Carbon management in the Norwegian defence sector: Measures to meet national and defence environmental goals Environment, Energy, Security and Sustainability 2012 Symposium and Exhibition Kristin Fjellheim Hege Ringnes Petter Prydz Trine Reistad Kjetil Longva
Kingdom of Norway Capital: Language: Oslo Norwegian Area: 385,525 km 2 148,747 sq mi Population: 5 millions Source: www.vol.no Source: Fjord Travels Norway
The Norwegian Armed Forces Army Navy Air force Home guard Personnel: 4161 Personnel: 2332 Personnel: 2672 Personnel Equipment: Leopard 2 A4NO (120mm) Leopard 1 A5NO (105mm) CV 9030 M-113 armored vehicles SISU/PASI armored vehicles IVECO armored vehicles Combat engineer vehicles Dingo 2 armored vehicles Other vehicles Equipment: 5 Fritjof Nansen class frigate 6 Ula class submarines 6 Skjold class MTB 3 Oksøy class minehunters 3 Alta class minesweeper 2 logistic and support Combat boat 90 N Other coast guard vessels Equipment: 57 F-16 combat aircraft 12 Sea King helicopters 6 P-3 Orion 4 C-130 J Hercules 5 Lynx helicopters 18 Bell 412 helicopters 3 DA-20 Jet Falcon 16 Saab Safari NH-90 coast guard helicopters Peace-time forces: 535 Total forces: 41 700
Norwegian defence Environmental Management Information System (EMIS) The implementation of an environmental management information system (EMIS) in the Norwegian defence started in 1999 A key element in this EMIS was the establishment of The Norwegian defence Environmental Database (NDED) All The defence Agencies are obliged to report their environmental performance on these environmental aspects to the NDED: Energy use Fuel consumption (vehicles, vessels and aircrafts) Heating of buildings Generation of solid waste Water consumption Use of chemicals Pollution incidences Use of ammunition
The Norwegian defence Environmental Database (NDED) Tool (NDED) Collects data on consumption patterns and use of resources (environmental aspects) Relates resource-use to different activities; equipment; organizational units etc Calculates emissions, effluents and wastes (environmental impact) Objectives Environmental performance evaluations of military activities and operations Publish statistics on environmental performance relevant to stakeholders Continual Improvement Management Review Checking, monitoring and corrective action Implementation & Operation Planning Environmental Policy
Agreement on reducing the GHG emissions The Kyoto Protocol (1997) reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from industrialized countries by an average of 5 % against 1990 levels over the period 2008-2012
Norwegian climate goals 15-17 Mton 30% => 15-17 Mton MILLION TON CO 2 -EQUIVALENTS - 28% compared to 2007 Historic emissions 1990-2007 Domestic emission reduction Reference path: Emissions without new measures Forest uptake Emission trading Climate goal Source: climate cure 2020 Kilde: klimakur 2020
Norwegian emissions and measures to reduce them by 2020 3 largest contributors to GHG emissions in Norway in 2010 Transport sector (32 %) Petroleum sector (26 %) Industries (23 %) Climate cure 2020 and the Governments climate statement Identifies about 160 measures to reduce national emissions with reduction potential and cost measures. The best way to reduce emissions from the transport sector is through new materials technology and alternative fuels.
