prqfkz v/;k; LorU=rk ls iwoz fofhkuu f'k{kk&uhfr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k,oa O;k[;k

prqfkz v/;k; LorU=rk ls iwoz fofhkuu f'k{kk&uhfr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k,oa O;k[;k LorU=rk ls iwoz Hkkjr esa fczfv'k jkt; iw.kzr% viuh tm+s tek pqdk FkkA bl le; fczfv'k vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk izlrkfor f'k{kk&uhfr;k vf/kd izpfyr FkhA buds lkfk&lkfk Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa us Hkh fofhkuu f'k{kk&uhfr;k izlrqr dh FkhA 11 ekpz lu~ 1904 bz0 dks ykmz dtzu }kjk izlrkfor f'k{kk&uhfr dks ljdkjh izlrko ds :i esa izdkf'kr fd;k x;ka blds i'pkr~ ^xksiky d`".k xks[kys* us lu~ 1910 bz0 esa izkfkfed f'k{kk ds lecu/k esa xks[kys fo/ks;d izlrqr fd;k FkkA lu~ 1929 bz0 esa izkfkfed f'k{kk ls lecfu/kr gvkzax lfefr Hkh xfbr dh xbz FkhA lu~ 1937 bz0 esa egkrek xk /kh us o/kkz f'k{kk&leesyu esa csfld f'k{kk ;kstuk ¼cqfu;knh rkyhe½ izlrqr dh FkhA bldks ubz rkyhe vksj o/kkz f'k{kk ;kstuk ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gsa MkW0 tkfdj gqlsu dh v/;{krk esa o/kkz esa izlrkfor f'k{kk ;kstuk dks vfure :i nsus ds fy,,d lfefr dk xbu fd;k x;k ftls ^tkfdj gqlsu lfefr* dgk tkrk gsa ^^bl lfefr us viuh fjiksvz nks Hkkxksa esa izlrqr dh FkhA izfke fjiksvz fnlecj lu~ 1937 bz0 rfkk nwljh fjiksvz vizsy] lu~ 1938 bz0 esa izlrqr dh FkhA** 1 blds i'pkr~ cecbz izkur ds rrdkyhu eq[;eu=h Jh ch0th0 [ksj dh v/;{krk esa [ksj lfefr lu~ 1938 bz0 dk xbu fd;k x;k ftlesa csfld f'k{kk ds lecu/k esa dkqh lq>ko fn;sa csfld f'k{kk dks izkurh; lunhkz esa ns[kus le>us vksj mlds vk/kkj ij ek/;fed f'k{kk ds Lo:i dks fuf'pr djus ds fy, vkpk;z ujsunznso dh v/;{krk esa,d lfefr dk xbu fd;k x;k ftls vkpk;z ujsunznso lfefr lu~ 1939 bz0 ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gsa Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ds 1 jeu fcgkjh yky % Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vksj mldh lel;k;sa] izfke laldj.k 2002&03 jlrksxh ifcyds'kul ^xaxks=h* f'kokth jksm] esjb] i`"b&173a

48 fodkl gsrq cksmz us ^^dsunzh; f'k{kk lykgkdkj cksmz fjiksvz** rs;kj dh x;ha bl ^dsunzh; f'k{kk lykgdkj cksmz* ds v/;{k lj tkwu lktszuv FksA ;g ;kstuk mugha dh v/;{krk esa rs;kj dh xbz Fkh rfkk mugha ds uke ij bls ^lktszuv ;kstuk* lu~ 1944 bz0 dgrs gsaa ¼v½ ykmz dtzu dh f'k{kk uhfr% ¼1904½ % ^^ykmz dtzu us ^f'keyk f'k{kk&leesyu] lu~ 1901 bz0 esa ikfjr izlrkoksa ds vk/kkj ij,d f'k{kk&uhfr rs;kj dh vksj 11 ekpz] lu~ 1904 bz0 dks mls,d ljdkjh izlrko ds :i esa izdkf'kr fd;ka f'k{kk&uhfr lecu/kh bl izlrko esa lozizfke rrdkyhu Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ds nks"kksa dk myys[k fd;k x;k* vksj mlds ckn mlesa lq/kkj gsrq ubz f'k{kk uhfr izlrqr dh xbza** 2 f'k{kk uhfr] lu~ 1904 bz0 lecu/kh lq>koksa dks fueufyf[kr :i esa Øec) fd;k tk ldrk gsa izkfkfed f'k{kk lecu/kh uhfr rfkk lq>ko % izkfkfed f'k{kk dk ikb~;øe {ks=h; vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj rs;kj fd;k tk,a blesa Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dks eq[; LFkku fn;k tk,] v xzsth dks blls gvk fn;k tk,] 'kkjhfjd O;k;ke vfuok;z fd;k tk, vksj dqn mi;ksxh fo"k;ksa dks lfeefyr fd;k tk,a ^^izkfkfed f'k{kk ds izfr de /;ku fn;k x;k gs vksj mlds izlkj ds fy, dksbz Bksl dne ugh mbk, x, gsa vr% mldk izlkj djuk ljdkj dk eq[; dùkzo; gsa** 3 2 jeu fcgkjh yky % Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vksj mldh lel;k;sa] izfke laldj.k 2002&03 jlrksxh ifcyds'kul ^xaxks=h* f'kokth jksm] esjb] i`"b&135a 3 jeu fcgkjh yky % Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vksj mldh lel;k;sa] izfke laldj.k 2002&03 jlrksxh ifcyds'kul ^xaxks=h* f'kokth jksm] esjb] i`"b&135a

49 LFkkuh; fudk; izkfkfed f'k{kk&dks"k dks dsoy izkfkfed f'k{kk ij gh O;; djsaa izkurh; ljdkjsa bugs vko';drkuqlkj vuqnku nsaa ;g vuqnku ijh{kkqy ij vk/kkfjr u gksdj {ks=h; vko';drkvksa ds vk/kkj ij fn;k tk, vksj izkurh; ljdkjsa izkfkfed f'k{kk ij gq, O;; dk 50 izfr'kr ogu djsaa izkfkfed f'k{kk ds fy, f'k{kd dks nks o"kz dk izf'k{k.k fn;k tk,] vksj muds osru esa o`f) dh tk,a izkfkfed Lrj dh f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa esa lq/kkj fd;k tk, vksj fd.mj xkmzu iz.kkyh dk iz;ksx fd;k tk,a ek/;fed f'k{kk&lecu/kh uhfr rfkk lq>ko % tks jktdh; ek/;fed fo ky; pyk, tk jgs gs mudks xsj ljdkjh ek/;fed fo ky;ksa ds fy, vkn'kz fo ky;ksa dh Hkwfedk vnk djuh pkfg;sa buds ikb~;øe esa O;kolkf;d fo"k;ksa dks LFkku fn;k tkuk pkfg;sa lhkh ek/;fed fo ky;ksa esa izf'kf{kr f'k{kd fu;qdr fd, tkus pkfg;sa ek/;fed fo ky;ksa ds f'k{k.k Lrj dks Å pk mbkus ds fy, mugsa eku;rk iznku djus vksj lgk;rk vuqnku Lohd`r djus ds fu;e dbksj fd, tkus pkfg;sa ^^xsjljdkjh ¼vuqnku izkir vfkok vizkir½ lhkh ek/;fed fo ky;ksa dks ljdkj ds f'k{kk fohkkx ls eku;rk ysuk vko';d gksxka** 4 mpp f'k{kk&lecu/kh uhfr vfkok lq>ko % mpp f'k{kk esa ckº; ijh{kkvksa dk egro de djds egkfo ky;ksa vksj fo'ofo ky;ksa dh f'k{kk ds Lrj dks Å pk mbkus ds fy, iz;kl fd, tkus pkfg;s 4 jeu fcgkjh yky % Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vksj mldh lel;k;sa] izfke laldj.k 2002&03 jlrksxh ifcyds'kul ^xaxks=h* f'kokth jksm] esjb] i`"b&136a

