Analysis of unsustainable inequalities of CO2 emissions from countries and per capita

Renewables International, July 2014, www.renewablesinternational.net Analysis of unsustainable inequalities of CO2 emissions from countries and per capita Bernard CHABOT Renewable Energy Consultant and Trainer BCCONSULT, Garbejaire B107, 06560 VALBONE, France E-mail: bechabot@wanadoo.fr 1

Main Findings and Conclusions (1/2) CO2 emissions from fossil fuels in 2013 by group of countries (slide 6) shows the discrepancies between emissions from OECD and non OECD countries (40 % versus 60 %), the large relative parts of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa: 40 % of which 27 % from China), and in OECD countries the large part (1/3 rd ) from the three main economies: USA (17 %), European Union (EU: 11 %) and Japan (4 %). Common bilateral positions and proposals between major emitters such as [China + USA] (44 % of world CO2 emissions) and [USA + EU] (32 %) could help to define and to implement effective policies and measures to decrease CO2 emissions. Detailed CO2 emissions from countries shows the large share from a limited number of countries: ¾ of world CO2 emissions in 2013 are from only 9 countries (considering EU as one country, see slide 7), and ¾ in the EU from only 7 countries (slide 8). 80 % of world emissions are from only 12 countries, 90 % from only 27 countries and 95 % from only 41 countries (see table in slide 9). If EU countries are considered separately (see table in slide 25), 90 % of world CO2 emissions in 2012 were from only 33 countries representing 73 % of the world population. Those discrepancies are even more obvious for the shares of the 1100 Gt of cumulative emissions of CO2 from fossil fuels on 1965-2013 (slide 9): ¼ from USA, more than ½ form only 5 countries, and more than ¾ from only 20 countries. Forget average world CO2 emissions per capita : looking only to this average (5,35 tco2 per capita emitted from burning fossil fuels and cement production in 2012) hides the unsustainable discrepancies of this fundamental parameter between countries, not speaking of discrepancies within each country between emissions by their classes of inhabitants (rural versus urban, high income versus low income ). Near 80 % of world 2012 CO2 emissions are from countries with mean emissions per capita higher than the world average of 5.35 tco2/capita (slide 12), and 40 % of world population emit more than this average (slide 13). Those large discrepancies between emissions per capita in the different countries require a detailed analysis base both on actual data and case studies and on a model which is proposed here (see next slide). 2

Main Findings and Conclusions (2/2) 22 case studies based on 2012 CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and cement production from group of countries are presented: 11 for the most CO2 emitting per capita group of countries (slide 14) and 11 for the less CO2 emitting per capita group of countries (slide 15) 4 countries (case study 2 on slide 14) with only 10.8 Million inhabitants and emitting more than 33 tco2/capita emitted more than 1.2 % of the world CO2 in 2012: 405 MtCO2, more than from the less emitting 1.2 billion inhabitants. 14 countries or territories (case study 4 on slide 14) with 5.67 % of world population (393 M people) and emitting more than 19.3 tco2/capita emitted more than 20 % of the world CO2 in 2012 (6.8 btco2, more than the aggregated CO2 emissions from the less emitting 4 billion inhabitants on our planet) More than 1.5 billion people (22 % of world population, case study N 15 in table 15) emitting less than 1.63 tco2/year (or less than 31 % of the world average of 5.35 tco2/capita in 2012) emitted only 2 % of the world CO2 (661 Mt), less than the 731 MtCO2 emitted by the 81.5 million inhabitants of Germany. Near 100 million people in four countries or territories (1.43 % of world population, case study N 22 in table 15) and emitting less than 43 kgco2/capita in 2012 or less than 0.8 % of the world 2012 average of 5350 kgco2/capita) emitted only 4.1 MtCO2 in 2012, less than the 4.21 MtCO2 emitted by the.256 thousand inhabitants of the New Caledonia territory. The best model to describe those discrepancies in CO2 emissions per capita versus the cumulated number of inhabitants is a logarithmic one (slides 17 and 18). The related curve of the cumulative % of world CO2 emissions versus the cumulative % of inhabitants describes fits very well with actual data and case studies (slides 19 to 22). Comparison of this curve with a fair perfect theoretical distribution model of emissions (slide 23) shows clearly how unsustainable is the present distribution of CO2 emissions per capita, and puts in evidence the required dramatic decrease in CO2 emissions per capita to change this situation by deciding and implementing fair and efficient energy and climate change policies and measures. 3

Introduction and Content Analysis based mainly on data from the «BP Statistical Review 2014» (http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html), from the «Global Carbon Budget 2013» (http://www.globalcarbonproject.org) and from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center CDIAC (http://cdiac.ornl.gov/), and for the number of inhabitants from the US-EIA data for 2010 (http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm) Refer to preceding analysis and conclusions on CO2 emissions from primary energy consumption and from electricity production: «King Coal Demystified: Its Too Large Share In Primary Energy Consumption (PEC) And Its Huge Responsibility In CO2 Emissions», on line July 15, and downloadable as PDF at: http://www.renewablesinternational.net/demystifying-kingcoal/150/537/80319/ Analysis of the Global Electricity Production up to 2013 With a Focus On the Contribution From Renewables, on line July 14, and downloadable as PDF at: www.renewablesinternational.net/world-electricity-production-in-2013/150/537/80167/ The three Elephants in the Room : Coal, Oil and Gas in the Primary Energy Consumption (PEC) and their CO2 Emissions up to 2013, on line on July 9, 2014 and downloadable as PDF at: www.renewablesinternational.net/global-emissions-from-coal-oiland-gas/150/537/80166/ CONTENT: CO2 emissions by countries: Slides N 4-9 CO2 Emissions per capita: Slides N 10-14 A proposed model for C02 emissions per capita: Slides N 15-22 ANNEX : Detailed data on CO2 emissions : Slides 23-26 4

