Combined Input Voltage and Slip Control of low power Wind-Driven Woundotor Induction Generators M. Munawaar Shees a, FarhadIlahi Bakhsh b a Singhania University, ajasthan, India b Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India Email: a munawwarshees@rediffmail.com, b farhad.engg@gmail.com M. S. Jamil Asghar c c Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India Email: c sjasghar@gmail.com, Abstract- To optimize the performance of WIG based wind power generation various techniques have been employed. Input voltage control has been used for improvement of power factor in grid-connected induction generators. However, this method reduces the efficiency drastically due to high output current. Also the control range is limited. In the present paper, a simulation of combined input voltage control and slip control has been proposed for maximizing the efficiency. A digital simulation model of the proposed scheme and its control system models are developed with MATLAB and a series of studies on power flow from induction generator to power system or grid are carried out with this model. The response characteristics of power flow under various wind conditions are discussed. For each operating point an optimum voltage and slip control by rotor resistance is applied such that the efficiency is maximized. Both power factor and efficiency are improved for a wide range of speed. Also the reactive power demand remains nearly constant throughout the range of operation. This scheme is useful for low power wind energy conversion system (WECS) where wind speed varies over wide range as well as abruptly. Moreover, the proposed controller is simple and cheap. Keywords AC regulator, Induction generator, Voltage control, Wind energy conversion system (WECS), MATLAB. 1. INTODUCTION Wind power is one among the leading renewable energy sources (ES), which can overcome the concern of energy shortage in future. With the priority status accorded to it in many countries, the share of wind power in relation to overall installed capacity has increased significantly and in some countries, the share of wind in relation to the overall installed capacity is already approaching the 50% mark [1]. It is predicted that by 2020 up to 12% of the world s electricity would be supplied from wind power [2]. The induction generators are being widely used as energy converters in wind energy conversion system (WECS). The grid connected induction generators are preferred over synchronous generators due to their low unit cost, ruggedness and less maintenance requirements [3]. The ac line regulates the frequency and output voltage of the induction generator, eliminating the need for expensive and complex electronic conversion equipment. Moreover, the operating speed of the induction generator is selfadjustable according to the variation in the input torque. This also reduces the wear and tear on the gearbox. 10
AC voltage controllers are widely used for soft starting, speed control and performance improvement of induction machine [4]. At light load conditions, the reduction in input voltage leads to reduction in magnetizing current and hence there is an improvement in power-factor as well as efficiency. Normally, the gearbox of a wind turbine has single gear ratio between the rotation of the rotor and the induction generator. Therefore, either the control has to be applied on the generator itself or by pitching the rotor blades out marginally or fully as required. However, an electrical control is preferable and the easy option left especially at low wind speeds. However, the main demerit of this system is its very low power factor. Moreover, the efficiency at low wind speeds becomes very poor. At low wind speeds the energy content available to be harvested is low; a low efficiency power generation would lead to a drastic reduction in the output power. Moreover, the power factor becomes poor and the reactive power demand varies widely with the wind speed. The use of an ac voltage controller has been suggested earlier for this purpose to improve the power factor but the efficiency dropped drastically. An ac regulator for soft switching is also necessary to reduce the extra wear on the gearbox at the time of cut-in of the generator.ecently the performance of wound-rotor induction motor has been greatly enhanced by combination of input voltage control and rotor resistance control simultaneously [5-7]. In the proposed work this technique is extended for induction generators to improve both efficiency and power factor, over a wide range of speed. 2. CONVENTIONAL OTO ESISTANCE CONTOL In conventional rotor resistance control the speed of the induction generator is controlled by changing the external resistance in the rotor circuit. This method enables fast response, since power electronics converters are used to vary external resistance. The drawback of this type of control is the substantial losses in the external resistor at high speed [8]. This reduces the overall system efficiency. Fig. 2 shows the rotor resistance control scheme for induction generator. The drawback of rotor resistance control can be removed by feeding the rotor power back into grid. The use of a slip-power recovery induction generator is also called the static Kramer drive. However, the power flow can only occur from the rotor to the grid, due to the use of the diode bridge rectifier on the rotor side. The torque-speed characteristic of a wound rotor induction generator (WIG) with rotor resistance control is shown in Figure 3. The different operating points under different wind speeds are indicated by small bubbles. 3. POPOSED SCHEME In the proposed scheme the characteristics of induction generators are matched with the characteristics of wind turbines by combined input voltage control and slip control. Figure 4 shows the circuit topology of the proposed scheme, here rotor power is controlled by varying external rotor resistance. The input voltage is controlled by using ac regulator or tap changing transformer or auto transformer. In this scheme, both rotor resistance and input voltage is controlled to match the characteristics of induction generator with the optimum characteristics of wind turbine. Now for any wind speed, a regulated input ac voltage is applied to the generator and a required external resistance is added in the rotor circuit to match both characteristics as shown in Fig. 5. Both efficiency and power factor improves for the whole range of control as compared to conventional rotor resistance method. 4. DIGITAL SIMULATION A. MATLAB Simulation Model For MATLAB, here wound rotor induction generator (WIG) is simulated with the asynchronous machine SI units in simulink. The power system is simulated with three phase voltage source as shown in Figure 6. The three phase voltage source, is connected to the stator side of WIG. The torque is applied to the WIG as input mechanical torque T m through a block. To 11