50 rfkk mpp f'k{kk ds folrkj vksj muu;u ds fy, vko';d /kujkf'k c<+kbz tkuh pkfg;sa ykmz dtzu ds vu; 'ksf{kd&dk;z % ykmz dtzu us vusd 'ksf{kd dk;z fd, mugksaus dsunzh; f'k{kk fohkkx dh LFkkiuk dh ykmz dtzu us thfodksiktzu lecu/kh ikb~;øe 'kq: djk, rfkk thfodksiktzu lecu/kh dykvksa vksj f'kyiksa ds f'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk djkbza ykmz dtzu us ^iqjkrro Lekjd laj{k.k vf/kfu;e] 1904* ikfjr fd;k ftlds vuqlkj Hkkjr ljdkj esa ^iqjkrro&fohkkx* dh LFkkiuk gqbza ykmz dtzu us Hkkjr esa d`f"k f'k{kk dh vko';drk vksj egùo dks Hkh le>ka ykmz dtzu us dgk fd lhkh f'k{k.k lalfkkvksa esa usfrd f'k{kk nh tk;s rfkk mugksaus usfrd f'k{kk ij fo'ks"k cy fn;ka ykmz dtzu dh f'k{kk&uhfr dk fo'ys"k.k,oa O;k[;k % ykmz dtzu dh Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ds fy, tks eq[; nsu gs og bl izdkj gsa "Whether these school are managed by public authority or by private persons, and whether they receive aid from public funds or not, the Government is bound in the interests of the community to see that the education provided in them is sound. It must, for example, satisfy itself in each case that a secondary school is actually wanted, that its financial stability is assured, that its managing body where there is one, is properly constituted; that it reaches the proper subject up to a proper standard; that due provision has been made for the instruction, health, recreation, and discipline of the pupils; that the teachers are suitable as regards character, number and qualifications; and that the fees to be paid will not involve such competition with any existing schools as will be unfair and injurious to the interests of education. Such are the conditions upon which alone schools should be eligible to receive grants-'in-aid or to send up pupils to

51 compete for, o receive pupils in enjoyment of Government scholarships; and schools complying with them will be ranked as 'recognized school". 5 ykmz dtzu us dsunzh; f'k{kk fohkkx dh LFkkiuk dh ftlls f'k{kk dh uhfr ykxw djuk vksj f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk lqo;oflfkr <ax ls gqbza izkfkfed f'k{kk esa ykwmz dtzu us la[;kred o`f) vksj xq.kkred muu;u ds fy, vkffkzd lgk;rk dh /kujkf'k c<k nh Fkh ftlls izkfkfed f'k{kk esa la[;kred o`f) gqbz vksj xq.kkred muu;u Hkh gqvka ek/;fed f'k{kk dk Lrj c<kus ds fy, Hkh ykwmz dtzu us vkffkzd /kujkf'k Hkh c<+kbz ftlls ek/;fed fo ky;ksa ds Lrj esa dkqh lq/kkj gqvka ykmz dtzu us mpp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa Hkh dkqh lq/kkj fd;s rfkk ^Hkkjrh; fo'ofo k; vf/kfu;e] 1904* dks ykxw fd;ka ykwmz dtzu us d`f"k ds {ks= esa Hkh dkqh lq/kkj fd, vksj mugksaus d`f"k egkfo ky;ksa dh Hkh LFkkiuk dha ykmz dtzu us /kkfezd,oa usfrd f'k{kk ds fookn dks Hkh gy fd;ka ykwmz dtzu us f'k{kk esa lq/kkj ds fy, vusd dne mbk;s ijurq Hkkjrh;ksa us bugsa mfpr u ekuk D;ksafd og Hkkjrh;ksa dks ghu le>rk FkkA 6 muesa dqn foijhr gh jgsa ykmz dtzu us ek?;fed fo ky;ksa dks eku;rk nsus vksj vksj lgk;rk vuqnku nsus dh 'krksz dks dqn dbksj dj nh FkhA blls ek?;fed f'k{kk dk mruh rsth ls folrkj ugha gks ldk ftruh rsth ls gksuk pkfg, Fkk A mugksus 5 jke'kdy ikwms % MkD;wesUV vkwq ekmzu,twds'ku bu bafm;k] lw;kz ifcyds'ku esjb] laldj.k&2003 i`"b 30A 6 ts0lh0 vxzoky % Hkkjr esa f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk fodkl] f'kizk ifcyds'kulu~] laldj.k 2007] i`"b 123A

52 egkfo ky;ksa dks lec)rk nsus ds fu;e Hkh dbksj fd;s Fks] blls mpp&f'k{kk ds izlkj esa Hkh ck/kk im+ jgh Fkh A fo'ofo ky; vf/kfu;e] 1904 esa fo'ofo ky;ksa dh Lok;Rrrk de gqbz] mu ij ljdkjh fu;u=.k vf/kd gks x;k A f'k{kkfonksa dk 'ksf{kd iz;ksx djus esa ck/kk gks jgh Fkh ftlds ifj.kkelo:i lq/kkj esa deh vk xbz A ykmz dtzu us ljdkj +}kjk u;s fo'ofo ky; LFkkfir djus dk izlrko fcuk j[ks gh egkfo ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh A ¼c½ xks[kys fo/ks;d,oa f'k{kk &uhfr 1911 % ^^xksiky Ñ".k xks[kys fczfv'k dky esa dsunzh; /kkjk lhkk (Imperial Legislative council) ds lnl; FksA** 7 xks[kys vius le; ds vpns lektlsod] odrk] f'k{kk 'kkl=h Fks rfkk mugksaus mpp /kkjk lhkk esa vfuok;z,oa fu%'kqyd izkfkfed f'k{kk ds lecu/k esa,d izlrko is'k fd;ka ;g izlrko bl izdkj FkkA ;g lhkk flqkfj'k djrh gs fd leiw.kz ns'k esa izkfkfed f'k{kk dks vfuok;z,oa xsjljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa dk,d la;qdr vk;ksx 'kh?kz fu;qdr fd;k tk;sa vius bl izlrko ds lunhkz esa xks[kys us fueufyf[kr lq>ko fn;s tks fueufyf[kr gs%& izkfkfed f'k{kk ds fy, dsunz esa vyx ls izkfkfed f'k{kk fohkkx [kksyk tk;sa ftlesa 6 ls 10 vk;q oxz ds lhkh cppks ds fy, vfuok;z,oa fu%'kqyd izkfkfed f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh tk ldsxha izkfkfed f'k{kk ds fu;u=.k ds fy,,d vyx ls lfpo dh fu;qfdr dh tkuh pkfg,a LFkkuh; fudk; vksj izkurh; ljdkjas izkfkfed f'k{kk ij gksus okys O;; dks 1%2 ds vuqikr esa ogu djsa ftlls okf"kzd ctv izlrqr djrs le; izkfkfed f'k{kk dh izxfr dk ys[kk izlrqr fd;k tk lds A 7 MkW0 th0,l0 oekz %vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; f'k{kk,oa lel;k;sa % iape laldj.k&2001] ykw;y cqd fmiks esjb] i`"b 40A

53 ^^dsunzh; /kkjk lhkk esa bl izlrko ij [kqydj ppkz gqbz A dsunz esa izkfkfed f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk ds fy, izfkd fohkkx LFkkfir fd;k x;k vksj izkfkfed f'k{kk ij fu;u=.k djus ds fy, dne ugh mbk;s x, A ifj.kker% lu 1911 bz0 esa xks[kys us blh izlrko dks dsunzh; /kkjk lhkk esa fo/ks;d ds :i esa is'k fd;k A^^8 xks[kys fo/ks;d&1911 % xks[kys us izkfkfed f'k{kk&lecu/kh vius bl fo/ks;d dks 16 ekpz lu 1911 bz0 dks dsunzh; /kkjk lhkk esa is'k fd;k A bl fo/ks;d dh eq[; /kkjk,sa bl izdkj Fkh& Hkkjr esa vfuok;z izkfkfed f'k{kk vkjehk djus dk le; vk x;k gs A izkjehk esa fu;e mugha {ks=ksa esa ykxw fd;k tk;s ftuesa,d izfr'kr cpps izkfkfed Ldwyksa esa f'k{kk izkir dj jgs gsa bl izfr'kr dks fuf'pr djus dk vf/kdkj xozuj tujy dh dkmfuly dks gksxk A LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dks ;g vf/kdkj gksxk fd o bls vf/kfu;e dks vius iwjs {ks= esa ykxw djs vfkok mldks fdlh lhfer Hkkx esa ykxw djsa A LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dks ;g vf/kfu;e ykxw djus ls iwoz izkurh; ljdkj dh vuqefr ysuh gksxh A igys ;g vf/kfu;e ckydkas dh f'k{kk ds ykxw fd;k tk;sxk] mlds ckn ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk ds fy, ykxw gksxk A bl f'k{kk ij gksus okys O;; dks LFkkuh; fudk; vksj izkurh; ljdkjs 1%2 ds vuqikr esa ogu djsaxh A LFkkuh; fudk; ;fn mfpr le>sa rks vius {ks= esa f'k{kk dj yxk ldrs gs A 8 jeu fogkjh yky % Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vksj mldh lel;k;sa] jlrksxh ifcyds'ku ^xaxks=h* f'kokth jksm] esjb] izfke laldj.k] 2002&03] i`"b&145a