World CO2 Emissions By Countries and Group of Countries in 2013 and on 1965-2013 5

USA + China: 15456 Mt; 44 % 6

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Source of data: BP Statistical Review 2014 Total North Am erica 7 047 20,1% Total S. & Cent. America 1 428 4,1% Total Europe & Eurasia 6 962 19,8% Total Middle East 2 119 6,0% Total Africa 1 164 3,3% Total Asia Pacific 16 374 46,7% Total World 35 094 100,0% of w hich: OECD 13 940 39,7% Non-OECD 21 154 60,3% European Union 3 914 11,2% Former Soviet Union 2 576 7,3% ROW 1 260 3,6% 100,0% 1 China 9 524 27,1% 27,1% 2 US 5 931 16,9% 44,0% 3 European Union 3 914 11,2% 55,2% 4 India 1 931 5,50% 60,7% 5 Russian Federation 1 714 4,88% 65,6% 6 Japan 1 397 3,98% 69,6% 7 South Korea 768,1 2,19% 71,7% 8 Saudi Arabia 632,0 1,80% 73,6% 9 Iran 630,6 1,80% 75,3% 10 Canada 616,7 1,76% 77,1% 11 Brazil 541,1 1,54% 78,6% 12 Indonesia 523,3 1,49% 80,1% 14 Mexico 499,4 1,42% 81,6% 15 South Africa 441,1 1,26% 82,8% 18 Australia 360,1 1,03% 83,8% 20 Taiw an 330,0 0,94% 84,8% 21 Turkey 328,8 0,94% 85,7% 22 Thailand 328,4 0,94% 86,7% 23 Ukraine 301,1 0,86% 87,5% 24 United Arab Emirates 253,7 0,72% 88,2% 25 Malaysia 234,7 0,67% 88,9% 26 Singapore 224,6 0,64% 89,5% 27 Egypt 224,0 0,64% 90,2% 28 Kazakhstan 209,5 0,60% 90,8% 29 Argentina 194,5 0,55% 91,3% 30 Venezuela 176,6 0,50% 91,8% 31 Pakistan 166,4 0,47% 92,3% 32 Vietnam 137,1 0,39% 92,7% 33 Algeria 121,9 0,35% 93,1% 34 Uzbekistan 110,5 0,31% 93,4% 35 Kuw ait 104,5 0,30% 93,7% 36 Chile 92,2 0,26% 93,9% 37 China Hong Kong SAR 90,8 0,26% 94,2% 38 Philippines 90,8 0,26% 94,4% 39 Colombia 82,2 0,23% 94,7% 40 Qatar 80,7 0,23% 94,9% 41 Israel 76,1 0,22% 95,1% 42 Bangladesh 67,9 0,19% 95,3% 43 Turkmenistan 66,4 0,19% 95,5% 44 Belarus 65,6 0,19% 95,7% 45 Trinidad & Tobago 53,0 0,15% 95,8% 46 Peru 47,9 0,14% 96,0% 47 Sw itzerland 44,3 0,13% 96,1% 48 New Zealand 37,1 0,11% 96,2% 49 Ecuador 36,8 0,10% 96,3% 50 Azerbaijan 32,3 0,09% 96,4% 9

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CO2 Emissions Per Capita From Burning Fossil Fuels And From Cement Production in 2012 11

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World 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 N Country/territ. : 208 100 % population, emit: 100,00 % world CO2 Million people: 6 930 Sum MtCO2/y: 33 398 Emit average: 5,35 tco2/cap.year N Country/territ. : 1 0,03 % pop, emit more than: 0,27 % world CO2 Million people: 1,85 Sum MtCO2/y: 90,36 Emit > to: 48,9 tco2/cap.year N Country/territ. : 4 0,16 % pop, emit more than: 1,21 % world CO2 Million people: 10,8 Cum CO2/an: 405,16 Emit > to: 33,2 tco2/cap.year N Country/territ. : 11 0,61 % pop, emit more than: 3,06 % world CO2 Million people: 42,4 Cum CO2/an: 1 022 Emit > to: 19,3 tco2/cap.year N Country/territ. : 14 5,67 % pop, emit more than: 20,37 % world CO2 Million people: 393,1 Cum CO2/an: 6 802 Emit > to: 16,4 tco2/cap.year N Country/territ. : 21 8,24 % pop, emit more than: 27,35 % world CO2 Million people: 571,3 Cum CO2/an: 9 134 Emit > to: 12,6 tco2/cap.year N Country/territ. : 26 9,35 % pop, emit more than: 30,14 % world CO2 Million people: 648,1 Cum CO2/an: 10 066 Emit > to: 11,3 tco2/cap.year N Country/territ. : 34 11,84 % pop, emit more than: 35,28 % world CO2 Million people: 820,7 Cum CO2/an: 11 784 Emit > to: 9,84 tco2/cap.year N Country/territ. : 38 13,95 % pop, emit more than: 39,29 % world CO2 Million people: 966,9 Cum CO2/an: 13 123 Emit > to: 8,98 tco2/cap.year N Country/territ. : 41 14,56 % pop, emit more than: 40,31 % world CO2 Million people: 1 009 Cum CO2/an: 13 464 Emit > to: 8,00 tco2/cap.year N Country/territ. : 53 37,14 % pop, emit more than: 74,30 % world CO2 Million people: 2 574 Cum CO2/an: 24 814 Emit > to: 7,20 tco2/cap.year N Country/territ. : 81 41,82 % pop, emit more than: 80,04 % world CO2 Million people: 2 898 Cum CO2/an: 26 731 Emit > to: 4,84 tco2/cap.year Example: case N 4: 14 countries or territories with 5.67 % of world population (393 M people) and emitting more than 19.3 tco2/capita emitted more than 20 % of world CO2 in 2012 (6.8 btco2, more than from the less emitting 58 % of people) 14

