Enhance safety and cut maintenance costs Railway vibration measurement Vibration sensors for the design, commissioning and monitoring of trains, tramways and subways
High-speed trains under test at China's Academy of Railway Sciences Reliable vibration measurement solutions New trends are emerging in the railway sector. First and foremost, the focus is on safety. Next in line: cutting costs. Preventive maintenance allows early detection of bogie failures and that means major savings. Last but not least: compliance with manuals, contracts and regulations is increasing the need for mandatory testing. Vibration measurement is now being used more widely in response to these trends. Kistler sensor technology can serve different purposes: permanently installed systems support preventive maintenance and enhance safety, while temporary systems (installed for shorter or longer periods) assist with vehicle design and commissioning. Benefits High precision and reliability for enhanced safety Improved network availability thanks to early defects detection Cost reduction thanks to preventive maintenance Comprehensive monitoring of vehicle parameters Automatic detection of rail defects From Modal Analysis in Design to Derailment Detection Kistler accelerometers are used to meet a variety of requirements. Acceleration sensors are deployed in many diverse applications, including modal analysis, vibration testing, passenger comfort and durability testing, derailment detection, wear and defect detection, and preventive track maintenance. 2
Two technologies multiple applications Kistler has a long track record of manufacturing piezoelectric and MEMS capacitive sensors for highly demanding applications in the aerospace and automotive industries, among others. In the railway sector too, there are many challenging applications that call for our expertise to ensure that your projects succeed. Kistler offers MEMS capacitive solutions for lower-frequency monitoring requirements, and piezoelectric solutions for higherfrequency applications: whatever your requirements, you can depend on Kistler for outstanding reliability, accuracy and stability. Modal Analysis and High-Frequency Vibration Investigations Kistler offers the lightweight Ceramic Annular Shear sensor featuring ultra-low noise levels, as well as piezoelectric accelerometers based on the PiezoStar seismic element for high thermal stability. For more information, consult our brochures and catalogues at /t&m/acceleration. Passenger Comfort, Preventive Maintenance and Durability In these applications, lower frequencies are required and Kistler's K-Beam MEMS capacitive sensors are optimally suited. Rugged, stable, and easy to mount, DC MEMS accelerometers are suitable for both short- and long-term monitoring applications. K-Beam and PiezoStar are registered trademarks of Kistler Holding AG. Usage of single axis Type 8316A for preventive maintenance on tramways Kistler sensor installation at the Chinese Academy of Railway Sciences (CARS) for comfort and durability testing of high-speed trains 3
Preventive Maintenance for Trains Rolling vibrations are monitored to detect any deterioration of bogie performance prior to a serious condition. This is also the case for bearing wear, wheel wear/imbalance, dampers/suspension fatigue as well as abnormal vibrations or displacement levels around the pantograph. Ride Comfort Monitoring (Example: Vibrations in Cabin/Seats) Vibration measurements serve many purposes: they are used for optimization in the development phase, for validation during commissioning, and at regular intervals to assess train or track conditions. Preventive Maintenance for Infrastructure Vibration measurements can help to detect problems in the rails such as dislocations, breaks, chipping, squats or track waves. They support preventive maintenance and can help prevent derailments. Kistler's Rail WIM (Weigh-In-Motion) line also includes products to measure track loads. Please refer to our website for more information on this specific application: /wim. Vibration measurement at: Wheel set level (typ. 100 g, 200 g) Bogie level (typ. 10 g, 30 g, 50 g) Passenger level (typ. 2 g) Pantograph level (typ. 100 g, 200 g) GSM Data Acquisition Systems (1 or more, customer supplied) Other possible inputs: GPS Microphone Position Speed GSM Train internal wiring (customer supplied) Monitoring wagon or monitoring center(s) few kilometers away Dedicated software (customer supplied) Typical vibration measurement setup in high-speed train applications with Kistler K-Beam sensors 4