54 ftu {ks=ksa esa ;g vf/kfu;e ykxw gksxk mu {ks=ksa ds vfhkhkkodksa dks 6 ls 10 o"kz dh vk;q oxz ds cppksa dks izkfkfed Ldwyksa esa Hkstuk vfuok;z gksxk vksj fu;e dk myya?ku djus okys vfhkhkkodksa dks n.m fn;k tk;sxk A 10 :0 ekg ls de vk; okys vfhkhkkodksa ds cppksa dks dksbz 'kqyd ugha nsuk gksxk A bl fo/ks;d ij nks fnu rd cm+h xekzxez cgl gqbz A xksiky d`".k xks[kys us vius fcy ds i{k esa vdkv~; rdz izlrqr fd, A ljdkjh izodrk gvkzx&cvyj (Hertog-Butlar) us bl fo/ks;d dk fojks/k fd;k A mugksaus vius i{k esa 5 rdz izlrqr fd, % ;g fo/ks;d le; ls igys j[kk x;k gs] bl le; izkfkfed f'k{kk dks vfuok;z cukus esa cgqr dfbukb;k gsa izkurh; ljdkjsa vhkh buds i{k esa ugha gssaa LFkkuh; fudk;ksa us Hkh bl lunhkz esa viuh vlefkzrk izdv dh gs A lkeku; Hkkjrh; turk blds fy, dksbz ekax ugh dj jgh gs A f'kf{kr Hkkjrh; Hkh bldh vfuok;zrk ds i{k esa ugh gs A xks[kys us gvk±x cvyj ds bu lhkh rdksz dks O;FkZ crk;ka mugksus lhkk ds lkeus cmksnk jkt; vksj if'peh ns'kksa ds mnkgj.k izlrqr fd;ka ia0 enu eksgu ekyoh; vksj eksgeen vyh ftuuk Hkh ml le; bl dsunzh; /kkjk lhkk ds lnl; FksA mugksus xks[kys )kjk izlrqr bl fo/ks;d dk lefkzu fd;k] ijurq Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa ds izfrfuf/k;ksa us ljdkj ds i{k esa er fn;k vksj ;g fo?ks;d 13 erksa ds fo:) 38 erksa ls fxj x;k A f'k{kk&lecu/kh izlrko ¼uhfr½ ] 1913 % ; fi xks[kys )kjk izlrkfor ;g fo/ks;d dsunzh; /kkjk lhkk esa ikl ugh gks ldk] ijurq muds )kjk vius fo/ks;d ds i{k esa fn, x, rdksza esa fczfv'k

55 ljdkj esa [kycyh ep xbz A os lkspus yxs fd vc Hkkjrh;ksa dks muds f'k{kk lecu/kh vf/kdkjksa ls cgqr fnuksa rd oafpr ugh j[kk tk ldrk A rhkh 20 fnlecj] lu 1911 bz0 dks fczfv'k lezkv tktz iape Hkkjr ds nksjs ij vk;s A mugksaus ;gk dh uct dks le>k vksj vf/kdkfj;ksa dks Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh vksj fo'ks"k?;ku nsus dk funsz'k fn;k A ifj.kkelo:i ljdkj us 1913] esa f'k{kk ds lecu/k esa u;k izlrko ikfjr fd;k ftls f'k{kk&uhfr] lu 1913 bz0 ekuk x;k gsa xksiky d`".k xks[kys us dsunzh; /kkjk lhkk esa vfuok;z izkfkfed f'k{kk lecu/kh fo/ks;d is'k fd;k FkkA ;g fo/ks;d dsunzh; /kkjk lhkk esa ikl ugh gks ik;k Fkk] ijurq xks[kys ds vdkv~; rdks± us fczfv'k ljdkj dks Hkkjrh;ksa dh izkfkfed f'k{kk dh mfpr O;oLFkk djus ds fy, foo'k vo'; dj fn;k Fkk A rhkh 20 fnlecj lu 1911bZ0 dks fczfv'k lezkv tktz iape Hkkjr i/kkjsa ^^fnyyh njckj esa tktz ipae us izkfkfed f'k{kk ds izlkj ds fy, 50 yk[k :i;s nsus dh vfrfjdr /kujkf'k nsus dh?kks"k.k dh A 9 blls Hkh vf/kd egroiw.kz?kks"k.kk lezkv us 6 Qjojh] lu 1912 bz0 dks dydrrk fo'ofo ky; ds izkax.k esa vk;ksftr dk;zdze esa dha mugkasus vius vfhkhkk"k.k esa dgk] fd esjh bpnk gs fd leiw.kz ns'k esa Ldwy vksj dkfytksa dk tky fcnk fn;k tk;s] ftuesa ls fo'oklik=] fuhkhzd vksj dq'ky ukxfjd fudys tks vius m ksxksa] d`f"k vksj vu; O;olk;ksa dks lqpk: :i ls pyk ldsa A 10 lezkv dh ;g bpnk fczfv'k vf/kdkfj;ksa ds fy, vkns'k ls de ugh Fkh A ifj.kker% Hkkjr ljdkj usa 21 tuojh lu~ 1913 bz0 dks f'k{kk lecu/kh u;k izlrko izdkf'kr fd;k A bl izlrko dks gh f'k{kk uhfr] 1913 dgrs gsa A 9 MkW0,l0ih0 xqirk % Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk bfrgkl] fodkl,oa lel;k;sa] 'kkjnk iqlrd Hkou bykgkckn] laldj.k&2001] i`"b&63a 10 jeufcgkjh yky % Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vksj mldh lel;k;sa] jlrksxh ifcyds'kul ^xaxks=h* f'kokth jksm] esjb] izfke laldj.k&2002&03] i`"b&147a

56 f'k{kk uhfr] 1913 ds vk/kjhkwr&fl+)kur % f'k{kk lecu/kh bl izlrko esa rhu vk/kkjhkwr fl)kurksa dh?kks"k.kk dh xbz tks fueufyf[kr gsa & izkfkfed,oa ek/;fed Lrj ds ikb~;øeksa esa O;kolkf;d fo"k;ksa dk lekos'k djuka 'kks/k&dk;z vksj mpp f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk djuka f'k{kk lalfkkvksa dh la[;k esa o`f) djus dh vis{kk muds Lrj dks Å pk mbkus ij vf/kd /;ku nsuka izkfkfed f'k{kk lecu/kh fu.kz; vfkok lq>ko % izkfkfed f'k{kk ds lecu/k esa ljdkj us Lohdkj fd;k fd bl ij lcls vf/kd /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg, vksj lcls vf/kd O;; fd;k tkuk pkfg,a izlrko esa vkxs Li"V fd;k x;k gs fd dqn iz'kklfud vksj vkffkzd dfbukb;ksa ds dkj.k ljdkj vfuok;z,oa fu%'kqyd izkfkfed f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk ugha dj ik jgh gsa ijurq og xsj ljdkjh iz;klksa dks izksrlkgu nsdj izkfkfed f'k{kk ds izlkj dk iz;ru djsxha blesa ljdkj us ;g ladsr fn;k fd vhkh izkfkfed f'k{kk ds iw.kz:i ls fu%'kqyd ugh fd;k tk ldrk ijurq LFkkuh; fudk; fu/kzu vksj finm+s oxz ds cppksa ds fy, fu%'kqyd f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk djsaxsa izlrko esa izkfkfed f'k{kk ds lecu/k esa fueufyf[kr lq>ko fn;s x;s gs%& izkfkfed Ldwyksa ds fujh{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh tk;saa izkfkfed Ldwy LoPN LFkkuksa ij LFkkfir fd, tk;sa vksj muds fy, llrs Hkouksa dk fuekz.k djk;k tk;sa fueu izkfkfed (Lower Primary Schools) dh la[;k esa o`f) dh tk;s vksj bu Ldwyksa esa i<+us&fy[kus rfkk lkeku; xf.kr dh f'k{kk ds