World 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 N Country/territ. : 208 100 % population, emit: 100,00 % world CO2 Source of data: CDIAC, EIA Million people: 6 930 Sum MtCO2/y: 33 398 Emit average: 5,35 tco2/cap.year BCCONSULT, July 2014 N Country/territ. : 101 50,77% of people emit less than: 13,7% % world CO2 Less CO2/year than: Million people: 3 519 Cum. Mt/an: 4 581 Emit < to: 2,62 tco2/cap.year USA (311.6 M people) N Country/territ. : 84 42,03% of people emit less than: 9,8% % world CO2 Less CO2/year than: Million people: 2 913 Cum. Mt/an: 3 257 Emit < to: 1,88 tco2/cap.year European Union (510 M people) N Country/territ. : 82 24,73% of people emit less than: 3,0% % world CO2 Less CO2/year than: Million people: 1 714 Cum. Mt/an: 998,8 Emit < to: 1,81 tco2/cap.year Japan (127.5 M people) N Country/territ. : 76 21,97% of people emit less than: 2,0% % world CO2 Less CO2/year than: Million people: 1 523 Cum. Mt/an: 661,1 Emit < to: 1,63 tco2/cap.year Germany (81.47 M people) N Country/territ. : 59 16,71% of people emit less than: 0,99% % world CO2 Less CO2/year than: Million people: 1 158 Cum. Mt/an: 331,6 Emit < to: 0,813 tco2/cap.year France (65.3 M people) N Country/territ. : 42 15,42% of people emit less than: 0,82% % world CO2 Less CO2/year than: Million people: 1 069 Cum. Mt/an: 272,6 Emit < to: 0,489 tco2/cap.year Spain (46.75 M people) N Country/territ. : 32 9,05% of people emit less than: 0,26% % world CO2 Less CO2/year than: Million people: 626,9 Cum. Mt/an: 85,57 Emit < to: 0,305 tco2/cap.year Qatar (1.85 M people) N Country/territ. : 19 5,79% of people emit less than: 0,10% % world CO2 Less CO2/year than: Million people: 401,1 Cum. Mt/an: 32,63 Emit < to: 0,138 tco2/cap.year Ireland (4.67 M people) N Country/territ. : 13 4,09% of people emit less than: 0,05% % world CO2 Less CO2/year than: Million people: 283,5 Cum. Mt/an: 18,05 Emit < to: 0,096 tco2/cap.year Estonia (1.28 M people) N Country/territ. : 9 3,24% of people emit less than: 0,04% % world CO2 Less CO2/year than: Million people: 224,5 Cum. Mt/an: 12,76 Emit < to: 0,076 tco2/cap.year Singapore (5.247 M people) N Country/territ. : 4 1,43% of people emit less than: 0,012% % world CO2 Less CO2/year than: Million people: 98,9 Cum. Mt/an: 4,09 Emit < to: 0,043 tco2/cap.year New Caldonia (0.256 M people) Example 1: Case N 15: more than 1.5 billion people (22 % of world population) emitting less than 1.63 tco2/year (or less than 31 % of the world average of 5.35 tco2/capita in 2012) emitted only 2 % of the world CO2 (661 Mt), less than the 731 MtCO2 emitted by the 81.5 million inhabitants of Germany. Example 2: Case N 22: near 100 million people in four countries or territories (1.43 % of world population) and emitting less than 43 kgco2/capita in 2012 or less than 0.8 % of the world 2012 average of 5350 kgco2/capita) emitted only 4.1 MtCO2 in 2012, less than the 4.21 MtCO2 emitted by the 0.256 million inhabitants of the New Caledonia territory. 15

A proposed model for the analysis of CO2 emissions per capita and their cumulated values 16

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The proposed logarithmic model for the per capita emissions versus the cumulated % of population 18

The resulting model for the % of world C02 emissions versus the cumulated % of population 19

The model fits well with the actual distribution of % of world C02 emissions vs cumulated % of population Blue diamonds : 16 cases of emissions of group of countries 20

The model fits well with the actual distribution of % of world C02 emissions vs cumulated % of population 21

The model fits well with the actual distribution of % of world C02 emissions vs cumulated % of population 22

The resulting model for the % of world C02 emissions versus the cumulated % of population and its comparison with a fair and perfect theoretical distribution model of emissions 23

ANNEX: Detailed Data for CO2 Emissions From Burning Fossil Fuels And From Cement Production in 2012 24

