen Vehicle Fueling Systems Robert Boyd - Hydrogen Solutions North America The Linde Group 15 August 2008 10/08/2008 1
The Linde Group profile Organisational structure The Linde Group Gases Division Engineering Division Other Activities Western Europe Americas Gist Cleaning Enterprises (FRED BUTLER ) Asia & Eastern Europe South Pacific & Africa Organisational structure of the new Linde Group. The Group consists of the Gases Division, the Engineering Division and Other Activities. Within the Gases Division, there are four operating segments: Western Europe, Americas, Asia & Eastern Europe and South Pacific & Africa. Other Activities comprises Gist, our logistics services business, and our subsidiary Cleaning Enterprises (environmentally friendly dry-cleaning under the brand name FRED BUTLER ). 10/08/2008 2
The Linde Group worldwide Global presence in about 100 countries The Linde Group No presence 10/08/2008 3
The Linde Group: Financial highlights The Linde Group (in million) Sales 1 Sales comparable 2 12,306 10,803 Operating profit 1,3 2,424 1,586 Operating profit comparable 2,3 2,424 2,053 EBIT before amortisation of fair value adjustments and non-recurring items Number of employees 1 2007 12,306 1,591 50,485 2006 8,113 989 51,038 Change 51.7% 13.9% 52.8% 18.1% 60.9% -1.1% 1 Continuing operations of The Linde Group: i.e. excluding KION and BOC Edwards Equipment. In 2006, other BOC companies included for four months from September 2006. 2 Prior year figures including twelve months of BOC. 3 EBITDA before non-recurring items including share of income from associates and joint ventures. 10/08/2008 4
Linde - Innovation Management Hydrogen Solutions Area s of Business Hydrogen Refuelling Stations Hydrogen Applications Related Hardware Market Intelligence Stationary Backup Power Test Rigs 60 50 40 30 20 10 Demand 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Relocatable Fork Lift Fork Lift Mobile LH2 Storage Market Custom Fit Development Mobile Customized Applications Supply Chain Intelligence 10/08/2008 5
Public fueling Station CEP Berlin 35MPa and LH2 dispensing Electrolysis & LH2Storage Linde Gas 10/08/2008 6
City of Taylor Michigan 100 kg per day, three shuttle buses, three fuel cell cars 10/08/2008 7
fuelh2 system at installation diaphragm compressor, composite storage, cascade fueling, 10/08/2008 8
Hydrogen Compressor Technologies Diaphragm Compressors Dry Runner Compressors Ionic Compressors Continuous operations Compress output from on-site generators Cascade fueling systems low flow rates mature technology High capacity direct fill to vehicle mature technology Fast fueling: up to 5 kg/3 minutes Continuous operation scaleable capacity direct fill to vehicle low operating costs available in Europe today, USA in 2010 10/08/2008 9
Different compressor duty cycles at a fueling station water volume (m3) 12 24 48 96 Nm3 at 50 bar (725psig) 600 1200 2400 4800 kg at 50 bar (725psig) 54 108 216 431 kg/hr kg/min g/sec A - Hydrogen supply from generator 6.9 0.12 2 B - Hydronge supply from storage 72 1.2 20 C - Hydrogen supply to vehicle 162 2.7 45 10/08/2008 10
70 MPa fueling technology Release Version A What is Release A? In collaboration between OEMs and Linde, a documentation / working paper was developed in 2007 to provide detailed requirements of the refuelling technology for 70 MPa H2 vehicles of the next generation Fueling Specification for 70 MPa Compressed Hydrogen Vehicles Release Version A http://nextenergy.org/industryservices/70mpa_specification_docs.asp This specification is the basis for the SAE J-2601 fuel dispensing standard for Hydrogen Refuelling Stations The latest draft of SAE J-2601 will have fueling speed tables that differentiate between 70 MPa stations A stations B Stations C Stations Hydrogen Precooling (temperature at the nozzle) -40-20 No precooling Station delivery rate to the vehicle ( draft information from SAE) 5 kg in 3 minutes 5 kg in 6 minutes 5 kg in 12 minutes (or longer) 10/08/2008 11
Why go to 700 bar? Density of liquid & compressed hydrogen Achieved by NASA with LH2 storage pressure below 1 bar Liquid hydrogen industrial transported at 2 to 4 bar pressure and on-board BMW fuel system Warm liquid hydrogen Industrial application at 8.5 bar storage pressure 80 70 7 Fluid Density (kg/m3 or grams/litre) 60 50 40 30 20 10 Liquid Hydrogen 160 bar (2400 psig) 350 bar ~5000 psig (35 MPa) 500 bar (50 MPa) 700 bar ~10,000 psig (70 MPa) Compressed Hydrogen 6 5 4 3 2 1 Fluid Density ( kg / 100 litre ) 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Liquid: kg/m 3 @ Deg K Deg K for Liquid - MPa for Vapour Vapour: kg/m 3 @ MPa 10/08/2008 12