57 lkfk&lkfk dyk] izd`fr fujh{k.k vksj 'kkjhfjd O;k;ke dh f'k{kk nh tk;sa izkfkfed Ldwyksa dks mpp izkfkfed Ldwyksa (Upper Primary Schools) esa fodflr fd;k tk;sa lkfk gh mi;qdr LFkkuksa ij u;s mpp izkfkfed Ldwy Hkh [kksys tk;saa ftu LFkkuksa ij LFkkuh; fudk; izkfkfed Ldwyksa dh O;oLFkk u dj ik;sa] ogk O;fDrxr iz;klksa dks izksrlkgu fn;k tk;sa edrcksa vksj ikb'kkykvksa dks mnkjrkiwozd vuqnku fn;k tk;saa izkfkfed f'k{kd de ls de fefmy ikl gks vksj og,d o"kz dk f'k{kd izf'k{k.k izkir fd;k gqvk gksa izf'k{k.k izkir v/;kidksa dks 12 :0 izfrekg osru fn;k tk;sa vkt dh n`f"v ls bldk ewy; 1200 :0 ds yxhkx FkkA,d d{kk esa lkeku;r% 30&40 Nk= gksa] 50 ls vf/kd dhkh ugha gksus pkfg,a ek/;fed f'k{kk&lecu/kh fu.kz;,oa lq>ko % ljdkj us Lohdkj fd;k fd og ek/;fed f'k{kk ds mùkjnkf;ro dks lgh <ax ls ugh fuhkk ik jgh FkhA izlrko esa ek/;fed f'k{kk ds lunhkz esa fueufyf[kr fu.kz; vfkok lq>ko fn;sa tsls& ljdkjh ek/;fed Ldwy] xsjljdkjh ek/;fed Ldwyksa ds fy, vkn'kz gks lds ljdkj vius dks ek/;fed f'k{kk ds mrrjnkf;ro ls eqdr u le> ldsa Nk=ksa dks LokLF; fokku dh Hkh f'k{kk nsuh pkfg, vksj muds LokLF; dk le; ij ijh{k.k Hkh gksuk pkfg,a ek/;fed Ldwyksa esa Lukrd ijh{kk mrrh.kz vksj f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k izkir f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfdr dh tkuh pkfg, rfkk ek/;fed Ldwyksa dk fu;fer :i ls fujh{k.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,a gkbzldwy ds ikb~;øe esa glr&dks'ky vksj fokku dh f'k{kk dks lfeefyr djuk pkfg, vksj gkbz Ldwy dk ikb~;øe vius esa iw.kz bdkbz gksuk pkfg,a

58 ljdkj,sls LFkkuksa ij ljdkjh ek/;fed Ldwyks dh LFkkiuk djsa tgka xsjljdkjh iz;klksa ls ek/;fed Ldwy LFkkfir ugha gsa A xsjljdkjh ek/;fed Ldwyksa dks mnkjrkiwozd vuqnku fn;k tk, A jktdh; ek/;fed Ldwyksa esa Nk=koklksa dh O;oLFkk dh tk, A ljdkjh Ldwyksa ds f'k{kdksa dk osru fuf'pr gksuk pkfg, vksj vaxszth ds f'k{kdksa dk de ls de 40 #0 izfrekg orzeku esa 4000 #0 izfr ekg fn;k tk,a mpp&f'k{kk lecu/kh fu.kz; vfkok lq>kko % ljdkj us Lohdkj fd;k fd ml le; mpp f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk larks"ktud ugha Fkh ftlds fy, dkqh lq>ko Hkh fn; x;sa fo'ofo ky;ksa esa Nk=ksa ds fy, Nk=koklksa vksj izk/;kidksa ds fy, izk/;kid fuoklksa dh O;oLFkk dh tk;sa fo'ofo/kky;ksa dk dk;z{ks= lhfer fd;k tk;sa blds fy, lozizfke izr;sd izkur esa de ls de,d fo'ofo ky; LFkkfir fd;k tk;sa fo'ofo/kky;ksa ds ikb;øeksa dks vko';drkuqlkj folr`r fd;k tk, vksj v?kvu cuk; tk;sa fo'ofy ky;ksa dk dk;zhkkj de fd;k tk;s] muds LFkku ij gkbzldwy dh eku;rk dk dk;zhkkj izkurh; ljdkjksa vksj ns'kh jkt;ksa dks lksaik tk;sa fo'ofo ky;ksa vksj egkfo ky;ksa esa ;qodksa ds usfrd fodkl ds fy, mi;qdr okrkoj.k rs;kj fd;k tk;sa L=h&f'k{kk lecu/kh fu.kz; vfkok lq>ko ljdkj us Lohdkj fd;k fd ml le; L=h f'k{kk u ds cjkcj FkhA L=h f'k{kk ds folrkj ds lecu?k esa ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk ij fo'ks"k tksj fn;k x;ka f'k{kk&izlrko uhfr]1913 dk fo'ys"k.k,oa O;k[;k % xks[ksys us f'k{kk % xks[kys us vius izlrko 1913 ds lq>koksa dks u;s :i esa izlrqr fd;ka xks[kys )kjk izkfkfed Ldwyksa ds f'k{kdksa dh U;wure 'ksf{kd ;ksx;rk

59,oa osru fuf'pr fd;s x;s rfkk izkfkfed fo/kky;ksa dh d{kkvksa esa Nk=ksa dh la[;k fuf'pr dh xbza f'k{kk izlrko 1913] ds vurxzr ek/;fed fo/kky;ksa ds f'k{kdksa dh U;wure 'ksf{kd ;ksx;rk vksj osru fuf'pr fd;s x;sa mpp f'k{kk ds Lrj dks c<kus ds fy, dqn fo'ofo ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dsoy f'k{k.k&dk;z gsrq fd;s x;sa xks[kys us izkfkfed f'k{kk ds {ks= esa Hkh dkqh lq/kkj fd;s] ijurq og iw.kz:i ls lqy ugha gks lds A bl izlrko esa xks[kys us ek/;fed f'k{kk dk ek/;e vaxzsth j[kk rfkk vaxszth f'k{kdksa dks vu; f'k{kdksa dh vis{kk vf/kd osru nsus dk izko/kku j[kk ftlesa og viuh bl ;kstuk esa lqy ugha gks lds D;ksfd dqn ifjflfkfr;k Hkh ml le; dh n`f"v ls vuqdwy ugh FkhA blfy, f'k{kk uhfr 1913 dk izhkko iw.kz:i ls lqy ugh gks ik;k] vfkkzr bl f'k{kk uhfr esa dqn Hkh izxfr ugha gks ldh A a ¼l½ gvk±x lfefr] 1927&1929 % Hkkjrh; usrk nksgjh 'kklu O;oLFkk ls lger ugha Fks blls izhkkfor gksdj xka/kh th us lu 1919 bz0 esa vlg;ksx vkunksyu pyk;k A rhkh jk"vªh; f'k{kk vkunksyu Hkh py jgk FkkA fczfv'k laln us Hkkjr dh lkekftd] vkffkzd vksj jktusfrd izxfr dh leh{kk djus ds fy;s 8 uoecj] lu 1927bZ0 dks ljtksu lkbeu dh v/;{krk esa,d vk;ksx dh fu;qfdr dh ftls lkbeu deh'ku ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gs A 11 bl deh'ku ls Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ds lecu/k esa Hkh vius lq>ko nsus ds fy, dgk x;ka lkbeu deh'ku us Hkkjr esa f'k{kk lecu/kh lel;kvksa dk v/;;u djus ds fy,,d lgk;d lfefr (Auxillary- Committee) dk xbu fd;k A gvk±x (Sir Philip Hartog) dks bl lfefr dk v/;{k cuk;k x;k A v/;{k ds uke ij bl lfefr dks gvkax lfefr dgk tkrk gs A 11 ]MkW0,l0ih0 xqirk % Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk bfrgkl] fodkl,oa lel;k;sa] 'kkjnk iqlrd Hkou bykgkckn] laldj.k&2001] i`"b&63a