2012 ranking of CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and cement production Source of data: CDIAC, EIA Rank Country MtCO2 2012 tco2/c.y N people % MtCO2 Cum. % CO2 % people Cum % p. 1 China 9 620,67 7,20 1 336,718 28,81% 28,8% 19,29% 19,3% 2 USA 5 117,84 16,42 311,592 15,32% 44,1% 4,50% 23,8% 3 India 2 239,53 1,88 1 189,173 6,71% 50,8% 17,16% 40,9% 4 Russian Fed. 1 802,10 12,64 142,526 5,40% 56,2% 2,06% 43,0% 5 Japan 1 254,08 9,84 127,470 3,75% 60,0% 1,84% 44,8% 6 Germany 731,76 8,98 81,472 2,19% 62,2% 1,18% 46,0% 7 South Korea 610,71 12,49 48,900 1,83% 64,0% 0,71% 46,7% 8 Iran 602,72 7,74 77,891 1,80% 65,8% 1,12% 47,8% 9 Saudi Arabia 505,18 19,33 26,132 1,51% 67,3% 0,38% 48,2% 10 Canada 504,97 14,84 34,031 1,51% 68,8% 0,49% 48,7% 11 Indonesia 476,27 1,94 246,065 1,43% 70,3% 3,55% 52,3% 12 Mexico 476,11 4,19 113,724 1,43% 71,7% 1,64% 53,9% 13 United Kingdom 470,80 7,51 62,698 1,41% 73,1% 0,90% 54,8% 14 South Africa 460,72 9,40 49,004 1,38% 74,5% 0,71% 55,5% 15 Brazil 447,31 2,26 197,596 1,34% 75,8% 2,85% 58,4% 16 Italy 375,08 6,15 61,017 1,12% 76,9% 0,88% 59,2% 17 Australia 370,60 17,03 21,767 1,11% 78,0% 0,31% 59,6% 18 France 343,36 5,26 65,296 1,03% 79,1% 0,94% 60,5% 19 Ukraine 323,84 7,17 45,135 0,97% 80,0% 0,65% 61,2% 20 Thailand 322,59 4,84 66,720 0,97% 81,0% 0,96% 62,1% 21 Turkey 310,93 3,95 78,786 0,93% 81,9% 1,14% 63,3% 22 Poland 307,39 8,00 38,442 0,92% 82,9% 0,55% 63,8% 23 Kazakhstan 291,72 16,86 17,305 0,87% 83,7% 0,25% 64,1% 24 Spain 277,28 5,93 46,755 0,83% 84,6% 0,67% 64,7% 25 Taiwan 262,19 11,31 23,174 0,79% 85,4% 0,33% 65,1% 26 Malaysia 216,00 7,52 28,729 0,65% 86,0% 0,41% 65,5% 27 Egypt 214,89 2,62 82,080 0,64% 86,6% 1,18% 66,7% 28 Venezuela 207,38 7,50 27,636 0,62% 87,3% 0,40% 67,1% 29 Argentina 196,20 4,70 41,770 0,59% 87,9% 0,60% 67,7% 30 UAE 171,19 33,25 5,149 0,51% 88,4% 0,07% 67,7% 31 Netherlands 166,42 9,99 16,654 0,50% 88,9% 0,24% 68,0% 32 Viet Nam 163,50 1,81 90,549 0,49% 89,4% 1,31% 69,3% 33 Pakistan 161,41 0,86 187,343 0,48% 89,8% 2,70% 72,0% 34 Algeria 138,02 3,77 36,654 0,41% 90,2% 0,53% 72,5% 35 Iraq 122,12 4,02 30,400 0,37% 90,6% 0,44% 73,0% 36 Uzbekistan 110,09 3,91 28,129 0,33% 90,9% 0,41% 73,4% 37 Czech Republic 103,65 10,17 10,190 0,31% 91,3% 0,15% 73,5% 38 Belgium 99,11 9,50 10,431 0,30% 91,5% 0,15% 73,7% 39 Kuwait 96,58 37,21 2,596 0,29% 91,8% 0,04% 73,7% 40 Chile 90,79 5,37 16,915 0,27% 92,1% 0,24% 73,9% 41 Qatar 90,36 48,86 1,849 0,27% 92,4% 0,03% 74,0% 42 Philippines 86,56 0,85 101,834 0,26% 92,6% 1,47% 75,4% 43 Greece 81,67 7,59 10,760 0,24% 92,9% 0,16% 75,6% 44 Romania 81,38 3,72 21,905 0,24% 93,1% 0,32% 75,9% 45 Nigeria 81,15 0,49 165,823 0,24% 93,4% 2,39% 78,3% 46 Colombia 80,54 1,80 44,726 0,24% 93,6% 0,65% 79,0% 47 Israel 76,68 10,26 7,473 0,23% 93,8% 0,11% 79,1% 48 North Korea 75,13 3,09 24,300 0,22% 94,1% 0,35% 79,4% 49 Syria 65,57 2,91 22,518 0,20% 94,3% 0,32% 79,7% 50 Peru 65,24 2,23 29,249 0,20% 94,5% 0,42% 