An Industry Perspective On Emerging Electricity Delivery Technologies

GE Global Research An Industry Perspective On Emerging Electricity Delivery Technologies Juan de Bedout

GE: A Broad Energy Footprint Sources Conversion Hydro Delivery Consumption ($B) Oil & Gas Users T&D Fossil Nuclear 2 /

What s Driving Our Power Systems R&D How to manage diversification of the energy mix, including more intermittent renewables and DG How to squeeze more performance out of the existing infrastructure, operating closer to constraints How to develop new products for our customers that transform their capabilities and cost effectiveness 3 /

A Balanced Technology Portfolio for The Grid Integration Commercialization Feasibility Discovery 4 /

Wind Integration Security > Grid fault tolerance and recovery Operability > Voltage regulation > Active power controls Low Voltage Ride-Thru Voltage Power 100 80 60 40 20 0 Active Power Freq. Droop 47 48 49 50 51 52 Frequency Planning > Assessment and planning tools Power Power P avail Pout Ramp Rate Time Grid Features Low Voltage Ride Thru Volt/VAR control Active Power Controls WindFREE Voltage Control Zero Voltage Ride Thru High Penetration Blackstart / Island Antiislanding 2003 2004 2005 2006 future Grid-Friendly Features 5 /

A Balanced Technology Portfolio for The Grid Integration MP&D Advanced capacitors Commercialization Feasibility Discovery 6 /

Advanced Caps and U-caps Technology Growth 100000 10000 MW, Power Supplies > Hz, Transmission Voltage, (V) 1000 100 10 1 Electrostatic Caps Electrolytic µf-mf UC cells MLCC nf-µf 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Temperature, (oc) kw, Motor Drives khz, Inverters >W, Computers <MHz, Electronics Goals: Energy Density Power Density Reliability Higher Temperature Smart Capacitor Systems Long Term Research Needs: Modeling of electrode physics for enhancement of Ultracapacitors Higher voltages Higher energy density 7 /

A Balanced Technology Portfolio for The Grid Demand Response Integration MP&D Advanced capacitors Commercialization Feasibility Discovery 8 /

Demand Response and Home Automation Homes become active participants in balancing generation and loads Energy star appliances Advanced lighting: CFLs, OLEDs Solar Photovoltaic Panels MW Original Load Demand-side Management 13,000 11,000 Ladera Range, CA Energy management 9,000 Coming: Plug-in-hybrid electric vehicles Utility 7,000 12 AM 12 PM 12 AM 12 PM 12 AM Hour of day Technologies Advanced Metering Infrastructure (2-way comm) DR signaling: DLC, TOU, CPP, RTP Home Energy Management Smart Lighting & Appliances Benefits Utility peak load management Reduced homeowner energy bills New capabilities and services, for both homeowners and utilities Long-Term research Needs Response characterization: how much do I get, how quickly do I get it, how long does it last Human factors: how do we properly incentivize people to change their behavior?

A Balanced Technology Portfolio for The Grid Demand Response Energy Storage Integration MP&D Advanced capacitors Commercialization Feasibility Discovery 10 /

Energy Storage Power System Applications Peak-shaving Arbitrage (buy low, sell high) firming VAR Support Regulation Spinning Reserve Power System Stabilizer Black Start Load ramp rate control Backup Power Requirements Fast response to loss of grid power Frequency regulation Voltage regulation Long-Term Research Challenges Cost-effective battery energy storage technologies Technologies with broad power / energy / dynamic response capabilities Power Level Residential/ Small Market PV firming System Operation ancillaries Commercial/Industrial Telecom backup Distribution Commercial/Industrial UPS Energy Capacity Transmission Substation demand management Wind firming Commercial/Industrial demand management Generation ES cost requirement $3X/kWh $2X/kWh $X/kWh 11 /

Energy Management A Balanced Technology Portfolio for The Grid Demand Response Energy Storage Integration DG Aggregation, Microgrids, Off-grid MP&D Advanced capacitors Commercialization Feasibility Discovery 12 /