60 gvkzx dks Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ds fo"k; esa igys ls gh i;kzir tkudkjh Fkk A mudh v/;{krk esa bl lfefr us rrdkyhu Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh uhfr] iz'kklu vksj Lo:i dk cm+h ckjhdh ls v/;;u fd;k vksj mlds ckn 11 flrecj] lu 1929 bz0 dks viuk izfrosnu lkbeu deh'ku dks izlrqr dj fn;k A gvk±x lfefr dh uhfr rfkk lq>ko % gvk±x lfefr ds izkfkfed f'k{kk lecu/kh lq>ko % gvk±x lfefr dk finys 50 o"kksz esa izkfkfed f'k{kk dk izlkj tula[;k o`f) ds dkj.k cgqr de jgk A lk{kjrk izfr'kr c<us ds LFkku ij?kvk Fkk A gvk±x lfefr us ns[kk fd izkfkfed Lrj ij vio;; (Wastage) vksj vojks/ku (Stagnation) cgqr vf/kd Fkk lfefr dh fjikzv ds vuqlkj izkfkfer f'k{kk lekir djus ds iwoz gh cpps dk Ldwy ls gv tkuk vio;; gs vksj fdlh cpps dk,d d{kk esa,d o"kz ls vf/kd :duk vojks/ku gs A lfefr us izkfkfed f'k{kk ds bl Lrj ij vio;; vksj vojks?ku ds fueufyf[kr dkj.k crk;s %izkfkfed fo ky;ksa dk ikb~;øe nks"kiw.kz gsa 12 izkfkfed fo ky;ksa dk forj.k Bhd ugha gs] finm+s {ks=ksa esa budh la[;k cgqr de gs rfkk izkfkfed fo ky;ksa esa veuksoskkfud f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gs ftuesa cpps :fp ugha ysrsa izr;sd xzke esa izkfkfed fo ky; ugha gs A Nk=ksa dks nwj&nwj i<+us tkuk gksrk gs A os Ldwyksa esa izos'k rks ysrk gs ij chp esa gh NksM+ nsrs gsa vf/kdrj izkfkfed fo ky;,d v/;kfidh; gs A xzkeksa es fo ky;ksa ds fy, f'k{kd miyc/k ugha gksrs] f'kf{kdkvksa dh rks vksj Hkh vf/kd deh gs o tks fo ky; nwj gs] os vfu;fer :i ls pyrsa gs A izkfkfed fo ky;ksa ds vf/kdrj f'k{kd u rksa U;wure 'Skf{kd ;ksx;rk izkir gs vksj u f'k{kd izf'k{k.k izkir gs A vf/kdrj Hkkjroklh fu/kzu o vf'kf{kr gs tks f'k{kk ds egro dks u le>dj vius cppksa dks izkjehk ls gh etnwjh djkus ds fy, 12 ts-lh- vxzoky % Hkkjr esa f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk fodkl] f'kizk ifcyds'kul nsgyh] laldj.k 2007] i`"b&139a

61 foo'k gs A lfefr us izkfkfed Lrj ij vio;;;,oa vojks/ku dks jksdus ds fy, fueufyf[kr lq>ko fn;s gs %& izkfkfed f'k{kdksa dh lsok 'krksaz esa lq/kkj fd;k tk, vksj muds osru c<+k;sa tk;asa izkfkfed f'k{kk dks Hkkjr esa iw.kzr;k LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ij u NksMk tk;saa izkfkfed f'k{kk dh U;wure vof/k 4 o"kz dh tk;sa izkfkfed fo ky;ksa esa ;ksx;,oa izf'kf{kr f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfdr dh tk;sa izkfkfed f'k{kk ds ikb~;øe esa thouksi;ksxh fo"k;ksa dks LFkku fn;k tk;sa izkfkfed fo ky;ksa dks euksjatu] xzke lq/kkj vksj izks<+ f'k{kk dk dsunz cuk;k tk;sa izkjehk ls gh vio;; vksj vojks/ku dks jksdus ds fy, iz;ru fd;k tk;sa izkfkfed f'k{kdksa ds izf'k{k.k ds Lrj ds Lrj dks Å pk mbk;k tk;s vksj lsokjr f'k{kdksa ds fy, fo'ks"k dkslz 'kq: fd, tk;sa ek/;fed f'k{kk&lecu/kh lq>ko % gvkzax lfefr us ek/;fed f'k{kk esa nks dfe;k ik;ha igyh&ek/;fed f'k{kk dk ijh{kk&iz/kku gksuk vksj nwljh&ek/;fed ijh{kk esa vuqrrh.kz gksus okys Nk=ksa ds izfr'kr esa fujurj o`f) gksuka lfefr dh leefr esa bu nksuksa dfe;ksa ds cgqr ls dkj.k jgs gsa tsls& fefmy Ldwyksa dk fueu 'ksf{kd Lrj] e+k/;fed f'k{kk esa folrkj fd;k x;k]

62 fefmy Ldwyksa dk fueu 'ksf{kd Lrj jgk ] d{kk 10 ls igys d{kksuufr mnkjrk Fkh] mi;qdr 'ksf{kd ;ksx;rk vksj f'k{kd izf'k{k.k izkir f'k{kdksa dh deh Fkh A mpp f'k{kk&lecu/kh lq>ko % gvk±x lfefr us rrdkyhu mpp f'k{kk dh la[;kred izxfr dks rks larks"ktud crk;k] ijurq mlds xq.kkred Lrj esa fxjkov ds izfr fpurk O;Dr dh A lkfk gh mlus ;g Hkh Li"V fd;k fd ;g f'k{kk dsoy ls)kfurd gs] blls f'kf{kr csjkstxkjh c<+ jgh gs A lfefr us mpp f'k{kk dh dkqh dfe;k crk;h gsaa fo'ofo ky;ksa rfkk muls lec) egkfo ky;ksa ds chp mfpr rkyesy ugh gs A rfkk iqlrdky;ksa dh mfpr O;oLFkk ugh gsa egkfo ky;ksa rfkk fo'ofo ky;ksa esa b.vjehfm,v ikl fdlh Hkh Nk=@Nk=k dks izos'k ns fn;k tkrk gs] blfy, Nk=ksa dh la[;k vf/kd gks tkrh gs A fo'ofo ky; esa jkstxkj dk;kzy; (Employment Bureau) [kksys tk;sa tks Nk=ks dks uksdjh ds voljksa dh tkudkjh nsa vksj uksdjh izkir djus esa lgk;rk djsa A rfkk ftlesa mpp f'k{kk dks jkstxkjijd cuk;k tk ldsaa lec) dkystksa ds izk/;kidksa dh fu;qfdr dk mrrjnkf;ro fo'ofo ky;ksa ij gks] dsoy ;ksx; izk/;kid gh fu;qdr fd;s tkus pkfg, A gvkzx lfefr dk fo'ys"k.k,oa O;k[;k % gvkzaxk lfefr ds izfrosnu esa vf/kdka'krk iwozor~ ckrksa dks gh nksgjk;k x;k gs] ijurq blesa dqn fo'ks"krk,s Hkh jgh gs tks bl izdkj ls gs %& gvk±x lfefr us cqm ds?kks"k.kk i= esa mbkbz izkfkfed f'k{kk dh lel;k vio;; vksj vojks/ku ds dkj.kksa dh [kkst dh vksj mlds lek/kku Hkh fd, x;s gsa **ek?;fed Lrj dh f'k{kk dks ijh{kk iz/kku ds LFkku ij O;olk; iz/kku cukus ij cy fn;k rfkk mpp f'k{kk esa O;kolkf;d,oa rduhdh fo"k;ksa ij cy nsdj

