IEA seminor 2008 1 October, 2008 An approach to the sustainable mobility October 1, 2008 Koei Saga Toyota Motor Corporation
Issue Awareness Growth of global industry and technology in the 20th century Population growth (North America, Asia, etc.) Growth in automobile ownership Rapid increase in the consumption of fossil fuels 1. Supporting alternative energy sources 2. Reducing CO 2 emissions (as a measure to counter global warming) 3. Improving air quality
Scenarios for Response to Environmental and Energy Issues Hybrid technology Plug-in hybrid technology Oil Natural gas Coal Biomass Gas storage technology Obtain desired properties Gasification/synthetic technology Gasoline and diesel fuel (from conventional oil fields) Technology utilizing cellulose Build infrastructure CO 2 reduction technology (during production of fuel) Drilling and refining technology and cost Stabilize supply Gasoline and diesel fuel (from deep-sea oil fields, oil shales,, etc.) Synthetic fuels (GTL/CTL/BTL) Bioethanol/biodiesel Internal combustion engine Nuclear energy Hydro, Solar, Geothermal energy Electricity generation Electrical storage technology for PHVs and EVs Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage technology Infrastructure development CO 2 reduction technology (thermal power station) CO 2 reduction technology (during hydrogen production) Infrastructure development Electrical storage technology for EV Electricity Hydrogen EV FCHV 2010 2030
Scenarios for Response to Environmental and Energy Issues Hybrid technology Plug-in hybrid technology Oil Natural gas Coal Biomass Gas storage technology Obtain desired properties Gasification/synthetic technology Gasoline and diesel fuel (from conventional oil fields) Technology utilizing cellulose Build infrastructure CO 2 reduction technology (during production of fuel) Drilling and refining technology and cost Stabilize supply Gasoline and diesel fuel (from deep-sea oil fields, oil shales,, etc.) Gas Synthetic fuels (GTL/CTL/BTL) Bioethanol/biodiesel Internal combustion engine Nuclear energy Hydro, Solar, Geothermal energy Electricity generation Electrical storage technology for PHVs and EVs Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage technology Infrastructure development CO 2 reduction technology (thermal power station) CO 2 reduction technology (during hydrogen production) Infrastructure development Electrical storage technology for EV Electricity Hydrogen EV FCHV 2010 2030
Evolution of Engines and Transmissions Impressive driving (Dynamic performance) Gasoline engine EFI Catalytic converter DOHC 4-valve O 2 sensor VVT-i A/F sensor Dual VVT-i Lean-burn Dual VVT-iE Low-friction D-4 Valvematic Stop and Start System D-4S New engine series Impressive driving (Dynamic performance) Turbo charger Diesel engine DOHC 4-valve Common rail (135MPa) Oxidative catalyst Common rail (200MPa) Piezo injector Common rail Low compression ratio (180MPa) DPNR catalytic converter Solenoid injector DPR catalytic converter Low friction Variable nozzle turbo New engine series Cooled EGR Environmental performance (high fuel efficiency and clean exhaust emissions) Transmission Integrated vehicle control Environmental performance (high fuel efficiency and clean exhaust emissions) 8AT CVT Impressive driving (Dynamic performance) 6AT NAVI-AI Low-viscocity ATF 5AT ECT-i ECT Flex Lock-up Lock-up 4AT Environmental performance (fuel efficiency performance) Flex start New transmission series Engines and transmissions revamped through ongoing incorporation of new technologies
Direction of Powertrain Development Maximize existing technology From advanced diesel/gasoline to high-efficiency HV engine From multi-speed/continuous variable to HV transmissions 100% hybridization Reaction to energy diversity Environmental performance Diesel High performance common-rail LPL-EGR 2 stage turbo Variable valve operating system Downsizing Exhaust heat recovery Fewer cylinders Variable compression ratio HCCI Superadiabatic engine Gasoline & Diesel Overlap New engine series Low compression ratio Lean burn Gasoline Improve basic engine performance - Reduce friction - Reduce weight - Manage heat - Improve fuel efficiency New D-4 High compression ratio Turbocharged downsizing Cool EGR New variable valve operating system Year Continue research and development of various new technologies for the future
Environmental Superiority of Hybrid Vehicles (HV) Large Gasoline CO 2 Emission (g/km) Prius Camry HV GS450h RX400h LS600h Diesel Gasoline Hybrid Vehicle Weight (ton) Heavy EC mode HVs contribute to reduced CO 2 emissions
PHV:CO2 & Nox from vehicle Low CO2 Emission TtW CO2(g/km) 300 250 200 150 100 Gasoline Petrol Prius Diesel VCA data 2004 European C segment vehicles 50 EV/FC 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 TtW NOx(g/km) Clean Environmental performance