simulate various power transmission or power flow functions, other blocks are also used. Then this simulated model, as shown in Figure 6, is used to solve the system shown in Figure 4. Under different torque conditions, the power transferred from the WIG to the power system is simulated. The simulated results of waveforms of stator voltage, stator current, and power flow are obtained, which are shown in Figure 7. B. MATLAB Simulation esults The results obtained using MATLAB simulation model of WIG feeding power to the grid, are given in Table I and Table II. TABLE I: SIMULATION ESULT OF COMBINED INPUT VOLTAGE AND SLIP CONTOL Speed rpm TABLE II: SIMULATION ESULT OF SLIP CONTOL Controller Efficiency (%) Factor Stator Current (Ampere) to grid (Watt) wasted in external esistance (Watt) 1860 98.04 0.13 1.785 173.6 3.473 1918 95.99 0.27 1.91 359.7 15.03 1973 93.72 0.33 2.015 474.8 32.8 2026 90.51 0.37 2.097 553 53.3 2080 87.39 0.41 2.198 661.57 78.5 Speed rpm Controller Efficiency (%) Factor Stator Current (Ampere) to grid (Watt) wasted in external resistance (Watt) 2130 85.63 0.44 2.284 709 100.05 2180 83.34 0.45 2.358 741.66 127.37 2230 81.51 0.47 2.412 789.9 155.97 1860 99.61 0.32 1.337 201 0.786 1918 97.68 0.34 1.67 374.6 8.88 The comparision of these results obtained are shown in Figures(8 12). 1973 94.21 0.38 1.97 491.6 28.21 2026 91.81 0.40 2.072 560.6 49.04 2080 90.15 0.43 2.167 681.07 74.4 2130 87.78 0.46 2.255 720.5 98.85 2180 85.96 0.47 2.312 755.13 119.4 2230 83.91 0.48 2.382 798.9 152.24 12
Fig.1: Typical torque verses speed and power curve for induction motor/generator WIG System Or Grid Stator side Gear Box External otor esistance Fig. 2 otor resistance control of a wound rotor induction generator 13
Torque Ns 2 Ns Speed Optimal Wind Characteristics Fig. 3 Characteristics of a WIG with rotor resistance control WIG System Or Grid AC egulator Or Tap Changing Transformer Or Auto-transformer Stator side Gear Box External otor esistance Fig. 4 Circuit topology of the proposed scheme 14
Torque Ns 2 Ns Speed Optimal Wind Characteristics Fig. 5 Characteristics of a WIG with rotor resistance as well as stator voltage control Fig.6 :MATLAB Simulation model of WIG feeding power to grid 15
500 Voltage (Volts) 0-500 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 10 Current (Amp) 0-10 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 5000 Grid (Watt) 0-5000 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 Time (seconds) Fig.7 Waveform showing stator voltage, stator current and power flow capability Fig.8 Controller efficiency versus speed 16
Fig.9 factor versus speed Fig.10 Stator current versus speed 17
Fig.11 fed into grid versus speed Fig.12 loss in external resistance versus speed 18
5. CONCLUSION The combined input voltage control and slip control scheme is found quite effective control scheme for grid connected induction generator. In this scheme both efficiency and power factor of a gird connected induction generator has been improved, in comparison to both the simple voltage reduction method as well as the conventional rotor resistance control method. The improvement in efficiency and power factor is achieved with better line current throughout the operating range. Also the reactive power demand remains nearly constant throughout the range of operation which is easily compensated by a fixed capacitor placing permanently at the grid side. This scheme is very useful for wind energy conversion system (WECS) where wind speed varies over wide range as well as abruptly. Moreover, the proposed controller is simple and cheap. EFEENCES [1] S. Engelhardt, I. Erlich, C. Feltes, J. Kretschmann, and F. Shewarega, eactive Capability of Wind Turbines Based on Doubly Fed Induction Generators, IEEE Trans. on Energy conversion, Vol. 26, No. 1,pp 364-372,May 2011. [2] E. A. DeMeo, 20% Electricity from wind power: An overview, in Proc. IEEE Energy Soc. General Meeting-Convers. Del. Electr. Energy 21 st 2008, pp. 1-3. Century, [3] S. N. Bhadra, D. Kastha, and S. Banerjee, Wind Electrical Systems, Oxford University Press, Published in 2006. [4] N. Mohan, Improvement in energy efficiency of induction motor by means of voltage control. IEEETrans. on PAS, Vol. PAS-99, pp.1466-1471, July- Aug, 1980. [5] H. Ashfaq, S. A. Nahvi and M. S. JamilAsghar, A personal-computer based controller for performance improvement of grid-connected wound rotor induction generators, International & Energy Conference (PECON), 2006, pp. 432-436. [6] H. Ashfaq and M. S. JamilAsghar, Speed control of wound rotor induction motors by ac regulator based optimum voltage control, International conference on Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), 2003, pp. 1037-1040. [7] H. Ashfaq and M.S. JamilAsghar, Optimum input voltampere control of three-phase induction motors connected to distributed generating systems, IEEEInternational Conference on Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), 2005, pp. 486-488. [8] A. Petersson, T. Thiringer, and L. Harnefors, Flicker eduction of Stall-Controlled Wind Turbines using Variable otor esistances, in Proc. Nordic Wind Conference, G oteborg, Sweden, Mar. 1 2, 2004. 19