Electromobility in Iceland Jón Björn Skúlason Icelandic New Energy Project manager Græna Orkan (Ecoenergy) EvE Northern Collaboration Seminar Helsinki, May 2003 Salmon fishing in Reykjavik using an FCEV
Government of Iceland First policy measures towards renewable energy for transport in 1998 Evaluate the possibility of utilising hydrogen as transport fuel Iceland an international platform for hydrogen research Current position: Create the worlds first transport paradigm fully based on renewable (domestic) fuels Market decides The government provides a platform for all renewable fuels Electricity (BEV) Hydrogen (FCEV) Methane (bio-methane from landfills/garbage other agricultural waste) Bio-diesel Methanol/ethanol Icelandic New Energy
Government of Iceland (cont.) Actions since 2000~: Revocked all taxes on H 2 vehicles and later all ZEV Supported projects with financial support Was a founding member of the IPHE (International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy) Created a one of the first Roadmaps on H 2 Supported RD&D projects Changed the taxation policy of fossil fuel vehicles Based fully on CO 2 emission Founded a public/private partnership to have open dialogue Græna Orkan (Ecoenergy) Provided rebate on taxes for methane vehicles Provided rebate on VAT for plug-ins <50g/CO 2 /km To name some.. Icelandic New Energy Græna Orkan
Current action plan Adopted by parliament May 2012 Action Short description Responsible actors Milestone Status Incentive Incentive Refund of VAT from ZEV Refund of 2/3rds of VAT for plug-in vehicles < 50g/CO2/km Determine how long incentives Incentive will be in place for environmental fuels/vehicles Rebate on taxes for company Incentive provided vehicles if they are ecofriendly Ministry of Finance Ministry of Industry Ministry of Environment Ecoenergy Ministry of Finance Ministry of Industry Ministry of Environment Ecoenergy Ministry of Finance Ministry of Industry Ministry of Environment Ecoenergy Ministry of Finance Ecoenergy Should come into affect no later than 01.01.2012 Should come into affect no later than 01.01.2012 Policy in place at the end of 2011 Policy in place at the end of 2011 in place in process In affect from middle of 2012. ~ 10.000 refunded for each ZEV In affect from middle of 2012. ~ 7.500 refunded for each plug-in with <50g/CO2/km Approved that incentives should be in place until 10% of the total vehicle fleet is ecofriendly or at least to 2020 whatever comes later Has not been adopted. Minstry of Finance positive to put in place before during 2013
Current action plan (cont.) Action Short description Responsible actors Milestone Status Ministry of the Interior Has not been put into Revision of regulations regarding The Road Traffic Should be revised in 2011, effect. Current goal that Safety alterations of conventional Directorate specifically focusing of the work will be finalised vehicles to eco-friendly Automotive Association safety, inspections, etc. in 2013 of Iceland Ministry of the Interior The Road Traffic Work has already started Training of first reponders, fire Directorate Plan in place before end specifically regarding Safety brigade and polic - specifically Automotive Association 2012 BEV s. Overall training regarding accidents of Iceland still lacking. Police and fire brigade Revision of education for vehicle Education mechanics in relations to new environmentally friendly fuels Environmentally friendly driving as Education part of drivers licence Ministry of Education Ministry of Industry Automotive Association of Iceland Ministry of the Interior Ecoenergy Plan in place before end 2012 Plan in place before end 2012 Has not started Has not started
Current action plan (cont.) Energyshift Measurement of total usage of electricity in the future car fleet Ministry of the Industry The Road Traffic Directorate Energy Agency Ideology ready by end 2012 First steps taken. The goal is to be able to measure the contribution of electricity in transport (i.e. to understand the contribution of electricity as part of the total fuel consumption) Energyshift Energyshift Energyshift Energyshift Evaluate the cost of grid of fast charging stations Mixing renewable energy into fossil fuels (biodiesel, methanol, etc). National Renewable Energy Action Plan Iceland s prduction capacity of varios renewable fuels Ministry of the Industry Energy Agency Ministry of the Interior Ministry of Industry Ministry of the Industry Energy Agency Ministry of the Industry Energy Agency Finalised by end 2012 Finalised by end 2012 Finalised by end 2012 Finalised by end 2012 Has been delayed. Goal to finalise in 2013 Work is in full process and policy proposals will be made before end 2012 In final stages - should be finalised before end 2012 Work has been delayed. Project funding has been sought from EU-funds Energyshift Conduct an LCA for different renewable fuels Ministry of Environment Finalised by end 2013 Previous studies will be used and new ones Energyshift Reduce sulfhur in ship oil Ministry of Environment Finalised by end 2011 Postponed - will be evaluated later
Current action plan (cont.) Action Short description Responsible actors Milestone Status Policy actions Policy actions Policy actions Municipals Municipals New funds Innovation Environmental transport policy for government institutions Future collection of funds from transport Economic evaluation for building infrastructure for renewable fuels Revision of building codes - plugs outside new houses Environmental transport policy for municipalities New fund to support construction of infrastructure for renewable energy Joint public-private R&D center for renewable energy in transport Prime Minister Office End of 2012 All related parties End of 2014 Ministry of the Interior Ministry of Industry Ministry of Envrionment Municipalities Ministry of Envrionment Municipalities Ministry of Finance Ministry Industry Prime Ministers Office Ministry of Industry Innovation Center Iceland Ecoenergy End of 2012 End 2012 End 2012 End 2012 End 2012 Progress is slower than anticipated. Milestone will not be reached Work in slow progress - first discussions have taken place Work in slow progress - EU funds being sought Has not started Work in progress. Introduction has been done around Iceland in 2012 - actions missing The Ministries are evaluating where financing could come from. Milestone will not be reached Milestone has not been reached
Other government oriented activities The INTELECT project (Nordic project) Mapping incentives and creating market tools open calculators www.orkusetur.is/intelect NORA supported a report how to stimulate electromobility in the North Atlantic Recently published www.nora.fo reports Membership in IPHE Adoption of EU regulations and targets Like 2020 goals, etc.