PHV:CO2 & Nox from vehicle Low CO2 Emission TtW CO2(g/km) 300 250 200 150 100 Gasoline Petrol Prius 2008 2004 Diesel VCA data 2004 European C segment vehicles 2004 2008 50 EV/FC 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 TtW NOx(g/km) Clean Environmental performance
Scenarios for Response to Environmental and Energy Issues Hybrid technology Plug-in hybrid technology Oil Natural gas Coal Biomass Gas storage technology Obtain desired properties Gasification/synthetic technology Gasoline and diesel fuel (from conventional oil fields) Technology utilizing cellulose Build infrastructure CO 2 reduction technology (during production of fuel) Drilling and refining technology and cost Stabilize supply Gasoline and diesel fuel (from deep-sea oil fields, oil shales,, etc.) Gas Synthetic fuels (GTL/CTL/BTL) Bioethanol/biodiesel Internal combustion engine Nuclear energy Hydro, Solar, Geothermal energy Electricity generation Electrical storage technology for PHVs and EVs Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage technology Infrastructure development CO 2 reduction technology (thermal power station) CO 2 reduction technology (during hydrogen production) Infrastructure development Electrical storage technology for EV Electricity Hydrogen EV FCHV 2010 2030
Biofuel Initiatives Cellulosic Ethanol Production process for cellulosic ethanol Raw materials Production process Products Preprocessing Enzymic saccharification / Yeast fermination Bioethanol Grass / Wood (Cellulose) Yeast Advancing the development of technology to manufacture ethanol from cellulose, thereby avoiding conflict with food production
Biofuel Initiatives Bio Hydrofined Diesel (BHD) Production process for bio hydrofined diesel Raw materials Production Products Bio Hydrofined Diesel (BHD) Raw materials Palm oil Petroleum refining process Joint development together with Nippon Oil Corporation - Joint development of Bio Hydrofined Diesel with Nippon Oil Corporation (Groundbreaking improvement in oxidative stability results in same performance level as light diesel)
Biofuel Initiatives E85 Ethanol & Biodiesel Biodiesel Ethanol Ethanol & Biodiesel (under consideration) E85 E85 Signs of expansion for E85 region; planned introduction of Tundra and Sequoia FFV (2008) Ethanol & Biodiesel (under consideration) Thailand: E20- compatible vehicles introduced (2008) Brazil: E100 (hydrous ethanol, made from sugarcane); Corolla FFV introduced (2007) E20 Gasoline-ethanol blend containing 20% ethanol E85 Gasoline-ethanol blend containing 85% ethanol E100 Automobile fuel made of 100% ethanol 1) Brazil: Corolla FFV (May 2007) E100-compatible 2) Thailand: Corolla and three other E20-compatible models (Jan Feb 2008) E20-compatible 3) USA: Tundra and Sequoia FFV (within the year) E85-compatible Global Response: E10-compatible (completed in 2006) Regional Response: Introduction of models suited to regional needs based on the principle of providing the right vehicle for the right place at the right time
Scenarios for Response to Environmental and Energy Issues Hybrid technology Plug-in hybrid technology Oil Natural gas Coal Biomass Gas storage technology Obtain desired properties Gasification/synthetic technology Gasoline and diesel fuel (from conventional oil fields) Technology utilizing cellulose Build infrastructure CO 2 reduction technology (during production of fuel) Drilling and refining technology and cost Stabilize supply Gasoline and diesel fuel (from deep-sea oil fields, oil shales,, etc.) Gas Synthetic fuels (GTL/CTL/BTL) Bioethanol/biodiesel Internal combustion engine Nuclear energy Hydro, Solar, Geothermal energy Electricity generation Electrical storage technology for PHVs and EVs Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage technology Infrastructure development CO 2 reduction technology (thermal power station) Infrastructure development Electrical storage technology for EV CO 2 reduction technology (during hydrogen production) Electricity Hydrogen EV FCHV 2010 2030
Electric vehicles RAV4 EV Issues to be solved: Cruising range Cost Charging time Dedicated charging infrastructure For the time being, a realistic option only as compact commuter vehicles e-com
Scenarios for Response to Environmental and Energy Issues Hybrid technology Plug-in hybrid technology Oil Natural gas Coal Biomass Gas storage technology Obtain desired properties Gasification/synthetic technology Gasoline and diesel fuel (from conventional oil fields) Technology utilizing cellulose Build infrastructure CO 2 reduction technology (during production of fuel) Drilling and refining technology and cost Stabilize supply Gasoline and diesel fuel (from deep-sea oil fields, oil shales,, etc.) Gas Synthetic fuels (GTL/CTL/BTL) Bioethanol/biodiesel Internal combustion engine Nuclear energy Hydro, Solar, Geothermal energy Electricity generation Electrical storage technology for PHVs and EVs Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage technology Infrastructure development CO 2 reduction technology (thermal power station) Infrastructure development Electrical storage technology for EV CO 2 reduction technology (during hydrogen production) Electricity Hydrogen EV FCHV 2010 2030
