A SHORT HISTORY SINCE DIESELGATE Richard Smokers Symposium Vehicle Emissions November 3, 2016
TEST PROGRAMMES AT TNO Since 1986 in a sequence of projects for the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment Light Duty passenger cars and vans + 2-wheelers measurement of pollutant emissions and CO 2 Heavy Duty trucks and buses measurement of pollutant emissions and CO 2 2 A short history since dieselgate 03 November 2016
OBJECTIVES Insight in real-world emissions for Dutch air quality policy Representative emission factors important for Dutch implementation of European Air Quality Directive Insight in performance of new technologies and effectiveness of stimulation Screening of in-service conformity Input for (Dutch contribution to) regulatory process in Brussels Evaluation of existing and future test methods Insight in strengths & weaknesses of regulatory measures Tests are not intended for enforcement or identifying fraud 3 A short history since dieselgate 03 November 2016
STATE-OF-THE-ART TEST METHODS 1970: roller bench TNO Automotive, Delft 2011: state-of-the-art lab at Horiba in Oberursel (D) 2011: PEMS-measurements on the road 2014: TNO-development of SEMS 4 A short history since dieselgate 03 November 2016
Co-evolution of vehicle technology and measurement methods graph for the case of diesel passenger cars 5 A short history since dieselgate 03 November 2016
RESULTS - LD Between Euro 1 and 5 the RW NO x emissions of LD diesel vehicles have remained largely constant Limited improvement with current generation of Euro 6 cars 6 A short history since dieselgate 03 November 2016
RESULTS - HD Euro VI long haul trucks significantly cleaner due to introduction of real-world ISC test long haul trucks Not all distribution trucks and buses sufficiently clean in urban driving conditions 7 A short history since dieselgate 03 November 2016
RELEVANCE - Cities failing to meet EU air quality standard for NO 2 in time High NO x emissions of modern diesel vehicles, combined with increased share of diesels in passenger car fleet, lead to: High NO 2 concentrations in cities AND Reduced effectiveness for local policy measures to reduce NO 2 such as: Fleet renewal, e.g. by scrappage schemes Environmental zoning Cities having to implement a large number of additional (and often costly) air quality measures 8 A short history since dieselgate 03 November 2016
DIESELGATE - A SHORT HISTORY Start dieselgate with EPA and VW in US (Sept. 15) Questions from the media Freedom of Information (Wob) request to IenM and TNO RDW starts own investigation into defeat devices (Nov. 15) Supported by TNO for development of test procedures TNO supports IenM and RDW with technical input for negotiations on RDE regulation in Brussels TNO reports (up to end 2015) sent to Parliament (Tweede Kamer) Hearings: French Senate (Nov. 15) Tweede Kamer (Dec. 15) EMIS committee of European Parliament (May 16) 9 A short history since dieselgate 03 November 2016
DIESELGATE - A SHORT HISTORY Adoption of 2 nd package of the RDE legislation (Feb. 16) 1 st package already adopted in May 15 3 rd package in preparation: proposal expected Nov. 16 4 th package foreseen for early 2017 TNO publishes two reports in response to Wob-request request for position sent to importers / OEMs + constructive dialogue prior to publication report passenger cars (publication March 16) report light commercial vehicles (publication May 16) 10 A short history since dieselgate 03 November 2016
DIESELGATE - A SHORT HISTORY 11 A short history since dieselgate 03 November 2016
DIESELGATE - A SHORT HISTORY Adaptations to TNO measurement programme and protocols for analysis, reporting and communication see further on 2016 measurement campaigns Various studies / evaluations upon request of IenM 6 new TNO reports as attachment with letter from State Secretary of IenM to Parliament on progress w.r.t. dieselgate (Oct. 16) RDW (Oct. 16) and other national type approval authorities publish results of tests looking for defeat devices 12 A short history since dieselgate 03 November 2016
A CLEARER VIEW ON POSSIBLE DEFEAT DEVICES Under what conditions acceptable as engine protection measure? RDW has evaluated 30 models with specific tests designed to provide indications for the above types of defeat devices 13 A short history since dieselgate 03 November 2016
ADAPTATIONS TO TNO MEASUREMENT PROGRAMME AND PROTOCOLS LD vehicle testing improved test protocol: RDE-compliant trips + additional specific RW trips more vehicles tested in shorter time period Also needed in view of increasingly complex emission behaviour Analysis: improved data storage, screening and analysis Reporting More consistent annual reporting + methodology report Results with reference to make and model (not anonymised) Communication / dissemination OEMs / importers always get opportunity to reflect on test results before publication Test results always shared with type approval authority RDW IenM shares all relevant reports with Parliament 14 A short history since dieselgate 03 November 2016
FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS - Assess effectiveness of regulatory changes RDE - Real Driving Emissions measuring emissions on the road with PEMS (introduction 2017-2021) Good start for effective regulation Net stringency determined by balance between height of Conformity Factor, width of test regime, and method for evaluation of test results Challenges for TNO test programme Report conformity factors and results from normalisation tools EMROAD and CLEAR Assess effectiveness of RDE for reducing NO x emissions under all circumstances that are relevant for Dutch air quality Generate inputs for future improvement of RDE legislation Screening function w.r.t. independent third party challenging of RDE TA results? 15 A short history since dieselgate 03 November 2016
FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS - Assess effectiveness of regulatory changes WLTP - Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedures New laboratory test procedure + driving cycle (2017) Limited impact on RW NO x Challenges for TNO test programmes Improve on-road test protocols for reproducible & representative CO 2 results Assess evolution of the correlation between CO 2 emissions measured in NEDC, WLTP and in real-world driving 16 A short history since dieselgate 03 November 2016
FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS - HD VEHICLES Expected legislative developments Improvements for in-service testing: PN and cold start requirements Carrying over the success of Euro VI HD to non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) Challenges for TNO test programme Monitoring effectiveness of Euro VI legislation and Euro VI technology: Real world operation vs. on road test Do the generally low emissions sustain over time? manipulation, ageing, biofuels, reduce gap to limit, inspection and maintenance Helping stakeholders with purchase of clean vehicles for their operations by specific testing to provide objective information about environmental performance of the vehicles Monitoring the environmental performance of new technologies for HD E.g. alternative fuel engines and alternative powertrains 17 A short history since dieselgate 03 November 2016
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