Kistler MEMS sensor family High-precision accelerometers are crucial in every avenue of the dynamic test environment. Kistler's MEMS capacitive sensors will consistently endure the most demanding applications while providing reliable results. Excellent Thermal Stability and Shock Resistance Kistler MEMS sensors for vibration measurement are stable in environmental conditions with changing temperatures. They feature a temperature output for additional compensation, and they have excellent shock resistance in case of high impacts (metal-tometal impacts). Wide g Range The range extends from 2 g for passenger-level vibration monitoring to 200 g for wheelset monitoring. Low Noise Kistler MEMS sensors operate with low noise levels. An optional differential output compensates potential noise originating from the train wiring itself (common mode rejection). Key Features at a Glance From DC up to 1 500 Hz From 2 to 200 g Reliable, accurate measurement of low-frequency vibrations down to DC (tilt) High temperature stability and shock resistance, suitable for all environments Exceptional modularity in electrical signal output and cable configurations Custom Adaptation to Train Wiring Low-smoke and halogen-free cable solutions or adaptation boxes are available for direct mounting on the train's existing wiring. Sensors can be located remotely from the power supply. Kistler MEMS capacitive family: single-axis sensor Type 8316A and triaxial sensor Type 8396A 5
Kistler K-Beam: variablecapacitance MEMS sensors Our single-axis Type 8316A and triaxial 8396 accelerometers offer temperature stability between 55 and 125 C [ 65... 260 F] together with a outstanding 0.1% FSO amplitude non-linearity. Combined with low noise levels, these characteristics ensure accurate measurement of low-frequency events from DC up to the 1 000 Hz bandwidth. Available in six measuring ranges (from 2 to 200 g), these sensors incorporate a sensing element with gas damping and internal over-range stops. Various output, housing and cable options are available to accommodate most applications. For more information on these sensors and our piezoelectric sensors, please consult our website at /t&m/acceleration. Measuring Direction 8316A a z Measuring Direction 8396A a z Type 8316A TA00 25,4 [1] Type 8396A TA00 11 [0.35] 22 [0.85] a y (3) 10-32 UNF-28 thread Type 8316... and 8396... Technical Data Type...A2D0......A010......A030......A050......A100......A200... Range g ±2 ±10 ±30 ±50 ±100 ±200 Sensitivity, ±5 % (±4 V FSO version) (2,5 ±2 V FSO version) (±8 V FSO differential vers.) Zero g output (±4 V FSO version) (2,5 ±2 V FSO version) (±8 V FSO differential vers.) Frequency response, ±5 % Resonance frequency mounted (nom.) mv/g mv/g mv/g mv mv mv Hz 2 000 1 000 4 000 0... 250 400 200 800 133,3 66,6 266,6 80 40 160 0 ±60 2 500 ±60 0 ±120 40 20 80 20 10 40 0...1000 0...1500 0... 1500 0...1500 0...1500 khz >1,2 >3,2 >4,2 > 5.8 >8.5 >11 Non-linearity %FSO +/-0.3 Resolution/threshold mg rms 0,10 0,50 1,47 2,45 4,90 9,80 Transverse sensitivity % 1 Shock half sine g pk 6 000 (200 μs) Temp. coeff. bias mg/ºc [mg/ºf] ±0,1 [±0.06] ±0,5 [±0.3] ±1,5 [±0.8] ±2,5 [±1.6] ±5 [±2.8] ±10 [±5.5] Temp. coeff. sensitivity ppm/ºc [ppm/ºf] ±100 [±55] Operating temp. range ºC [ F] 55... 125 [ 65... 260] Phase shift max., @ 100 Hz 20 10 Current nom. ma 8316A: 4 / 8396A: 12 Voltage VDC 6... 50 Connector type 8316A: 4 pin pos. / 8396A: 9 pin pos Housing/base material Titanium / Anodized Aluminium Sealing type Hermetic Mass grams 8316A...TA00: 15 / 8396A...TA00: 30 Ground isolated All values are given as follow: metric [imperial] 8316A: yes / 8396A: yes on aluminum anodized adhesive mount surface or with accessory 6
Your partner for innovation Sales Center Tech Center Production Center Kistler aims to offer all customers personal and professional support. 30 Sales Centers around the globe and an extensive network of local distributors keep us close to our customers. Our experts are always happy to offer help and advice. Our local Sales Centers and Sales Offices offer expert advice and practical assistance with technical implementation. For standardized calibration services, repairs to/with original parts and product modifications, please contact your regional Tech Center. Kistler Services at a Glance Advice on products Regular calibration Customized solutions (engineering) Training On-site support Application consultancy To help you make the most effective use of Kistler measurement technologies, Kistler offers tailor-made training for all its products and systems either at your own premises or at one of our Sales Centers. Simply go to /t&m/acceleration, select your country and you'll see the sales representative who can help you Contact us today we're here to help! 7
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