Recent Development in Energy Efficiency Policy in the EU Paolo Bertoldi European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Energy and Transport 1
The 2020 EU Energy and Climate Targets In 2007 the EU adopted the following targets: A 20 % reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels; Raising the share of EU energy consumption produced from renewable resources to 20 %; An improvement in the EU s energy efficiency to achieve a 20 % savings on the EU primary energy consumption
The EU 20-20-20 policy: Where are we today? Greenhouse gas levels Renewables in energy mix Energy consumption -20% ca. -16.3% achieved -20% 100% +20% ca. +12.7% achieved??
The 2020 energy saving target 2020: 1483 Mtoe of primary energy consumption 4
ENERGY EFFICIENCY: a huge opportunity going unrealised Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2012
THE BENEFITS OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY Reduce EU s energy bill by about 200 bn annualy in 2020 Create up to 2 million new jobs by 2020 Boost R&D & markets for EU global leadership Competitiveness Security of supply Sustainability Reduce EU s energy dependence Reduce investments in energy infrastructures Improve the energy trade balance Reduce CO 2 emissions Limit environmental degradation
7
The 2030 energy and climate targets The new 2030 Framework on Climate and Energy was adopted by the European Commission on 22 January 2014 (proposal) and endorsed by the European Council on 24 October 2014. The Framework calls for: a mandatory 40% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared to 1990 levels a mandatory renewable energy share of at least 27% of energy consumption An energy saving target of 27% by 2030, this means the EU energy consumption would not exceeding 1307 Mtoe energy consumption in 2030. 8
The Energy Efficiency Directive The new Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) adopted in 2102 incorporates a more comprehensive framework of measures to promote efficiency in the transformation, distribution and consumption of energy, in order to achieve the EU s energy saving target of 20% in 2020. The requirement for MSs to submit a NEEAP every three years was retained in the EED, with the last round of NEEAPs submitted in April 2014. MSs have also to submit to the Commission Annual Reports on the progresses on energy efficiency
ENERGY EFFICIENCY DIRECTIVE Services Sectoral measures Households Public sector Energy supply Industry Indicative national EE targets New EED General measures promoting EE Monitoring & Reporting
The Energy Efficiency Directive Art 8: requirement for large companies that are not SMEs to carry out an energy audit by December 2015 and then every four years, or take part in an energy of environmental management systems (e.g. ISO 50001) Art 7: MSs shall introduce Energy Suppliers Obligations. In some countries EE projects could be implemented in the industrial sector and on motor systems. Art 18: on the promotion of Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) Other articles: smart meters and demand response 11
EU common policies The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD): MSs must establish and apply minimum energy performance requirements for all buildings, ensure the certification of buildings' energy performance. In addition, the Directive requires Member States to ensure that by 2021 all new buildings are so-called nearly zero-energy buildings. Energy Related Product regulations laying down energy efficiency requirements (MEPS) and putting energy performance information on labels. This applies for example to washing machines, refrigerators and electric motors. CO 2 performance standards for cars and vans; The roll-out of smart meters Increased financing for energy efficiency investments. 12
EU product efficiency policy Mandatory instruments: EU energy label Ecodesign requirements Voluntary instruments: Energy Star for office equipment EU ecolabel 13
Revision of Energy Labelling Continuing a European success story
Context Energy Union Framework and 'Energy efficiency first' principle. Energy label and ecodesign delivers: Almost half of the savings necessary to meet 20% 2020 energy efficiency target; 465 EUR savings per household per year in 2020. The label is used by 85% of European consumers. Review of the framework Directive 2013-2014. 15
Main review finding Label is "victim" of its own success Top classes are becoming or have already become overpopulated. Introduction of A+ to A+++ classes has given temporary respite but is no longer sustainable. A+ to A+++ classes are less effective in stimulating more efficient purchases. Consumers do not know that bottom classes are empty. 16
Overpopulation of top classes 17
Options 3 possible scenarios, none perfect: Retain the current A+++ classes; Add further plusses to the A+++ scale; Rescaling the label. Consumer studies show rescaling back to A to G label is most effective, long term solution. To limit cost and confusion, labels should not be updated too often. 18
