Apples Vs. Oranges : Comparing Safety Performance of Different Modes Dr. Rongfang (Rachel) Liu Watchung Transportation LLC New Jersey Institute of Technology June 2012, Dallas Tx
OVERVIEW Background Comparison Context Definitions Data Sources Safety Performance Measures Industry Feedback Adequate Comparisons
RESEARCH BACKGROUND Definitions by Different Modes Data Sources for Different Modes Operating Environments Risk Exposures Aggregating Levels Data Availability
DEFINITIONS Scope Aviation Highway Railroad Transit Fatality Within 7 days of accident 30 days 365 days 4 occupational illness 30 days Injury Physical, sickness, disease, disability, shock, mental anguish, mental injury Medical Treatment away from the scene Medical Treatment/ Chronicle illness, Medical attention away from the scene Property Damage Total or partial destruction, impairment Vary by states >$9200 >$25, 000 (Reportable)
Aviation DATA SOURCES Aviation Accident Database (AAD) - NTSB Accident/Incident Data System (AIDS) FAA Aviation Safety Reporting Systems (ASRS) FAA/NASA Highway Fatality Analysis Report (FARS) - NHTSA National Automotive Sampling System (NASS) General Estimates Systems (GES) Crashworthiness Data System (CDS) Motor Carrier Management Information Systems (MCMIS) FMCSA
DATA SOURCES Railroad Rail Equipment Accident/Incident Report Database FRA Highway-Rail Grade Crossing Incident Report Database FRA Transit: Safety Management Information Statistics Database (SMISD) State Safety Oversight Program
EXPOSURE DATA Enplanement Passenger Miles Travelled (PMT) Vehicle Miles Travelled (VMT) Vehicle Hours Travelled (VHT) Unlinked Passenger Trips (UPT)
INTERNAL FACTORS Movement Types (H, R, T) Collision Types (H, R, T) Speed (H, R, T) Type of Vehicles (H, R, T) Locomotive Control Types (R)
Environmental Factors Weather Conditions Visibility Temperature Land Use Types: Urban vs. Rural Roadway/Territory Types (H, R)
Aggregate Factors Spatial Environment Urban Vs. Rural Geographical Information Transportation locations Persons Age Gender Temporal Information Day of the week Time of the day
PERFORMANCE MEASURES A Number: 121 (Aviation Fatality, 2009) 33,808 (Highway Fatality, 2009) 696 (Railroad Fatality, 2009) 367 (Transit Fatality, 2009) A Rate or Frequency 0.18 Per Million Enplanement 162 Per Million Licensed Drivers 2.26 Per Million Population 0.04 Per Million passenger trips A Ratio or Percentage 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 180.0000 160.0000 140.0000 120.0000 100.0000 80.0000 60.0000 40.0000 20.0000 0.0000 Aviation Highway Railroad Transit Per M Enplanement Per M Licensed Drivers Per M Population Per M Passenger Trips
SAMPLE SPM FOR HIGHWAY USERS Number of run-off-road fatalities Number of intersection-related fatalities Number of speeding-related fatalities Number of fatalities involving distracted drivers Number of fatalities in unlicensed-driver crashes Number of fatalities involving 16-19 year-old drivers Number of motorcyclist fatalities Number of fatalities involving heavy trucks
INTERPRETATION OF DIFFERENT PERFORMANCE MEASURES
SPM for Transit Modes 140 Total Fatalities, 2007 120 100 60.00 50.00 Fatality Rate, 2007 80 60 40 40.00 20 30.00 0 AG CR DR HR LR MB VP Average 20.00 10.00 0.00 AG CR DR HR LR MB VP Average (4) Average Average (7) (Rail) 100 M VMT 100 M PMT
HISTORICAL TRENDS 140 120 Fatality by Mode and Year 100 80 60 40 CR HR LR MB 20 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 70.00 60.00 50.00 Fatality Rate Per 100 M VMT 2.50 2.00 Fatality Rate Per 100 M PMT 40.00 1.50 30.00 1.00 20.00 10.00 0.50 0.00 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 0.00 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
ADEQUATE COMPARISON Apples to Apple and Oranges to Oranges Quality of the Data Aggregate Levels Environmental Factors Exposure Data Causal Relationship
QUALITY OF DATA Timeliness Accuracy Completeness Uniformity/Consistency Integration Accessibility Multimodality Geographic Scale Forecastability
STAKEHOLDER INPUT Federal Agencies State Safety Oversight Offices Transit Agencies Local Governments Police Officers
First Level Bins Urban Environment Automobile Bus LRT Subway Commuter Rail Ferry Intercity Travel Aviation Automobile/Motor Bus Amtrak
CONTACT INFORMATION Dr. Rachel Liu Watchung Transportation LLC rliu@watchunhgtrans.com 908-578-3500 Or New Jersey Institute of Technology rliu@njit.edu 973-596-5884