80,2% 2012 ranking of CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and cement production Source of data: CDIAC, EIA Rank Country MtCO2 2012 tco2/c.y N people % MtCO2 Cum. % CO2 % people Cum % p. 51 Bangladesh 64,88 0,41 158,571 0,19% 94,7% 2,29% 82,4% 52 Belarus 61,95 6,41 9,662 0,19% 94,8% 0,14% 82,6% 53 Libya 61,10 10,59 5,767 0,18% 95,0% 0,08% 82,7% 54 Austria 59,77 7,27 8,217 0,18% 95,2% 0,12% 82,8% 55 Oman 58,97 19,47 3,028 0,18% 95,4% 0,04% 82,8% 56 Norway 58,02 12,37 4,692 0,17% 95,6% 0,07% 82,9% 57 Turkmenistan 55,18 11,04 4,998 0,17% 95,7% 0,07% 83,0% 58 Portugal 52,64 4,89 10,760 0,16% 95,9% 0,16% 83,1% 59 Morocco 52,29 1,64 31,968 0,16% 96,0% 0,46% 83,6% 60 Azerbaijan 50,92 5,42 9,397 0,15% 96,2% 0,14% 83,7% 61 Serbia 47,84 6,54 7,311 0,14% 96,3% 0,11% 83,8% 62 Finland 47,83 9,10 5,259 0,14% 96,5% 0,08% 83,9% 63 Trinidad and Tobago 47,03 38,31 1,228 0,14% 96,6% 0,02% 83,9% 64 Hungary 46,44 4,66 9,976 0,14% 96,7% 0,14% 84,1% 65 Bulgaria 45,49 6,41 7,094 0,14% 96,9% 0,10% 84,2% 66 Sweden 44,82 4,93 9,089 0,13% 97,0% 0,13% 84,3% 67 Cuba 39,83 3,59 11,087 0,12% 97,1% 0,16% 84,5% 68 Hong Kong 38,41 5,39 7,123 0,12% 97,3% 0,10% 84,6% 69 Switzerland 37,98 4,84 7,850 0,11% 97,4% 0,11% 84,7% 70 Denmark 36,67 6,63 5,530 0,11% 97,5% 0,08% 84,8% 71 Ireland 36,24 7,76 4,671 0,11% 97,6% 0,07% 84,8% 72 Slovakia 35,50 6,48 5,477 0,11% 97,7% 0,08% 84,9% 73 Ecuador 34,86 2,32 15,007 0,10% 97,8% 0,22% 85,1% 74 Bosnia and Herzegovina 32,51 8,37 3,882 0,10% 97,9% 0,06% 85,2% 75 New Zealand 32,44 7,56 4,290 0,10% 98,0% 0,06% 85,2% 76 Angola 30,83 1,76 17,545 0,092% 98,1% 0,25% 85,5% 77 Tunisia 27,33 2,57 10,629 0,082% 98,2% 0,15% 85,6% 78 Bahrain 24,68 20,31 1,215 0,074% 98,2% 0,02% 85,7% 79 Yemen 23,59 0,98 24,133 0,071% 98,3% 0,35% 86,0% 80 Jordan 22,17 3,41 6,508 0,066% 98,4% 0,09% 86,1% 81 Dominican Rep. 22,07 2,22 9,957 0,066% 98,4% 0,14% 86,2% 82 Croatia 21,43 4,78 4,484 0,064% 98,5% 0,06% 86,3% 83 Lebanon 21,09 5,09 4,143 0,063% 98,6% 0,06% 86,4% 84 Estonia 19,23 14,99 1,283 0,058% 98,6% 0,02% 86,4% 85 Bolivia 18,42 1,82 10,119 0,055% 98,7% 0,15% 86,5% 86 Slovenia 15,75 7,87 2,000 0,047% 98,7% 0,03% 86,6% 87 Sudan 14,43 0,33 43,697 0,043% 98,8% 0,63% 87,2% 88 Sri Lanka 13,80 0,65 21,284 0,041% 98,8% 0,31% 87,5% 89 Lithuania 13,62 3,85 3,536 0,041% 98,9% 0,05% 87,6% 90 Singapore 13,15 2,51 5,247 0,039% 98,9% 0,08% 87,6% 91 Kenya 12,78 0,30 41,944 0,038% 98,9% 0,61% 88,2% 92 Mongolia 12,18 3,89 3,133 0,036% 99,0% 0,05% 88,3% 93 Guatemala 11,30 0,82 13,824 0,034% 99,0% 0,20% 88,5% 94 Macedonia (Rep.) 11,28 5,43 2,077 0,034% 99,0% 0,03% 88,5% 95 Luxembourg 11,02 21,89 0,503 0,033% 99,1% 0,01% 88,5% 96 Brunei Darussalam 10,04 24,98 0,402 0,030% 99,1% 0,01% 88,5% 97 Myanmar 9,83 0,20 48,000 0,029% 99,1% 0,69% 89,2% 98 Panama 9,76 2,82 3,460 0,029% 99,2% 0,05% 89,3% 99 Zimbabwe 9,76 0,81 12,084 0,029% 99,2% 0,17% 89,4% 100 Ghana 9,22 0,38 24,108 0,028% 99,2% 0,35% 89,8% 25

