Smart Mobile Energy: Electric Vehicles and the Energy System Keith Budden Head of Business Development keith.budden@cenex.co.uk www.cenex.co.uk Independent, not for profit, low carbon technology experts
Cenex, Centre of Excellence for Low Carbon and Fuel Cell Technologies Independent, not for profit, low carbon vehicle experts Established with support from UK Government and Automotive Industry 10 years experience in UK and EU collaborate research projects Experience in Electric, Gas, Biomethane and Hydrogen vehicles Expertise in vehicle trials and demonstrators using real world data for carbon and cost analysis Three years V2G experience Low carbon vehicle fuelling and charging infrastructure expertise Manage Europe s premier Low Carbon Vehicle Technology event LCV www.cenex-lcv.co.uk
Cenex Clients
Low Carbon Vehicle Event www.cenex-lcv.co.uk Technology Showcase Ride & Drive 3,137 visitors 226 exhibiting organisations 1, 180 organisations attending 122 vehicles Extensive Seminar Programme
Transport emissions up 36% since 1990 Greenhouse gas emissions in other sectors decreased 15% between 1990 and 2007 but emissions from transport increased 36% during the same period. This increase has happened despite improved vehicle efficiency because the amount of personal and freight transport has increased. Demand for goods will increase by approx. 30% between 2010 and 2030
Air quality - health cost to the EU 88 billion Euro 29,000 deaths in UK 2014 (NHS England) EU fines?
Electric cars and consumer demand Tesla Model 3 373,000 pre-orders with $1,000/ 1,000 deposit paid
Smart Charging and V2G Workshop Grants for home and work place charging Support for public charging
Electric Vehicle Overview Constraints Electric vehicles (EV) projected to contribute up to 60% of total new car sales by 2030. By 2035 EV charging could represent up to a 20GW increase in peak demand. Opportunities Assuming ~16.2kWh per vehicle is available for grid support, this represents ~11.3GWh energy storage capacity by 2020.
Smart Energy Integration Vehicle-to-Grid
Innovation demand side management and Vehicle 2 Grid
Funded V2G Development and Installations Cenex installed the UK s first V2G unit at Aston University and the first UK built, domestic V2G unit in Loughborough.
Robin Hood - Integrated multi model E-mobility and Green Energy
Keith Budden Head of business development Keith.budden@Cenex.co.uk 07557880959 Thank you
Supported by Project Partners Smart Mobile Energy Business Case Dissemination Dr Rebecca Gough Technical Specialist becky.gough@cenex.co.uk
Smart Charging Mobile Energy and V2G Project Workshop Dissemination Presentation Overview Rationale behind the Smart Mobile Energy project What is Smart Charging and Vehicle-to-Grid? Business Case Methodology: Birmingham Berlin Valencia Business Case Outcomes: Birmingham Berlin Valencia Key project findings
Project Rationale
National Projections EV Projection Figures to 2020 EV Charging Contribution by 2050
UK EV Projections
EV Projections What does this mean nationally? This equates to an annual electricity increase by 2030 of nearly 70 TWh for the DfT calculated figure, and only 4.6 TWh for the extrapolated method. This is represents between 21% and just 1.2% of annual UK electricity demand. To put that into context: Transmission System Losses for FY 2015-2016 were 1.9%. Renewables account for ~25% of total generation in 2015.
EV Projections What does this mean locally? What does this mean at a distribution network level? UK Power Networks 2014 report found EVs would have a minor impact on overall peak load for the general London Power Network. Much more of an impact at a Low Voltage (LV) network level. Clusters of EVs have a more significant impact, specifically when looking at harmonics and voltage violations. Increased LV upgrading can rectify the voltage problems, with increased planning and use management influencing the upgrade requirements necessary. Managed charging and load balancing can reduce LV upgrade costs.
What is Smart Charging and Vehicle-to-Grid?
Smart Charging Basic Operation Managed or Smart Charging could help mitigate the large upgrade costs associated with unmanaged charging. Cost savings for this example is circa 35,000.
Vehicle-to-Grid What is it? Acts (and looks) very similar to a standard charging point. The difference is that energy flows both to and from the vehicle, turning it into a portable battery store. Why is this helpful? Use the EV battery to provide demand shifting and reduce electricity costs. Supply energy to energy markets. Increased use of localised renewables. What are the potential downsides? Could accelerate degradation on the EV battery, resulting in more frequent replacements. Potentially a higher risk the EV driver returns to the vehicle to find less energy available that required.
Business Case Methodology
Project Methodology In order to assess the business case for smart charging and V2G in each of the three cities, the following approach was taken: 1. EV profile for the city 2. National and city power/ energy demand and regulations 3. Business case development
Birmingham Developed a business case assessment tool that can evaluate the value offered for a public charging network for standard and smart charging, V2G with FFR trading and solar installation.
Birmingham
Berlin Estimate numbers of EV following a certain charging strategy in a specific network. This will show the number of vehicles that have to be available for a certain amount of time at the depot to reach a certain price for the kwh. Analysis of the power regulation system to form a contrasting load figure. This shows the maximum amount of cars that can be charged or feed in simultaneously. Analysis of fleet characteristics and operation to identify potential fleets fulfilling the required use profiles.
Valencia Developed a business case assessment tool to evaluate the feasibility of V2G in Valencia from the Spanish regulator point of view or gestor de carga. The tool it is divided into three main parts: In the left part, the data input with a graph in which it is shown the daily energy balance per each EV charging station location. In the middle part a table in which it is shown the daily energy and market balance. In the right part the investment return analysis.
Business Case Outcomes
Birmingham Smart Charging Operation Scenario explored: 5 public car parks across the city. Standard, smart and V2G charging evaluated. Solar intervention also considered.
Birmingham Generation and Demand Profiles
Birmingham Annual Income Per kwh Per 30 min Annual profit - Smart Charging + V2G (FFR Market) Annual profit - Standard Charging + V2G (FFR Market) Annual profit - Smart Charging - Solar PV Annual profit - Standard Charging - Solar PV Per charge Annual profit - Smart Charging Annual profit - Standard Charging
Birmingham Net Present Value 975,000 potential savings in infrastructure upgrades from smart charging by 2045. 88% EVs projected by 2045, equating to 2750 EVs across all 5 car parks.
Berlin Earnings (EUR) per vehicle per year Revenue per vehicle per year (EUR/vehicle/a) 20 250 0 200-20 -40-60 150 100-80 50-100 Passenger cars offering secondary reserve Passenger cars offering minute reserve Transporter offering secondary reserve Transporter offering minute reserve 0 Passenger cars offering secondary reserve Passenger cars offering minute reserve Transporter offering secondary reserve Transporter offering minute reserve min max min max Business model inputs: Number of vehicles Price advantage Communications costs Aggregation costs
Valencia Business model inputs: Vehicles charging characteristics, number of vehicles Market types Infrastructure costs and locations Communications costs Aggregation costs
Project Key Findings
Key Findings Business case for smart charging and V2G is very case specific - each country and city has a very specific set of requirements that cannot be fully standardized. Enablement of legislation will help the business case massively in the Valencia example V2G is simply not allowed due to legislative barriers. Uptake of EVs is crucial to the business case future scenario evaluation is based on projection figures. In some cases smart charging outdoes V2G more work needs to be undertaken to understand dwell times in order to enhance this calculation. A demonstrator would increase technology and business case security.
Thank you for listening Dr Rebecca Gough Technical Specialist becky.gough@cenex.co.uk