Issues Facing the Diffusion of Fuel Cell Vehicles Production Transportation/ Storage/Supply Vehicle Solar power Biomass Coal Production Transportation, Storage, Supply Vehicles Stack durability Cold start Petroleum Natural gas Electricity Hydrogen Hydrogen Issues - Production and storage methods -CO 2 sequestration - Hydrogen production costs Issues - Transportation and storage methods - Infrastructure building - Regulations and standards - Hydrogen costs (transportation and infrastructure) Cost Range National government, energy producers Automobile manufacturers
Scenarios for Response to Environmental and Energy Issues Hybrid technology Plug-in hybrid technology Oil Natural gas Coal Biomass Gas storage technology Obtain desired properties Gasification/synthetic technology Gasoline and diesel fuel (from conventional oil fields) Technology utilizing cellulose Build infrastructure CO 2 reduction technology (during production of fuel) Drilling and refining technology and cost Stabilize supply Gasoline and diesel fuel (from deep-sea oil fields, oil shales,, etc.) Gas Synthetic fuels (GTL/CTL/BTL) Bioethanol/biodiesel Internal combustion engine Nuclear energy Hydro, Solar, Geothermal energy Electricity generation Electrical storage technology for PHVs and EVs Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage technology Infrastructure development CO 2 reduction technology (thermal power station) Infrastructure development Electrical storage technology for EV CO 2 reduction technology (during hydrogen production) Electricity Hydrogen EV FCHV 2010 2030
Towards the ultimate eco-car An approach to the ultimate eco-car Toyota challnges to the ultimate eco-car with hybrid technology as a realistic solution
Towards the ultimate eco-car Ultimate eco-car Energy diversity CO2 reduction Air quality Hybrid technology Gasoline Diesel Gaseous fuels Biofuels Synthetic fuels Hydrogen Electricity The right car The right place The right time
Unique strong hybrid technology TOYOTA
How THS(Toyota Hybrid System) Operates City mode Typical feature of strong HV Typical feature of Toyota HV Main feature of all HV Start-up Normal driving Acceleration Deceleration Stopping EV drive Motor / Engine Collaboration E-CVT Motor + Engine Battery charging Regeneration Engine stop No Fuel Consumption Reduced Fuel Consumption Good acceleration Save energy No Fuel Consumption 20% 40% 25% 15%
Configuration of Toyota Hybrid System Carrier with Planetary gear (Power from Engine) Sun gear (Power to Generator) Ring gear (Power to Motor Ended at wheels) Engine Generator Motor Chains Brake Thermal Efficiency Gasoline Engine Engine stop zone for high fuel economy THS Vehicle B Improving Engine Efficiency A A Optimizing Engine Operation Range Average Conventional Vehicle Engine Output Generator Battery Power Split Device Power Control Unit Motor Hybrid transmission
Configuration of Toyota Hybrid System 1. 1. Starting, cruising Battery Gasoline Engine Generator Stop Power Control Unit Motor Power Split Device
Configuration of Toyota Hybrid System 2. 2. Normal driving Battery Gasoline Engine Generator Power Control Unit Motor Power Split Device
Configuration of Toyota Hybrid System 3. 3. Quick acceleration Battery Gasoline Engine Generator Power Control Unit Motor Power Split Device
Configuration of Toyota Hybrid System 4. 4. Deceleration Battery Gasoline Engine Generator Power Control Unit Motor Power Split Device
Configuration of Toyota Hybrid System 5. 5. At At rest Battery Gasoline Engine Generator Stop Power Control Unit Motor Power Split Device
As a result Advantages of hybrid vehicles: To recover and minimize energy loss 50% reduction in CO2 and improved fuel efficiency can be achieved Index of CO2 (%) 100 50 Engine improvement Optimizing Engine Operation Range Idle stop EV driving, etc. Regeneration 0 Conventional Gasoline AT Conventional Diesel AT Gasoline Hybrid Vehicle City Mode Vehicle: Prius class 29
Evolution of Electric Motors for Hybrid Vehicles 97 Prius 03 Prius 05 RX400h 06 GS450h 07 LS600h Output density ratio 6 5 4 3 2 1 33kW 50kW 123kW 147kW 165kW Permanent Magnet Motor Technology Increasing voltage Increasing speed Two-stage motor speed reduction gear Decreasing size and weight by increasing output density