2012 ranking of CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and cement production Source of data: CDIAC, EIA Rank Country/Territory MtCO2 2012 tco2/c.y N people % MtCO2 Cum. % CO2 % people Cum % p. 101 Afghanistan 8,89 0,30 29,758 0,027% 99,2% 0,43% 90,2% 102 Honduras 8,22 1,01 8,144 0,025% 99,3% 0,12% 90,3% 103 Costa Rica 7,88 1,72 4,577 0,024% 99,3% 0,07% 90,4% 104 Latvia 7,85 3,56 2,205 0,024% 99,3% 0,03% 90,4% 105 Cyprus 7,71 6,89 1,120 0,023% 99,3% 0,02% 90,4% 106 Cameroon 7,43 0,38 19,711 0,022% 99,4% 0,28% 90,7% 107 Senegal 7,30 0,58 12,644 0,022% 99,4% 0,18% 90,9% 108 Jamaica 7,25 2,53 2,868 0,022% 99,4% 0,04% 91,0% 109 Tanzania 7,16 0,16 45,591 0,021% 99,4% 0,66% 91,6% 110 Uruguay 6,80 2,05 3,309 0,020% 99,4% 0,05% 91,7% 111 Ethiopia 6,70 0,08 88,589 0,020% 99,5% 1,28% 92,9% 112 Kyrgyzstan 6,54 1,20 5,451 0,020% 99,5% 0,08% 93,0% 113 Georgia 6,43 1,40 4,586 0,019% 99,5% 0,07% 93,1% 114 El Salvador 6,32 1,04 6,072 0,019% 99,5% 0,09% 93,2% 115 Côte d'ivoire 6,15 0,29 21,504 0,018% 99,5% 0,31% 93,5% 116 Botswana 5,37 2,60 2,065 0,016% 99,6% 0,03% 93,5% 117 Benin 5,33 0,57 9,325 0,016% 99,6% 0,13% 93,6% 118 Paraguay 5,14 0,80 6,459 0,015% 99,6% 0,09% 93,7% 119 Moldova 5,00 1,35 3,694 0,015% 99,6% 0,05% 93,8% 120 Equatorial Guinea 4,97 7,44 0,668 0,015% 99,6% 0,01% 93,8% 121 Netherlands Antilles 4,79 20,79 0,231 0,014% 99,6% 0,00% 93,8% 122 Nicaragua 4,60 0,81 5,666 0,014% 99,6% 0,08% 93,9% 123 Cambodia 4,54 0,31 14,702 0,014% 99,7% 0,21% 94,1% 124 Réunion 4,49 5,35 0,840 0,013% 99,7% 0,01% 94,1% 125 Armenia 4,40 1,48 2,968 0,013% 99,7% 0,04% 94,2% 126 Albania 4,31 1,44 2,995 0,013% 99,7% 0,04% 94,2% 127 Mauritius 4,22 3,24 1,304 0,013% 99,7% 0,02% 94,2% 128 New Caledonia 4,21 16,42 0,256 0,013% 99,7% 0,00% 94,2% 129 Nepal 4,05 0,14 29,392 0,012% 99,7% 0,42% 94,6% 130 Uganda 3,87 0,12 32,560 0,012% 99,7% 0,47% 95,1% 131 Papua New Guinea 3,43 0,55 6,188 0,010% 99,8% 0,09% 95,2% 132 Namibia 3,23 1,50 2,148 0,010% 99,8% 0,03% 95,2% 133 Dem. Rep. Congo 3,12 0,04 71,713 0,009% 99,8% 1,03% 96,3% 134 Mozambique 2,99 0,13 22,949 0,009% 99,8% 0,33% 96,6% 135 Tajikistan 2,92 0,38 7,627 0,009% 99,8% 0,11% 96,7% 136 Montenegro 2,67 4,03 0,662 0,008% 99,8% 0,01% 96,7% 137 Gabon 2,65 1,68 1,577 0,008% 99,8% 0,02% 96,7% 138 Malta 2,59 6,34 0,408 0,008% 99,8% 0,01% 96,7% 139 Palestine 2,58 0,61 4,226 0,008% 99,8% 0,06% 96,8% 140 Zambia 2,51 0,19 13,425 0,008% 99,8% 0,19% 97,0% 141 Bahamas 2,50 7,97 0,313 0,007% 99,8% 0,00% 97,0% 142 Suriname 2,42 4,37 0,553 0,007% 99,8% 0,01% 97,0% 143 Aruba 2,35 22,18 0,106 0,007% 99,9% 0,00% 97,0% 144 Martinique 2,31 5,65 0,409 0,007% 99,9% 0,01% 97,0% 145 Mauritania 2,26 0,69 3,282 0,007% 99,9% 0,05% 97,1% 146 Haiti 2,15 0,22 9,720 0,006% 99,9% 0,14% 97,2% 147 Congo 2,09 0,49 4,244 0,006% 99,9% 0,06% 97,3% 148 Madagascar 2,06 0,10 21,421 0,006% 99,9% 0,31% 97,6% 149 Iceland 1,98 6,36 0,311 0,006% 99,9% 0,00% 97,6% 150 Laos 1,98 0,31 6,477 0,006% 99,9% 0,09% 97,7% 2012 ranking of CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and cement