Commission proposal to Council and EP of 15/7/2015 Clear process for rescaling thereby providing legal certainty to manufacturers and dealers Top two classes empty at the start; Label classes set in such a way that top two classes will fill up over 10 years; Bottom classes to be removed from the label if banned by ecodesign measure; Manufacturers to ship old and new label for 6 months before date of replacement; Dealers to change to new labels within 1 week after date of replacement. 19
2 nd main review finding Non-compliance means 10% less energy savings Weak enforcement by Member States; Market surveillance hampered by poor access to relevant documentation 20
Commission proposal to Council and EP of 15/7/2015 Product registration database: Simplify and speed up market surveillance, freeing up resources for enforcement; No additional requirements on suppliers (except to register already required information); Lower administrative burden for suppliers (no need to keep records for 5 years after products go off the market) and Member States (easy access to compliance information); More information for consumers; Easy access to labels for dealers; Better data for review of measures. 21
LOT 30: Market significance EU sales of electric motors within scope of proposed regulation Power range 750 W > 0.75 kw but 375 kw > 375 kw but 1000 kw Total Single-phase Poly-phase Single-phase Poly-phase Voltage Medium Voltage Thousands of units sold 67 000 7 300 6 379 8 100 10 3 88 792 EU sales of VSD within scope of proposed regulation Power range Thousands of units sold 750 W 1 130 > 0.75 kw but 375 kw 2 890 > 375 kw but 1000 kw 7 Total 4 027
Total Energy Consumption (2009) 1303 TWh
Environmental signifiance 1301 TWh 134 TWh
International situation IE3 IE3 / IE2 + VSD IE2 IE1 Under development China also applies requirements to MV and HV motors
International situation Standards IEC 60034-2-1:2007 Rotating electrical machines Part 2-1: Standard methods for determining losses and efficiency from tests (excluding machines for traction vehicles). IEC 60034-30-1:2014 Efficiency classes of line operated AC motors (IE code) pren 50598-1 Ecodesign for power drive systems, motor starters, power electronics & their driven applications Part 1: General requirements for setting energy efficiency standards for power driven equipment using the extended product approach (EPA), and semi analytic model (SAM). pren 50598-2 Ecodesign for power drive systems, motor starters, power electronics & their driven applications Part 2: Energy efficiency indicators for power drive systems and motor starters, are well placed in order to give support to any proposal regarding the minimum energy efficiency of variable speed drives. pren 50598-3 Ecodesign for power drive systems, motor starters, power electronics & their driven applications Part 3: Quantitative ecodesign approach through life cycle assessment including product category rules and the content of environmental declarations.
Overview of proposed measures Possible measures M1.Small single phase motors (120 W 750 W) - IE2 M2. Small three phase motors (120 W 750 W) - IE2 M3. Large low voltage motors (375 kw 1 000kW) - IE3 M4. Large medium voltage motors (375 kw 1 000kW) - IE3 M5. Removal of option to use an IE2 motor where a VSD is used M6. Explosion proof and brake motors in the scope of the Regulation Energy Savings [TWhpa 2030] Application 4.6 01/01/2018 9.9 01/01/2018 3.1 01/01/2018 1.1 2.7 01/01/2020 Standard to be developed 01/01/2020 Subject to review 0.9 01/01/2018 To be reevaluated in M7. Medium motors (750 W 375 kw) 6.7 - IE4 the future M8. VSDs - IE1 < 1 01/01/2018 M9. Mandatory information requirements Not Applicable 01/01/2018 22.3 TWh The savings attributed to measures on small motors have been minorated for taking into account that they might be integrated into already regulated ErP.
Overview of proposed measures Small single phase motors (120 W 750 W) IE2 4.6 TWh/year (2030) 01/01/2018 It is proposed to cover all motors, even if integrated into other energy related products in order to avoid loopholes and keep a coherent approach with all previous Ecodesign Regulations.
Overview of proposed measures Small three phase motors (120 W 750 W) IE2 9.9 TWh/year (2030) 01/01/2018 It is proposed to cover all motors, even if integrated into other energy related products in order to avoid loopholes and keep a coherent approach with all previous Ecodesign Regulations.
Overview of proposed measures Large low voltage motors (375 kw 1000 kw) IE3 3.1 TWh/year (2030) 01/01/2018 Applies to motors with a rated nominal voltage up to1000 V. Even if a relatively small numbers of motors between 375 kw and 1 000 kw are placed on the EEA market each year, their number of use hours and high rated power makes them an important energy consumer. Removing the least efficient motors from the market would have important impacts.