CO2-equivalents (ton) Climate gas emissions in the Norwegian Defence sector 130,000 120,000 110,000 100,000 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 Vehicles (Diesel/F- 34/Gasoline) Vessels (Marine fuel) Air crafts (Jet fuel) Heating (Fuel oil/diesel)
CO2-equivalents (ton) Climate gas reduction by 2020 - Terms: Cuts in emission shall be on the same level as the national goal (24% compared to 2011) 300,000 280,000 260,000 240,000 Heating (Fuel oil/diesel) Air crafts (Jet fuel) Vessels (Marine fuel) Vehicles (Diesel/F-34/Gasoline) 220,000 200,000 180,000 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 Emission 2011 Target 2020
Climate cuts are necessary! - How can we reach our goals? Reduce the defence activities and size Environmental efficiency New technology Alternative energy sources Environmental Efficiency = defensive power environmental impact
CO2-equivalents (ton) Vehicles 23 076 ton CO 2 -equivalents 130,000 120,000 110,000 100,000 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 Vehicles (Diesel/F- 34/Gasoline) Vessels (Marine fuel) Air crafts (Jet fuel) Heating (Fuel oil/diesel) Military vehicles 58% Administrative vehicles 42%
Measures Administrative and military vehicles Emission requirements for medium and small administrative vehicles is 120 g CO 2 -equiv/km Average emission per vehicle at the moment is 170 g CO 2 -equiv/km Reduction of 2 668 ton CO 2 -equivalents Requirement that the defence sector should arrange for replacement of small vehicles to electric vehicles Average emission from small vehicles to be 120 g CO 2 -equiv/km Assume that 10 % of small vehicles is replaced by electric vehicles Reduction of 640 ton CO 2 -equivalents Assuming implementation of various measures on military vehicles can reduce emissions by 10 % Auxiliary power unit (APU) More effective progress Weight reduction Reduction of 1 400 ton CO 2 -equivalents
CO2-equivalents (ton) Vessels 99 793 ton CO 2 -equivalents 130,000 120,000 110,000 100,000 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 Vehicles (Diesel/F- 34/Gasoline) Vessels (Marine fuel) Air crafts (Jet fuel) Heating (Fuel oil/diesel)
Measures - Vessels Measures implemented in the Norwegian Defence Hybrid vessels use of natural gas and diesel 24 % less CO 2 and 90 % less No x emissions per ship Gas turbines implemented on several vessels Land electricity for vessels at dock Other measures hydro dynamical improvements Stern flaps can reduce fuel consumption by 7 % cost by per year Bulbous bow can reduce the yearly fuel consumption by 5 % Surface treatment of the ship body can reduce it between 5-11 % per year Reduction between 10 790 16 951 ton CO 2 -equivalents http://www.ibiblio.org http://www.ibiblio.org Source: Jotun http://www.ibiblio.org
CO2-equivalents (ton) Air craft 119 889 ton CO 2 -equivalents 130,000 120,000 110,000 100,000 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 Vehicles (Diesel/F- 34/Gasoline) Vessels (Marine fuel) Air crafts (Jet fuel) Heating (Fuel oil/diesel)
CO2-equivalents (ton) Heating 41 816 ton CO 2 -equivalents 130,000 120,000 110,000 100,000 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 Vehicles (Diesel/F- 34/Gasoline) Electricity 0% Vessels (Marine fuel) Air crafts (Jet fuel) Heating (Fuel oil/diesel) Gasoline/diesel 0% Bio-pellets 1% Military operations 30% Fuel oil 62% Propane 7%
Measures energy consumption Energy monitoring system Goal is to reduce energy consumption by 90 GWh Reduction of 3 682 ton CO 2 -equivalents Increase the share of renewable energy in heating of buildings Green certification of electricity Reduction of 27 990 ton CO 2 -equivalents Increase efficiency in tent and buildings in international operations Reduction of 6 061 ton CO 2 -equivalents
CO2-equivalents Can the Norwegian Defence reduce its share of emission by 2020? Reduction of 51 211 ton CO 2 -equivalents from new technology Goal is a reduction of 28 % from 2007 or 24 % from 2011 which is equal 68 574 ton CO 2 -equivalents 300,000 280,000 260,000 240,000 220,000 200,000 180,000 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 2011 2020 18 % reduction Goal by 2020 Heating (Fuel oil/diesel) Air crafts (Jet fuel) Vessels (Marine fuel) Vehicles (Diesel/F-34/Gasoline)
CO2-equivalents How can we reduce by another 6 %? - Bio fuels! Assume a mix of 50 % bio fuel in vehicles, air crafts and vessels Reduction of 164 841 ton CO 2 -equivalents (42 %) 300,000 280,000 260,000 240,000 220,000 200,000 180,000 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 Goal by 2020 Heating (Fuel oil/diesel) Air crafts (Jet fuel) Vessels (Marine fuel) Vehicles (Diesel/F-34/Gasoline) 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 2011 2020
Conclusion Through the measures listed above a reduction of 164 841 ton CO 2 - equivalents is possible Can be implemented in the short run Requires higher investment cost, but implies lower operating cost To further reduce the emissions from the defence sector a systematic strategy for climate cuts need to be established Measures need to be implemented in connection to planned investments, upgrades and maintenance Life cycle perspective of the material has to be included in the evaluation Use of bio fuels is a must A detailed plan of action needs to be established now! The Norwegian Defence Sector can maintain its operative abilities AND reduce emissions through technological solutions and use of bio fuels