production Source of data: CDIAC, EIA Rank Country/Territory MtCO2 2012 tco2/c.y N people % MtCO2 Cum. % CO2 % people Cum % p. 151 Guadeloupe 1,76 3,72 0,473 0,005% 99,9% 0,01% 97,7% 152 Guyana 1,72 2,32 0,745 0,005% 99,9% 0,01% 97,7% 153 Burkina Faso 1,71 0,10 16,751 0,005% 99,9% 0,24% 97,9% 154 Togo 1,60 0,24 6,772 0,005% 99,9% 0,10% 98,0% 155 Barbados 1,54 5,36 0,287 0,005% 99,9% 0,00% 98,0% 156 Niger 1,45 0,09 15,802 0,004% 99,9% 0,23% 98,3% 157 Fiji 1,41 1,59 0,883 0,004% 99,9% 0,01% 98,3% 158 Malawi 1,27 0,08 15,879 0,004% 99,9% 0,23% 98,5% 159 Guinea 1,25 0,12 10,601 0,004% 99,9% 0,15% 98,7% 160 Maldives 1,17 2,97 0,395 0,004% 99,9% 0,01% 98,7% 161 Macao 1,13 1,97 0,573 0,003% 99,9% 0,01% 98,7% 162 Swaziland 1,05 0,76 1,370 0,003% 99,95% 0,02% 98,7% 163 French Polynesia 0,97 3,55 0,272 0,003% 99,95% 0,00% 98,7% 164 Liberia 0,81 0,22 3,787 0,002% 99,96% 0,05% 98,8% 165 Seychelles 0,71 8,01 0,089 0,002% 99,96% 0,00% 98,8% 166 Faeroe Islands 0,71 14,43 0,049 0,002% 99,96% 0,00% 98,8% 167 French Guiana 0,71 3,00 0,236 0,002% 99,96% 0,00% 98,8% 168 Sierra Leone 0,71 0,13 5,364 0,002% 99,96% 0,08% 98,8% 169 Greenland 0,64 11,15 0,058 0,002% 99,97% 0,00% 98,8% 170 Mali 0,63 0,04 15,032 0,002% 99,97% 0,22% 99,1% 171 Somalia 0,62 0,06 9,926 0,002% 99,97% 0,14% 99,2% 172 Rwanda 0,60 0,05 11,370 0,002% 99,97% 0,16% 99,4% 173 Cayman Islands 0,60 11,65 0,051 0,002% 99,97% 0,00% 99,4% 174 Djibouti 0,55 0,72 0,757 0,002% 99,98% 0,01% 99,4% 175 Eritrea 0,52 0,09 5,939 0,002% 99,98% 0,09% 99,5% 176 Antigua and Barbuda 0,52 5,92 0,088 0,002% 99,98% 0,00% 99,5% 177 Bhutan 0,51 0,72 0,708 0,002% 99,98% 0,01% 99,5% 178 Bermuda 0,48 7,04 0,069 0,001% 99,98% 0,00% 99,5% 179 Gambia 0,48 0,27 1,798 0,001% 99,98% 0,03% 99,5% 180 Chad 0,48 0,04 10,759 0,001% 99,98% 0,16% 99,7% 181 Gibraltar 0,46 15,82 0,029 0,001% 99,99% 0,00% 99,7% 182 Belize 0,43 1,33 0,321 0,001% 99,99% 0,00% 99,7% 183 Saint Lucia 0,41 2,53 0,162 0,001% 99,99% 0,00% 99,7% 184 Cape Verde 0,36 0,70 0,516 0,001% 99,99% 0,01% 99,7% 185 Burundi 0,32 0,03 10,216 0,001% 99,99% 0,15% 99,8% 186 Central African Republic 0,27 0,05 4,950 0,001% 99,99% 0,07% 99,9% 187 Grenada 0,26 2,43 0,108 0,001% 99,99% 0,00% 99,9% 188 Saint Kitts and Nevis 0,25 5,02 0,050 0,001% 99,99% 0,00% 99,9% 189 Western Sahara 0,24 0,48 0,507 0,001% 99,99% 0,01% 99,9% 190 Guinea-Bissau 0,24 0,15 1,597 0,001% 99,99% 0,02% 99,9% 191 Solomon Islands 0,22 0,39 0,572 0,001% 99,99% 0,01% 99,9% 192 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0,21 2,04 0,104 0,001% 99,995% 0,00% 99,9% 193 Timor-Leste 0,20 0,18 1,115 0,001% 99,996% 0,02% 99,9% 194 Samoa 0,18 0,91 0,193 0,001% 99,996% 0,00% 100,0% 195 Tonga 0,17 1,63 0,106 0,001% 99,997% 0,00% 100,0% 196 Turks and Caicos Islands 0,16 3,65 0,045 0,0005% 99,997% 0,00% 100,0% 197 Comoros 0,14 0,20 0,722 0,0004% 99,998% 0,01% 100,0% 198 Dominica 0,14 1,88 0,073 0,0004% 99,998% 0,00% 100,0% 199 Vanuatu 0,13 0,51 0,251 0,0004% 99,998% 0,00% 100,0% 200 Sao Tome and Principe 0,10 0,56 0,180 0,0003% 99,999% 0,00% 100,0% 26