the California Vision Hydrogen FCVs to achieve and maintain market dominance without policy supports beyond 2025, (i.e. by 2050 most new vehicles could be H2 powered FCVs. Deployment of ZeBus (FCBs) 2001-2011 Up to 15 2012-2014 Up to 200 2015-2017 15% of new buses A shared Vision from California Energy Commission Ca Air Resources Board Ca Fuel Cell Partnership South Coast AQMD US Department of Energy 10/08/2008 13
Linde 70 MPa technology Release Version A Public fueling station for up to 100 vehicles per day Dimension / Weight: Max. refuelling pressure: Delivery rate recharge: Delivery rate booster: Inlet pressure: Noise level: Energy efficiency: 30 / 14.5 ton 87.5 MPa 250 Nm 3 /hr 3.3 kg /minute 0,15 30 MPa 72 db(a) 2.56 KWh /kg (2,6 MPa) energy efficiency [kwh/nm3] 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 0,25 2,6 22,1 Inlet pressure [MPa] 10/08/2008 14
PNID und Aufbau Triple KTA compression system 35 and 75 MPa Portable or fixed versions, small fleets 10/08/2008 15
PNID und Aufbau Flow chart of Triple KTA PLC 10/08/2008 16
Comparison of refueling times for various options Base solution -First vehicle -Second vehicle -Third vehicle Base with ULCF -First vehicle -Second vehicle -Third vehicle 3 KTA`s with ULCF -First vehicle -Second vehicle -Third vehicle 12 min 14 min 22 min 6 min 14 min 22 min 6 min 10 min 15 min 3 KTA s without ULCF -First vehicle 12 min -Second vehicle 12 min -Third vehicle 15 min 10/08/2008 17
Existing Public fueling stations worldwide 10/08/2008 18
Linde Hydrogen refueling stations - Berlin Accessibility: Public and BVG premises Start of operation: 2004 Dispensing lines: H2 source: 1 x 35 MPa car 1 x 35 MPa bus 2 x LH2 1 x 70 MPa (by October 2008) LH2 storage tank On-site H2 reformer Refueling per day: 200 300 kg Clean Energy Partnership (CEP), Total station in Berlin, Germany 10/08/2008 19
Linde Hydrogen refueling stations Accessibility: Daimler premises Start of operation: 2003 Dispensing lines: H2 source: 1 x 35 MPa car 1 x 70 MPa car (fast fill) CGH2 storage tank Daimler hydrogen refueling station in Sindelfingen, Germany 10/08/2008 20
Public Refueling Station Frankfurt, Zero Regio Project 35 and 70MPa, LH2 dispensing 900 bar Pipeline & local LH2 Storage 10/08/2008 21
3.1 Existing Refueling stations worldwide 10/08/2008 22
3.1 Existing Refueling stations worldwide 10/08/2008 23
LA1 Backup Power Sector: Backup Power 10/08/2008 24
Slide 24 LA1 where is this??? --> somewhere in Germany, I think a P21 project Linde AG, 7/13/2008
Backup Power value proposition and market Back-up telecom power value proposition Competing technologies in use but majority use lead-acid batteries, diesel generators, or combination of both Investment into batteries in US wireless industry at 400 m $/a Industry is divided into equipment suppliers (Yuasa, Tyco, APC etc. ) and solution providers (mostly smaller with installation and maintenance) Recent natural disasters and 7/11 lead to new FCC ruling requiring 8hrs of back-up time vs. 2 hrs previously Energy Required (kwh) FC, diesel and batteries for back-up power 1000 100 10 1 0 Fuel Cells Batteries Diesel Generators 0 1 10 100 1000 Power (kw) Accessible market: 210.000 cell sites with > 500.000 backup power systems 10/08/2008 25
Comparison between fuel cell and batteries as telecom back-up power solution Fuel cell Battery Cost Initial cost of high but incremental cost of adding standby time low Battery kwh cost at $300 Weight Fuel cell backup systems much lighter 70kg cylinder H2 = 350kg of battery Maintenance & Reliability Less maintenance required (theoretically) Batteries requiring regular control and maintenance Disposal No toxic metals Lead-acid disposal Recharging Topping Up Recharged by replacing cylinders expensive and time consuming In emergency delivery of hydrogen Recharged back from grid but full recharge taking up to 24 hours In emergency need to support by additional generator 10/08/2008 26
Linde Signature Station Munich LH2, 35 and 70 MPa fueling 10/08/2008 27
More info is at... www.linde.com/hydrogen Driving value through innovation 10/08/2008 28