63 f'kf{kr] csjkstxkjh dks c< + us ls jksdk x;k** 13 ijurq bl lfefr ds lq>ko fujfkzd gs] tsls&izkfkfed f'k{kk dks vfuok;z djus es 'kh?kzrk dh xbz Fkh vksj izkfkfed fo ky;ksa dh la[;k esa Hkh dksbz o`f) ugh gqbz A fefmy Ldwyksa ds ikb~;dzeksa esa /kuksiktzu lecu/kh dks'kyksa dk lekos'k fd;k x;k vksj fdlh Lrj dh f'k{kk] fo'ks"kdj mpp f'k{kk ds izlkj djus ds LFkku mlds flj dks mbk;k tk, ij gvkzx lfefr )kjk f'k{kk esa xq.kkred lq/kkj ds fy, dksbz fo'ks"k dk;z ugh fd, x;s bl lfefr ds lq>ko izk;% Li"V ugha gks lds A (n) csfld f'k{kk ;k cqfu;knh rkyhe % cqfu;knh f'k{kk gekjs jk"vªfirk xka/kh th dh eq[; nsu gs A o/kkz uked LFkku ij 22 vksj 23 vdvwcj] lu~ 1937 bz0 dks izfl) f'k{kk&'kkfl=;ksa jk"vzh; usrkvksa vksj lekt&lq/kkjdksa dh miflfkfr esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; jk"vªh; f'k{kk&leesyu (All India-National Education Conference) vk;ksftr fd;k x;k ftldk lhkkifrro xka/kh th )kjk fd;k x;k A bl leesyu dks o/kkz f'k{kk&leesyu (Wardha Education Conference) Hkh dgk x;k A leesyu esa miflfkr O;fDr;ksa ds le{k] egkrek xka/kh us csfld f'k{kk dh viuh uohu ;kstukvksa dks izlrqr fd;k Fkk A ns'k dh orzeku f'k{kk&i)fr fdlh Hkh rjg ns'k dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk ugh dj ldrh A bl f'k{kk }kjk tks Hkh ykhk gksrk gs mlls ns'k dk dj nsus okyk izeq[k oxz oafpr jg tkrk gsaa** 14 vr% izkfkfed f'k{kk dk ikb~;øe de ls de lkr lky dk gks] ftlds )kjk esfvªd rd dk Kku fn;k tk lds] ij blesa vaxzasth ds LFkku ij dksbz vpnk m ksx tksm+ fn;k tk;s A lokszuufr fodkl ds fy, tgk rd lehko gks fdlh m ksx }kjk gh f'k{kk nh tkuh pkfg, ftlls 13 jeu fcgkjh yky % Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vksj mldh lel;k;sa] jlrksxh ifcyds'kul ^xaxks=h* f'kokth jksm+ esjb] laldj.k&2002&03 i`"b 163A 14] MkW0,l0ih0 xqirk % Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk bfrgkl] fodkl,oa lel;k;sa] 'kkjnk iqlrd Hkou bykgkckn] laldj.k&2001] i`"b&73a

64 i<+kbz dk [kpz Hkh vklkuh ls mbk;k tk lds A ljdkj dks pkfg, fd m ksxksa }kjk fufezr olrqvksa dks jkt; )kjk fuf'pr dh xbz dherksa ij [kjhn ys A xka/kh th us esfvªd ds Lrj rd vaxszth jfgr m ksx ekr`hkk"kk )kjk lkr o"kz dh LokcyEch cqfu;knh f'k{kk dh ;kstuk dks izlrqr fd;k vksj leesyu esa Hkkx ysus vk;s f'k{kk&'kkfl=;ksa us xka/kh th dh ;kstuk ij fopkj&foe'kz djds vius izlrko Hkh izlrqr fd;s tks bl izdkj gs %& o/kkz f'k{kk&leesyu dh jk; esa jk"vª ds lhkh cppksa dks 7 o"kz rd fu%'kqyd vksj vfuok;z f'k{kk nh tkuh pkfg, rfkk f'k{kk dk ek/;e ekr`hkk"kk gksuh pkfg,a f'k{kk dk e/;fcunq fdlh izdkj dk glrf'kyi tks fd ckyd 7 o"kz dh vof/k esa iwjk dj ys] gksuk pkfg, rfkk og f'k{kk dsunzh; glrf'kyi ls lecfu/kr gksuh pkfg, vksj mldk pquko cppksa ds okrkoj.k dks /;ku j[kdj fd;k tkuk pkfg,a o/kkz f'k{kk leesyu ;g vk'kk djrk gs fd bl f'k{kk i)fr ls /khjs&/khjs v/;kid ds osru dk O;; Hkh vklkuh ls Hkqxrku fd;k tk ldsa tkfdj gqlsu lfefr % o/kkz f'k{kk&leesyu us fnyyh ds tkfe;k fefy;k ds rùdkyhu fizflaiy tkfdj gqlsu dh v/;{krk esa,d lfefr cukbz ftls tkfdj gqlsu lfefr Hkh dgk tkrk gsa xk /kh th us f'k{kk&lecu/kh fopkjksa rfkk o/kkz f'k{kk&leesyu )kjk ikfjr fd, x;s izlrkoksa ds vk/kkj ij ubz rkyhe dh ;kstuk dks rs;kj djus dk lkjk dke Hkh tkfdj gqlsu lfefr dks gh fn;k] rhkh bl lfefr us viuk igyk izfrosnu] fnlecj lu~ 1937bZ0 esa] nwljk izfrosnu] vizsy lu~ 1938 bz0 esa izlrqr fd;k A 15 15 MkW0,l0ih0 xqirk % Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk bfrgkl] fodkl,oa lel;k;sa] 'kkjnk iqlrd Hkou bykgkckn] laldj.k&2001] i`"b&74a

65 izfke izfrosnu esa lfefr us rrdkyhu f'k{kk&i)fr ds nks"kksa] o/kkz f'k{kk&;kstuk ds fl}kurksa] mn~ns';ksa] v/;kidksa] f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k] fo ky;ksa ds laxbu] iz'kklu fujh{k.k],oa ijh{kk fu;eksa vksj drkbz&cqukbz dks eq[; glrf'kyi ds ikb;dze dk o.kzu fd;k A f)rh; izfrosnu esa tkfdj gqlsu lfefr us d`f"k] fev~vh dk dke vksj ydm+h dk dke vkfn vu; glrf'kyi dks ikb~;dze esa LFkku fn;k,oa blesa bu f'kyiksa vksj v/;;u ds lelr ikb~;dze esa LFkku fn;k,oa blesa bu f'kyiksa vksj v/;;u ds lelr ikb~;&fo"k;ksa dk o.kzu fd;k x;k rfkk glrf'kyiksa ds vu; fo"k;ks ls lglecu/k (Correlation) ij cy fn;k x;ka lfefr dh izfke fjiksvz dks Qjojh lu 1938 bz0 esa gfjiqjk esa gksus okys dkaxzsl vf/kos'ku ds le{k izlrqr fd;k x;k A vf/kos'ku esa fjikszv (Report) dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k ;gh fjiksvz o/kkz f'k{kk ;kstuk (Wardha of education scheme) ds uke ls izfl) gqbz vksj cqfu;knh f'k{kk dk vk/kkj cuh A cqfu;knh f'k{kk dh ikb~;øe vof/k 7 o"kz fuf'pr dh xbz gs rfkk ;g f'k{kk 7 ls 14 o"kz rd ds ckyd vksj ckfydkvksa ds fy, fu%'kqyd vksj vfuok;z dh xbz gs A f'k{kk dk ek/;e ekr+`hkk"kk gs] cqfu;knh f'k{kk esa vaxzsth ikb~;dze dks dksbz LFkku ugha fn;k x;k gs A iwjh f'k{kk gh fdlh vk/kkjhkwr f'kyi ls tm+h gqbz gs ftles f'kyi dks ckydksa dh ;ksx;rk rfkk LFkku dsh vko';drkvksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj pquk x;k gsa ^^xk /kh th us dgk gs fd esjk glrdyk fl[kkus dk lq>ko dsoy] mrikndrk c<+kus ds fy, ugha gs oju~ blds }kjk ckydksa dh vfhk#fp;ksa dks fodflr djuk gsa** 16 'kkjhfjd Je ij cy fn;k x;k gs ftlls ckyd lh[ks gq, f'kyi ds }kjk viuk thfodksiktzu Hkyh&Hkk fr dj ldsaxsa ckydksa }kjk cukbz tkus okyh olrq,,slh gksrh gsa ftudk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gsa f'k{kk dk ckyd ds thou] x`g] xzke vksj mlds xzke ds m ksxksa] glrf'kyiksa vksj O;olk;ksa ij Hkh fo'ks"k izhkko 16 ts-lh- vxzoky % Hkkjr esa f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk fodkl] f'kizk ifcyds'kul nsgyh] laldj.k 2007] i`"b&148a