Overview of proposed measures Large medium voltage motors (375 kw 1000 kw) IE3 1.1 TWh/year (2030) 01/01/2020 Applies to motors with a rated nominal voltage above 1000 V and up to 6600 V. 1. Review in 2018 and asking for development of standard. 2. Requirements similar to CN-1 reviewed before application.
Overview of proposed measures Removal of option to use an IE2 motor where a VSD is used 2.7 TWh/year (2030) 01/01/2020 The combination of an IE3 motor with a VSD is more efficient than the combination of an IE2 motor with a VSD Simplification of the Regulation and of market surveillance activities. A VSD is not needed in all applications, a soft starter can be a better solution with fixed loads.
Overview of proposed measures Explosion proof and brake motors in the scope 0.9 TWh/year (2030) 01/01/2018 According to the preparatory study there is no technical or commercial reason why the exemption for explosion proof and brake motors would need to be maintained. In cases were the brake is an integral part of the motor, that cannot be separated for the purposes of testing, the motor would also not be covered by the Regulation.
Overview of proposed measures VSDs IE1 <1 TWh/year (2030) 01/01/2018 The VSD market is dominated by models with IE1 performance (as defined in pren 50598-2 standard) or above this level. The worst performing products would be removed from the market.
Overview of proposed measures Mandatory information requirements No direct savings 01/01/2018 The information requirements on Regulation 640/2009 would be extended to all motors in the scope of the Regulation.
Exemptions Motors with mechanical commutators (such as DC-motors): very low operating time limited by the lifetime of the commutators. Increased safety motors: technical features (such as increased air-gap, reduced starting current, enhanced sealing) that make it very difficult for them to achieve high-efficiency levels, nevertheless they are necessary in applications. Motors in cordless or battery operated equipment (off-grid applications): in cordless or battery operated equipment efficiency is, typically, a major concern at the design stage to extend battery use time. In addition, these motors have a low operating time. The current available standard does not cover these motors. Motors in hand-held equipment whose weight is supported by hand during operation: high efficiency motors typically employ more active materials, having as a result extra-weight of the motor. Hand-held equipment typically has a low number of operating hours per year. Motors completely integrated into a machine that cannot be practically tested separately: this means the motor must share common components with the driven unit and not be designed in such a way as to enable the motor to be separated from the driven unit as an entire motor that can operate independently of the driven unit.
Review of Regulation 640/2009 Regulation 640/2009 shall be reviewed no later than August 2016. The review shall include: Resource efficiency, re-use and recycling and the level of measurement uncertainty. Lot 30 preparatory study has covered motors and drives in the scope of Regulation 640/2009 and has found that the main environmental impact of the product occurs during its use-phase. The verification tolerances are in line with the uncertainty of the measurement stated in IEC 60034-1:2010. It is to be noted that the values correspond to a percentage of the losses (1 η) which is 15% for motors with a rated output equal or below 150 kw and 10% for bigger products. Re-evaluate these aspects together with other aspects included in the review clause of the Regulation (01/01/2020)
Measurement and calculations Standards are already available on in an advanced process of development as a result of mandates M470 and M476 issued in 2010. The standards to be used include: EN 60034-2-1:2007 Rotating electrical machines Part 2-1: Standard methods for determining losses and efficiency from tests (excluding machines for traction vehicles). IEC 60034-30-1:2014 Efficiency classes of line operated AC motors (IE code). pren 50598-2:2013 Ecodesign for power driven systems, motor starters, power electronics & their driven applications Part 2: Energy efficiency indicators for power drive systems and motor starters
Other EU Eco-design Regulations Water pumps Commission regulation (EU) No 547/2012 of 25 June 2012 implementing Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements for water pumps Industrial fans Commission Regulation (EU) N 327/2011 of 30 March 2011 implementing Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements for fans driven by motors with an electric input power between 125 W and 500 kw Future ecodesign Commission Regulation for Standard Air Compressors 39
Conclusions In order to meet the EU 2020 and 2030 efficiency targets policies and measures (implementation and enforcements of existing, plus additional policies) are needed in all sectors, including industry. EU product policies (Ecodesign) will deliver la largest part of the EU 2020 energy savings. Other important polices are: awareness raising programmes for energy users, energy audits and energy management systems (EED Art.8), financial incentives for investments in energy efficiency, energy suppliers obligations, and energy taxation. A special focus should be on SMEs. The EU has in place a good framework complemented by national policies, e.g. voluntary agreements. A market for energy efficiency should be further created. 40
Thank you for your attention Paolo.Bertoldi@ec.europa.eu http://iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/ 41