Evolution of Cost Reduction of Hybrid Vehicles HV System Cost Achieved ½cost reduction Continue further cost reduction First Prius 2nd Prius Next Prius - Realized to cut HV system cost in half over the 1 st Prius - Continue to work for further reduction
Annual sales of hybrid vehicles worldwide No. 1 in hybrid sales / Increase in sales and variety of models 1,000,000 Target sales in early 2010s: 1 million units per year (unit sales) 800,000 0,80 600,000 0,60 400,000 0,40 Japan Long-term target: hybrid version on every model 200,000 0,20 Overseas in 2020s 0,00 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2020 ~
Effect on CO 2 Emissions Reduction through Sales of 1.6 Million HVs (Unit: Million) 1.6 1.4 1.2 CO 2 emissions volume from conventional gasolinepowered vehicles of equivalent size and performance (Toyota estimates) 1.0 0.8 0.6 CO 2 emissions volume from HVs Cumulative HV sales CO 2 emissions reduction of approximately 7 million tons 0.4 0.2 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Cumulative CO 2 emissions volume = No. vehicles sold driving distance fuel efficiency CO 2 emissions factor 2008 CO 2 emissions reduced by approximately 7 million tons due to sales of 1.6 million HVs
Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle (PHV) Gasoline station Household electrical energy or public charging post Engine Motor Battery Fuel tank The best of of both worlds: PHV combines the benefits of of electric and hybrid vehicles
Configuration of Toyota Hybrid System Plug-in HV
Configuration of Toyota Hybrid System 1. 1. Starting, cruising Stop
Configuration of Toyota Hybrid System 4. 4. Deceleration
PHV:CO2 & Nox from vehicle 300 Gasoline VCA data 2004 European C segment vehicles Low CO2 Emission TtW CO2(g/km) 250 200 150 100 Prius 2008 2004 Diesel 2004 2008 50 PHV potential 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 TtW NOx(g/km) Clean Environmental performance
Toyota s PHV demonstration EDF Energy Toyota Europe Universities Toyota US EDF Toyota Governmental project Objectives: Confirm charging habits and customer acceptance Verify PHV benefits, like fuel efficiency, CO2 and emissions Help develop fuel economy and emissions standards
Results of Verification Testing for Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles Partner: EDF Partner: University of California Berkeley, Irvine Fuel Efficiency Improvement Data on driving in Japan Driver Feedback Expected Values for EV Driving Distance Fuel efficiency (gasoline vehicle=1) Prius Toyota PHVs Level of gasoline vehicles Driving distance after battery charged (km) (13km EV driving distance) No response19% Other 7% 100km 0% 40km 40km22% 22% Verification testing is underway in Japan, Europe and the USA confirmation of improved fuel efficiency for plug-in hybrid vehicles 10km 10km 22% 22% 20km 30%
Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle merits Electric power mix Well-to-wheel CO2 emissions 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% France Germany UK Fossil Hydro Ita Nuclear ly Well-to-wheel CO2 emissions (Prius = 1) 1.0 0.5 Prius France Germany UK Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle Italy Toyota estimate for 25km run (10km in EV mode) Potential to reduce CO2 on a well-to-wheel basis, especially if if non-fossil fuels are used
EV range vs vehicle mass, space 30,000 Prius batter y Electricity (Wh) 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 +120kg Prius batter y Prius batter y 5,000 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 EV range (km)
Early test results: length of daily trips Results of PHV tests with EDF in France Results for period Nov 7, 2007 to June 26, 2008 Trips (%) 100% Cumulative 90% 80% 80% of daily Cumulative trips 70% are under 25km 60% 50% 55% of daily trips 40% are under 10km 30% 20% 10% 0% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1 trip range (km)
Toyota s battery technology development In 1925, Sakichi Toyoda encouraged the development of storage batteries Nickel-metal hydride batteries (Currently used in hybrid vehicles) Lithium-ion batteries (Effective in PHVs) Sakichi Toyoda s research room 1925 Accelerate development of nextgeneration batteries Toyota established a battery research department (in June 2008)
Towards the ultimate eco-car Ultimate eco-car Energy diversity CO2 reduction Air quality Plug-in Hybrid technology Hybrid technology Gasoline Diesel Gaseous fuels Biofuels Synthetic fuels Hydrogen Electricity The right car The right place The right time
Thank you for your attention Toyota PHV awards What Car?'s panel of experts has highlighted plug-in hybrids as the most exciting new technology in motoring, and it should be no surprise that Toyota is once again leading the way in this field. By drawing part of their energy from the electricity grid, PHVs will allow dramatic reductions in CO2 emissions and oil-dependency. dependency.
TODAY for TOMORROW