66 im+rk gsa csfld f'k{kk esa xk /kh dk f'k{kk&n'kzu eq[; jgk gsa v xzsth ds 'Basic' 'kcn dk fgunh vfkz gs & ^^vk/kkjhkwr** vksj mnwz dk vfkz gs& ^^cqfu;knh** D;ksafd ;g f'k{kk fueufyf[kr dkj.kksa ds QyLo:i ^^vk/kkjhkwr** ;k cqfu;knh ekuh xbz gs] blfy, bldk uke ^^csfld f'k{kk** im+k gsa csfld f'k{kk dks Hkkjr dh jk"vªh; lh;rk lald`fr vksj f'k{kk laxbu dk vk/kkj ekuh xbz gs rfkk izr;sd ckyd ds fy, vfuok;z vk/kkjhkwr f'k{kk Lohdkj dh xbz gsa cqfu;knh f'k{kk Hkkjrh; ckydksa dh vk/kkjhkwr lkeku; leifrr rks gs gh lkfk gh mudh vko';drkvksa vksj vfhk:fp;ksa esa?kfu"b lecu/k j[krh gsa csfld f'k{kk lkeqnkf;d thou ds vk/kkjhkwr O;olk;ksa ls tqm+h gqbz gs rfkk lhkh dks Kku iznku djrh gs tks i;kzoj.k dks folr`r :i ls le>us vksj iz;ksx djus esa lgk;d gsa csfld f'k{kk vk/kkjhkwr f'kyi }kjk iznku dh tkus okyh f'k{kk rks gs gh mldk iz;ksx O;fDr vius Hkkoh thou ds fuokzg ds fy, Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gsa tslk fd xk /kh th us fy[kk Hkh gs& cqfu;knh f'k{kk cpps dks] pkgs os uxjksa ds gks ;k xzkeksa ds] Hkkjr dh lelr lokszrre vksj LFkk;h ckrksa ls lec) djrh gsa csfld f'k{kk dk fo'ys"k.k,oa O;k[;k "Basic Education links the children whether of the cities of villages, to all that is best and listing in India." cqfu;knh f'k{kk fø;k iz/kku f'k{kk gs] ;g izk;% vuqhkoksa ij vk/kkfjr gsa ckyd glrf'kyi ds {ks= esa lfø; jgdj ekufld vuqhkoksa ds lkfk&lkfk vu; izdkj ds vuqhkoksa dh izkfir esa lgk;rk iznku djrk gsa cqfu;knh f'k{kk ckyd iz/kku f'k{kk ekuh x;h gs rfkk cky&dsfunzr f'k{kk tks fd ckyd fø;kvksa }kjk lh[krk gs] eq[; jgh gsa cqfu;knh f'k{kk ls fo ky;ksa esa ckydksa }kjk cukbz xbz olrqvksa dks cspus ls dqn O;; fudy vkrk gs rfkk ckyd fdlh glrf'kyi dks lh[kdj vius Hkkoh thou ds fy, /ku vftzr dj ldsxk rfkk mlesa lsok Lusg]

67 lg;ksx] lfg".kqrk] vkrela;e Lrj ds vuqdwy f'k{kk dks j[kk x;k gsa ftlls ckyd 'kkjhfjd Je }kjk fdlh Hkh mriknd dk;z dks iwjk dj ldsxka cqfu;knh f'k{kk esa ^leok;h f'k{k.k&fof/k* dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gsa cqfu;knh f'k{kk esa nlrdkjh }kjk f'k{kk dks fo'ks"k LFkku fn;k x;k gs vksj vusd fo"k;ksa ds Kku dk izkjehk gh ewy m ksxksa ls tksm+k x;k gs rfkk bl Kku dks ckyd dh fø;kvksa ls gh lecfu/kr fd;k x;k gs ftldks ^leok;h dgk x;k gsa cqfu;knh f'k{kk esa Kku vfhkuu] v[k.m lef"v gs vksj mldk vusd vlec) vksj vusd ckj] ijlij vfhkoftzr fo"k;ksa esa fohkktu fu"ks/k crk;k x;k gsa vk/kkjhkwr f'kyi ¼Basic Craft½ }kjk iznku dh xbz f'k{kk ckyd ds oklrfod thou ls lecfu/kr dh xbz gsa o/kkz ;kstuk dks Hkkjr dh fuj{kjrk dh egku lel;k dk lek/kku djus ds fy, vc rd fd;s tkus okys iz;klksa esa lkglh vksj leiw.kz ekuk x;k gsa csfld f'k{kk esa vusd fo'ks"krk, gksus ds ckotwn Hkh cqfu;knh f'k{kk dks iw.kz :i ls mfpr vksj lozo;kid f'k{kk ugha dgk tk ldrk gs] D;ksafd ^^;kstuk esa Hkkoksa dh vko';drk ij vf/kd /;ku fn;k x;k gsa uxjh; vko';drkvksa rfkk ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk ij mfpr /;ku ugh fn;k x;k gsa 17 ** cqfu;knh f'k{kk esa glrf'kyi dks vf/kd egrro fn;k x;k gs ftlls ckyd dk lokzaxh.k fodkl dnkfi lehko ugha gsa D;ksafd ckyd lkeku; f'k{kk ls izk;% oafpr jg tkrk gsa vkt e'khuksa dk ;qx gs] glrf'kyih dk ugh] tsls&rdyh }kjk drkbz] /kqukbz vksj cqukbz vkfn esa ckyd dk le; Hkh u"v gksrk gsa mudks gj fo"k;ksa dk egaxk Kku vuqfpr gsa blls ckyd LokoyEch ugha cu ldsxk D;ksafd mlus viuh :fp;ksa vksj izo`frr;ksa dks fodflr gksus ls iwoz mudk oklrfod Kku izkir fd;s fcuk glrf'kyi ls tks+m fn;k gsa 17 MkW0,l0ih0 xqirk % Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk bfrgkl] fodkl,oa lel;k;sa] 'kkjnk iqlrd Hkou bykgkckn] laldj.k&2001] i`"b&75a

68 cqfu;knh f'k{kk izk;% dyiukvksa ij gh vk/kkfjr gs ftldk turk vksj f'k{kdksa ds }kjk?kksj fojks/k fd;k x;k D;ksafd ckyd ds ekufld o O;kolkf;d izf'k{k.k cjkcj ugh gsa D;ksafd cqfu;knh f'k{kk esa mriknu ds fl)kur dks fo'ks"kdj viuk;k x;k gsa cqfu;knh fo ky; lk/kkj.k fo ky;ksa ls vf/kd egaxs gksus ds dkj.k cqfu;knh f'k{kk dk 'kh?kzrk ls izpkj ugh dj lds D;ksafd cqfu;knh f'k{kk f'k{kk n'kzu dh vis{kk Hkkoukvksa ij fvdh gs] blfy, bldh vf/kd izpkj&izlkj ugh fd;k x;k gsa [ksj lfefr&1938&1939 % oqm,oa,scv us lkeku;,oa vks ksfxd f'k{kk ds lecu/k esa viuh fjiksvz Hkkjr ljdkj dks twu] lu~ 1937 bz0 esa izlrqr dha bl fu.kz; ls ljdkj vhkh lger ugha gks ikbz FkhA rri'pkr~ fnlecj] lu~ 1937 bz0 esa MkW0 tkfdj gqlsu lfefr }kjk csfld f'k{kk ds lecu/k esa viuh fjiksvz dk xzsl ds leeq[k izlrqr dh xbza ubz f'k{kk uhfr dk fuekz.k djus ds fy, cecbz izkur ds rrdkyhu eq[;eu=h Jh ch0th0 [ksj dh v/;{krk esa nks lfefr;k fu;qdr dh xbza [ksj lkgc dh v/;{krk esa cuh igyh lfefr us viuh fjiksvz lu~ 1938 bz0 esa izlrqr dh rfkk csfld f'k{kk ds lecu/k esa fueu lq>ko fn;sa ^^[ksj lfefr us lq>ko fn;k fd csfld f'k{kk ;kstuk dks igys xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa izkjehk fd;k tkuk pkfg,a** 18 csfld f'k{kk 6 ls 14 o"kz rd ds cppksa ds fy, vfuok;z dh tkuh pkfg,a lkfk gh 5 o"kz dh vk;q ds cppksa dks izos'k dh NwV nh tkuh pkfg,a lfefr us lq>ko fn;k fd f'k{kk dk ek/;e ekr`&hkk"kk gksuk pkfg, rfkk f'k{kk iwjh djus ds ckn cppksa dks fo ky;ksa ls izek.k&i= fn;s tkus pkfg,a [ksj lfefr us lq>ko fn;k fd fdlh ckâ;&ijh{kk dh O;oLFkk u dh tkuh pkfg, 18 MkW0,l0ih0 xqirk % Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk bfrgkl] fodkl,oa lel;k;sa] 'kkjnk iqlrd Hkou bykgkckn] laldj.k&2001] i`"b&76a