Achievments 2000 - Unique knowledge regarding hydrogen as a fuel World first commecial H 2 filling station H 2 bus demonstration Europes largest fleet of H 2 vehicles 2009-2011 Commercial demonstration of H 2 in maritime operation BEV tested 1999 No BEV growth 2002-2012 End of 2012 6 BEV vehicles were registerd After VAT incentives grown to 22 250% growth continuity... Bio-methane drastic growth in the last years More than 3x mostly retrofitted vehicles Currently > 1.200 vehicles in operation
Our test vehicles so far - hydrogen Daimler Citaro Buses (4years) Ford Explorer Jeep Prius ICE for H2 Ford FC Focus 10 Daimler A class
150 km diameter No. of HRS Vision of initial infrastructure Sauðárkrókur Akureyri Borgarnes 1 1 Egilsstaðir 1 1 Reykjavík 1 existing HRS 3 1 Reykjanesbær 1 Selfoss Greater Reykjavík 199.682 Akureyri 17.295 Reykjanesbær 13.972 Borgarnes 1.828 Sauðárkrókur 2.640 Egilsstaðir 2.704 Selfoss 6.493 77% of total pop. 90% within circles
Battery vehicles added for comparison and increased learning THINK arrives in Iceland In early 2010 it was decided to add battery vehicles to the fleet. It is evident that FCEV and BEV will be a mixed solution in the future. It is therefore important to understand the pros and cons of the different technology. The public and industry have used the vehicles for testing
Replies Replies SMART-H 2 2007-2011 Key findings 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Expected range H 2 <100 km 1-200 km 2-300 km 3-400 km >500 km Real range 2005 model FCEV +200 km Range 7 Expected range battery vehicle 6 5 4 3 Real range 2010 model FCEV +500 km 2 1 0 0-100 km 1-200 km 2-300 km 3-400 km Expected range 2011 model BEV ~70-100 km
Number of replies SMART-H 2 2007-2011 Key findings Expected refuelling time 4 All replies regarding H 2 Same refuelling time as gasoline BEV from normal plug Real refuelling time H 2 : ~3-5 minutes BEV: ~ 7-10 hours 3 2 1 0 <1 hour 1 hour 2 hour 3 hour 4 hour 5 hour 6 hour 7 hour 8 hour Expected charging time
Being an early adopter of H 2 has created issues The filling infrastucture is already obsolete Can only refuel 350 bars Electrolyser is old needs refurbishment Other equipment wear and tear through out the years, simples solution is probably to build a new station from scratch funding Already valuable resources spent. Since there was not a continuation of buses and vehicles the many stakeholders are convinced the reason is that it was a failiure I told you so Top sentence from those who critisised the project in the beginning Politicians need stamina Not all project research are positive Shifting from new energy paradigm to another usually takes 40-50 years Everyone wants to choose a winner Electro-mobility with mixed system FCEV & BEV is not in
Status In seems that views are not always connected to project results The public and politicians often have a preset view on technologies same applies to media Information and education is lacking The last 15 years have been affected heavily by hypes Funded in part by
Hypes H 2 BEV Hopeful development current Hypes are controlled by partly by: media politicians public It is important to work together both technologies have their pros & cons and both are likely to be an important part of the future
Current status The battery hype has peaked After removing all taxes in Iceland mid last year ~ 20 cars have been sold Media was very supportive of BEV s but is now also discusing negative issues Decision makers are kind-off confused what now no winner? The public is confused When? Why? Hopefully the electro-mobility circle is complete and now players can work together public-private partnership How should limited resources be used for infrastructure build up?
Neccessary steps for progress Infrastructure Lacking for all fuel types Government incentives needed? Public/private partnership Governments and municipalities Put your money where your mouth is Only the City of Reykjavik really purchasing environmentally friendly vehicles 100 methane vehicles and 5 battery Funding lacking in general RD&D funding is lacking
Iceland is a unique setting Cooperation can achive many thing Over 7.000 people have visited the H 2 project in Iceland over the last 8 years >550 media visits With joint public/privat partnership it should not be difficult to have 20% of the transport fuels by 2020 coming from domestic renewable energy
THANK YOU High level US guests at INE FCEV plug in Dream car of the Nordic countries? Salomon fishing in Reykjavik using an FCEV