Distributed Generation, Aggregation, MicroGrids Features P t Local energy resources used to service local loads Advanced local controls and protection provide robust stability and performance in low-inertia grids P Conventional Loads Energy storage provides firming and smoothing of intermittent generation and load t As Available Gen Advanced local controls leverage storage reactive power to enhance grid stability Controlling energy usage from dispatchable loads adds ability to better balance supply and demand P t P Controllable Loads Firm Gen t Optimal energy utilization is achieved through coordinated asset operation with Supervisory Controls Flexible controls allow both grid-connected and gridisolated operation Supervisory Control A well-conceived systems approach will allow higher penetrations of as-available power, while optimizing the economics. Main Grid P t Substation Energy Storage 13 /

Energy Management A Balanced Technology Portfolio for The Grid Demand Response Energy Storage Phasor Measurement Units Kemano Malin Table Mtn. Peace River Grand Coulee McNary John Day PG&E Moss Landing Diablo Canyon SCE LADWP SDG&E Midpoint Hoover Mohave Colstrip Jim Bridger Navajo San Juan ChollaFour Corners Wide Area Measurements & Controls IPP Palo Verde Transmission Paths 500kV Lines 345kV Lines 230kV Lines DC Lines Integration DG Aggregation, Microgrids, Off-grid MP&D Advanced capacitors Commercialization Feasibility Discovery 14 /

270 270 300 300 240 240 08/04/00 Event at 12:55 Pacific Time (08/04/00 at 19:55 GMT ) 08/04/00 Event at 12:55 Pacific Time (08/04/00 at 19:55 GMT ) 330 330 210 210 559.26 0 0 180 180 Angle Reference is Grand Coulee Angle Reference is Grand Coulee 559.26 0 0 30 30 150 150 60 60 90 90 120 120 Grand Coulee Grand Coulee John Day John Day Malin N Malin N Colstrip Colstrip Big Eddy 500 Big Eddy 500 Keeler 500 kv Keeler 500 kv Vincent Vincent Devers 500 kv Devers 500 kv Vincent 500kV Vincent 500kV Mohave 500kV Mohave 500kV Devers 500kV Devers 500kV Grand Coulee 500kV Grand Coulee 500kV Synchrophasors and Wide-Area Monitoring From Estimation To Measurement Current power system stressed due to increasing load demand with less investments in transmission sector Real-time control allows efficient operation of such stressed system and prevents wide scale cascading outages Conventionally OFF-LINE methods were used to ESTIMATE the state of the system and controlled Synchrophasors provide REAL-TIME system sate through MEASURE ment instead of estimating Snapshot of the system in real time for more efficient control δ 1 δ 2 δ 3 δ 4 Synchronized Phasors Power System PMU δ5 Wide-Area Observability GPS Clock Long-Term Research Challenges Fast simulation and modeling for on-line predictive contingency analysis highperformance computing, massively distributed & parallel computing High-order optimal control Data management and reduction Human factors visualization 15 /

Energy Management A Balanced Technology Portfolio for The Grid Demand Response Energy Storage Phasor Measurement Units Kemano Malin Table Mtn. Peace River Grand Coulee McNary John Day PG&E Moss Landing Diablo Canyon SCE LADWP SDG&E Midpoint Hoover Mohave Colstrip Jim Bridger Navajo San Juan ChollaFour Corners Wide Area Measurements & Controls IPP Palo Verde Transmission Paths 500kV Lines 345kV Lines 230kV Lines DC Lines Integration DG Aggregation, Microgrids, Off-grid MP&D Advanced capacitors Superconducting Apps Commercialization Feasibility Discovery 16 /