Rank Country or tco2 per territory capita TOTAL WORLD 5,35 1 Qatar 48,86 2 Trinidad and Tobago 38,31 3 Kuwait 37,21 4 UAE 33,25 5 Brunei Darussalam 24,98 6 Aruba 22,18 7 Luxembourg 21,89 8 Netherlands Antilles 20,79 9 Bahrain 20,31 10 Oman 19,47 11 Saudi Arabia 19,33 12 Australia 17,03 13 Kazakhstan 16,86 14 USA 16,42 15 New Caledonia 16,42 16 Gibraltar 15,82 17 Montserrat 15,19 18 Estonia 14,99 19 Canada 14,84 20 Faeroe Islands 14,43 21 Russian Fed. 12,64 22 South Korea 12,49 23 Norway 12,37 24 Saint Pierre and Miq. 11,99 25 Cayman Islands 11,65 26 Taiwan 11,31 27 Greenland 11,15 28 Turkmenistan 11,04 29 Libya 10,59 30 Israel 10,26 31 Czech Republic 10,17 32 Netherlands 9,99 33 Nauru 9,89 34 Japan 9,84 35 Belgium 9,50 36 South Africa 9,40 37 Finland 9,10 38 Germany 8,98 39 Bosnia & Herzegovina 8,37 40 Seychelles 8,01 tco2 per capita in 2012, data from CDIAC and EIA 41 Poland 8,00 42 Bahamas 7,97 43 Slovenia 7,87 44 Ireland 7,76 45 Iran 7,74 46 Greece 7,59 47 New Zealand 7,56 48 Malaysia 7,52 49 Ukraine 7,51 50 Venezuela 7,50 51 Equatorial Guinea 7,44 52 Austria 7,27 53 China 7,20 54 Ukraine 7,17 55 Bermuda 7,04 56 Cyprus 6,89 57 Cook Islands 6,84 58 Denmark 6,63 59 Serbia 6,54 60 Slovakia 6,48 61 Bulgaria 6,41 62 Belarus 6,41 63 Iceland 6,36 64 Malta 6,34 65 Italy 6,15 66 Spain 5,93 67 Antigua and Barbuda 5,92 68 Niue 5,72 69 Martinique 5,65 70 Macedonia (Rep.) 5,43 71 Azerbaijan 5,42 72 Hong Kong 5,39 73 Chile 5,37 74 Barbados 5,36 75 Réunion 5,35 76 France 5,26 77 Lebanon 5,09 78 Saint Kitts and Nevis 5,02 79 Sweden 4,93 80 Portugal 4,89 81 Switzerland 4,84 82 Thailand 4,84 83 Croatia 4,78 84 Argentina 4,70 85 Hungary 4,66 86 Suriname 4,37 87 Mexico 4,19 88 Montenegro 4,03 89 Iraq 4,02 90 Turkey 3,95 91 Uzbekistan 3,91 92 Mongolia 3,89 93 Lithuania 3,85 94 Algeria 3,77 95 Guadeloupe 3,72 96 Romania 3,72 97 Turks & Caicos Islands 3,65 98 Cuba 3,59 99 Latvia 3,56 100 French Polynesia 3,55 101 Jordan 3,41 102 Mauritius 3,24 103 North Korea 3,09 104 French Guiana 3,00 105 Maldives 2,97 106 Syria 2,91 107 Panama 2,82 108 Egypt 2,62 109 Botswana 2,60 110 Tunisia 2,57 111 Saint Lucia 2,53 112 Jamaica 2,53 113 Singapore 2,51 114 Grenada 2,43 115 Ecuador 2,32 116 Guyana 2,32 117 Brazil 2,26 118 Peru 2,23 119 Dominican Rep. 2,22 120 Uruguay 2,05 121 St Vincent & the Gren. 2,04 122 Macao 1,97 123 Indonesia 1,94 124 Dominica 1,88 125 India 1,88 126 Bolivia 1,82 127 Viet Nam 1,81 128 Colombia 1,80 129 Angola 1,76 130 Costa Rica 1,72 131 Gabon 1,68 132 Morocco 1,64 133 Tonga 1,63 134 Fiji 1,59 135 Namibia 1,50 136 Armenia 1,48 137 Saint Helena 1,45 138 Albania 1,44 139 Georgia 1,40 140 Moldova 1,35 141 Belize 1,33 142 Kyrgyzstan 1,20 143 El Salvador 1,04 144 Honduras 1,01 145 Yemen 0,98 146 Samoa 0,91 147 Pakistan 0,86 148 Philippines 0,85 149 Guatemala 0,82 150 Nicaragua 0,81 151 Zimbabwe 0,81 152 Paraguay 0,80 153 Swaziland 0,76 154 Djibouti 0,72 155 Bhutan 0,72 156 Cape Verde 0,70 157 Mauritania 0,69 158 Kiribati 0,68 159 Sri Lanka 0,65 160 Palestine 0,61 161 Senegal 0,58 162 Benin 0,57 163 Sao Tome & Principe 0,56 164 Papua New Guinea 0,55 165 Vanuatu 0,51 166 Congo 0,49 167 Nigeria 0,49 168 Western Sahara 0,48 169 Bangladesh 0,41 170 Solomon Islands 0,39 171 Tajikistan 0,38 172 Ghana 0,38 173 Cameroon 0,38 174 Sudan 0,33 175 Cambodia 0,31 176 Laos 0,31 177 Kenya 0,30 178 Afghanistan 0,30 179 Côte d'ivoire 0,29 180 Gambia 0,27 181 Togo 0,24 182 Haiti 0,22 183 Liberia 0,22 184 Myanmar 0,20 185 Comoros 0,20 186 Zambia 0,19 187 Timor-Leste 0,18 188 Tanzania 0,16 189 Guinea-Bissau 0,15 190 Nepal 0,14 191 Sierra Leone 0,13 192 Mozambique 0,13 193 Uganda 0,12 194 Guinea 0,12 195 Burkina Faso 0,10 196 Madagascar 0,10 197 Niger 0,09 198 Eritrea 0,09 199 Malawi 0,08 200 Ethiopia 0,08 201 Somalia 0,06 202 Central African Rep. 0,05 203 Rwanda 0,05 204 Chad 0,04 205 Dem. Rep. Congo 0,04 206 Mali 0,04 207 Burundi 0,03 208 Lesotho 0,01 27