Large Utility-Scale HTS Generators DOE project examined commercial viability of HTS utility generators > 100 MVA Potential benefits: Higher efficiency (.2-.6%); Enhanced reactive power capacity; Lower synchronous reactance Findings: HTS Wire Technology High speed (50-60 Hz) generators need >~0.4% strain capability of HTS wire to help decrease high cost of supporting wire against centripetal forces Need a wire cost lower than $25/kA-m Need operating temperature closer to 77K at present currents & magnetic fields Refrigeration Technology Refrigeration cost is a significant barrier; raising operating temperatures to around 77K will help Conclusion: Costs are presently too high for generators <~ 500 MVA Long-Term Research Needs: Help make MgB2 or YBCO a successful commercial superconductor. Grid analysis of SC technologies: FCLs, low synchronous reactance generators, VAR generation to articulate the value to utilities 17 /

Other Potential SC Power Applications Electric grid: Motors/generators/hydro-generators SMES (superconducting magnetic energy storage) Magnetic bearings (e.g., for flywheels) Fault current limiters Transformers Underground power cables 18 /

Energy Management A Balanced Technology Portfolio for The Grid Demand Response Energy Storage Phasor Measurement Units Kemano Malin Table Mtn. Peace River Grand Coulee McNary John Day PG&E Moss Landing Diablo Canyon SCE LADWP SDG&E Midpoint Hoover Mohave Colstrip Jim Bridger Navajo San Juan ChollaFour Corners Wide Area Measurements & Controls IPP Palo Verde Transmission Paths 500kV Lines 345kV Lines 230kV Lines DC Lines Integration DG Aggregation, Microgrids, Off-grid High-Penetration MP&D Advanced capacitors Superconducting Apps Commercialization Feasibility Discovery 19 /

(from grid operator) (from grid operator) out reset out reset reset reset High-Penetration Beyond 10% Slow - Generation Firming Fast - Generation Smoothing V hs Voltage Regulation Mode V ref + Regulation - Mode deadband Selection V hs max V hs - V hs ref V error I hs [A B] + V Line Drop Compensation hs min High Side Voltage Limiter s1 K iv s K pv 1 + st v s2 + + anti-windup on Q max/min Q max = B ma + N*Qi max Q total Q min = B min + N*Qi min + - Q shunt from SCADA: N WTGs on-line Q wtg net N 1 N 1 - st r /2 1 + st r /2 Q i (to N WTGs) s3 Wind Advanced Forecasting PFA ref V hs + PFA c - PFAerr I hs [A B] PF Calculation with Line Drop Compensation K ppf + K ipf /s Power Factor Regulation Mode anti-windup on V hs max/min + + Q B up (MVAr) - Q B down (MVAr) - Q err1 Q err2 If Q err1 > 0 then out = Q err1 else reset integrator If Q err2 < 0 then out = Q err1 else reset integrator Y Advanced Power Controls 1 s 1 s X 1 s4 X 2 s5 If X 1 > MSC/R tol then disconnect L or connect C If X 2 < -MSC/R tol then disconnect C or connect L Switched L or C? Y Switched L or C? + + delay (for sim. model) switch Storage Advanced Generation Active Demand Participation Demand Dispatchable power generation output Wind or PV power generation output Need to Develop Technologies like Forecasting to Make Wind Dispatchable 20 /

High-Penetration Hawai i Study Wind Power Frequency State and utility Objectives Reduce dependence on foreign oil Identify paths to reduce COE Help achieve state RPS targets In an economically viable way Electricity Production by Type 21 /

Energy Management Demand Response Energy Storage Questions? Peace River Transmission Paths Kemano 500kV Lines 345kV Lines Phasor 230kV Lines Grand Coulee DC Lines Measurement McNary John Day Colstrip Units Malin Midpoint Jim Bridger Table Mtn. IPP PG&E Moss Landing Navajo San Juan Hoover SCE Diablo Canyon ChollaFour Corners Mohave LADWP Palo Verde SDG&E Wide Area Measurements & Controls Integration DG Aggregation, Microgrids, Off-grid High-Penetration MP&D Advanced capacitors Superconducting Apps Commercialization Feasibility Discovery 22 /