69 rfkk tks cpps csfld Ldwyksa ls nwljs izdkj ds izkfkfed Ldwyksa esa tkuk pkgsa] mugsa d{kk 5 ikl djus ds ckn gh tkus fn;k tkuk pkfg,a [ksj lfefr dk fo'ys"k.k,oa O;k[;k % [ksj lfefr ds lq>koksa dks ml le; dsunzh; ljdkj us dkqh eku;rk nh] ijurq vkt ds bl c<+rs ;qx esa [ksj lfefr ds lq>koksa dks vfkzghu gh ekuk x;k gsa ^^[ksj lfefr us csfld f'k{kk ds 6 ls 14 o"kz rd ds 8 o"khz; ikb~øe dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck Vk gs& twfu;j dkslz & 5 o"kz ¼d{kk 1 ls 5 rd½ rfkk lhfu;j dkslz& 3 o"kz ¼d{kk 6 ls 8 rd½** 19 ;g iw.kz:i ls mfpr ugha dgk tk ldrk D;ksafd tks cpps fdlh csfld fo ky; ls fdlh vu; izdkj ds fo ky; esa tkuk pkgs mugsa d{kk 5 ds ckn gh tkus fn;k tkrk gsa,slh O;oLFkk ls izkfkfed f'k{kk dk Lrj uhps dh vksj fxj x;k gs tks [ksj lfefr }kjk gh ykxw fd;k x;k FkkA [ksj lfefr }kjk tks cpps twfu;j csfld f'k{kk mrrh.kz djus ds ckn vu; fo ky;ksa esa tk;s mudk ikb~;øe 5 o"kz ¼d{kk 6 ls 10 rd½ dk fu/kkzfjr ikb~;øe fofo/k rfkk vks ksfxd fo"k;ksa ls ifjiw.kz gkus ds ckotwn Hkh iw.kz:i ls lqy ugha gks ldk D;ksafd ikb~;øe,slk gs tks iwjk djus ds ckn cppk mpp f'k{kk esa izos'k ys ldrk gs ijurq cppksa dk f'k{kk Lrj Å pk ugha gks ldrk D;ksafd cppksa dk ekufld Lrj mldh vk;q ds vuq:i gh gksrk gs ijurq [ksj lfefr dh f'k{kk uhfr blhfy, vlqy jgh gsa blfy;s mlds cgqr vpns ifj.kke Hkh lkeus ugha vk lds gsaa vkpk;z ujsunznso lfefr & 1939 % ^^csfld f'k{kk dks izkurh; lunhkz esa] MkW0 tkfdj gqlsu lfefr }kjk tks csfld f'k{kk dk izlrko j[kk x;ka 20 bl lfefr ds vu; lnl; MkW0 tkfdj 19 jeu fcgkjh yky % Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vksj mldh lel;k;sa] jlrksxh ifcyds'kul ^xaxks=h* f'kokth jksm+ esjb] laldj.k&2002&03 i`"b 182A 20 jke'kdy ikams % MkD;wesUVl vkq ekmzu,t;wds'ku bu bafm;k] QLVZ,Mhlu&2003] ist&73a

70 gqlsu FksA bl lfefr }kjk viuh fjikszv lu~ 1939 bz0 esa izlrqr dh xbza vkpk;z ujsunznso lfefr us izkfkfed,oa ek/;fed f'k{kk ds iquzxbu ds lecu/k esa vius lq>ko fn;sa f'k{kk dk ek/;e fgunqlrkuh gksuk pkfg, rfkk bl Lrj dh fgunqlrkuh mpp Lrjh; ikb~;&iqlrdsa rs;kj dh tkuh pkfg,a vkpk;z ujsunznso lfefr us lq>ko fn;k fd lhkh ek/;fed fo ky;ksa ¼gkbZ Ldwy vksj buvjehfm,v dkwfytksa½ dks ek/;fed dkfytksa esa cny fn;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd budh f'k{kk vof/k 6 o"kz ¼d{kk 6 ls 11½ dh gksuh pkfg, tks laxfbr :i ls py ldsa bl lfefr ds lq>ko }kjk twfu;j csfld f'k{kk mrrh.kz Nk=ksa dks ek/;fed dkwfytksa dh d{kk 6 esa izos'k nsuk pkfg, vksj lhfu;j csfld mrrh.kz Nk=ksa dks d{kk 9 esa gksuk pkfg,a ek/;fed f'k{kk dk mís'; ckydksa dks lekt dk mi;ksxh ukxfjd cukuk gksuk pkfg,a ftlls f'k{kk dks Å pk mbk;k tk lds rfkk blds ikb~;øe dk fuekz.k fo'ks"kkksa }kjk djk;k tkuk pkfg,a lfefr ds lq>ko }kjk izkfkfed Lrj ij Hkk"kk] lkfgr;] lkeku; Kku] v xzsth] lekt fokku vksj fokku fo"k; vfuok;z gksus pkfg, rfkk xf.kr] dyk vksj vks ksfxd rduhfd,oa okf.kt; fo"k;,sfpnd gksus pkfg,a lfefr ds lq>koksa }kjk Nk=ksa dk pfj= fuekz.k djus] muesa jk"vªh; izse vksj lekt lsok dh Hkkouk mriuu djus] usr`ro&{kerk mriuu djus ds fy, fo ky;ksa esa okn&fookn] lekt ds lsok dk;z vksj,dkmfvax vkfn dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,a vkpk;z ujsunznso lfefr us lq>ko fn;k fd Nk=ksa dks fo ky;ksa esa vodk'k ds le; i<+us ds fy, okpuky;ksa dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,a ijh{kkvksa dks dsoy Kkuijd u gksdj vkpkj&fopkjijd cuk;k tkuk pkfg,a lfefr us lq>ko fn;k fd L=h f'k{kk ds fodkl ds fy, izkjehk ls gh iz;kl fd;s tkus pkfg, rfkk ckfydkvksa ds fy, x`g&fokku ds fo ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg,a

71 f'k{kdksa ds izf'k{k.k dh mfpr O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,a blds fy, izkur esa,d vkn'kz dsunzh; f'k{kk izf'k{k.k lalfkku (Central Pedagogical Institute) [kksyk tkuk pkfg,a f'k{kdksa dh vkffkzd vksj lkekftd n'kk esa lq/kkj fd;s tkus pkfg,a bl lfefr ds lq>koksa dks ljdkj us dkqh ljkgk gsa vkpk;z ujsunznso lfefr dk fo'ys"k.k,oa O;k[;k % vkpk;z ujsunznso lfefr us tks lq>ko fn;s muesa f'k{kk dk ek/;e fgunqlrkuh cukus vksj izkur esa f'k{kdksa ds izf'k{k.k ds fy, f'k{kk izf'k{k.k lalfkku dh LFkkiuk dk lq>ko cgqr gh Js"B jgk gsa bl lfefr ds lq>koksa ls yxrk gs fd ek/;fed f'k{kk rks cgqmn~ns'; gksuh pkfg, FkhA vkpk;z ujsunznso lfefr us f'k{kk ds {ks= dkqh dk;z fd;s tks dqn rks lqy gq,] ijurq dqn vlqy gh jgs tsls& 6 o"khz; ¼d{kk 6 ls 11 rd½ ek/;fed f'k{kk dk lq>ko mi;qdr ugh Fkk D;ksafd bu lq>koksa esa ek/;fed f'k{kk ds dsoy nks mn~ns';ksa ij gh cy fn;k x;k gsa,d] mi;ksxh ukxfjdksa dk fuekz.k vksj nwljk] cppksa dk pfj= fuekz.k dka bl lfefr us ek/;fed Lrj dh ikb~;p;kz ds fy, vfuok;z vksj,sfpnd fo"k;ksa dh tks lwph cukbz Fkh og Hkh vfkzghu gks xbz gsa f}rh; fo'o egk;q) gksus ds dkj.k lfefr dh flqkfj'ksa fø;kfuor gksus ds ctk, Qkbyksa esa gh nc dj jg xbza ^^lu~ 1944&45 esa la;qdr izkur esa iqu% dk xzsl efu=e.my cuk rks bl lfefr ds dqn lq>koksa dks ykxw fd;k x;ka LorU=rk izkfir ds ckn bu lc lq>koksa ij fopkj gksus yxs ftlls ckn esa bugsa ykxw Hkh fd;s x;sa** 21 lktszuv ;kstuk 1944 % ^^Hkkjr ds xozuj tujy dh izcu/kdkfj.kh dkwfly (Governar General Executive Council of) dh iqufuekz.k lfefr esa dsunzh; f'k{kk lykgdkj cksmz 21 jeu fcgkjh yky % Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vksj mldh lel;k;sa] jlrksxh ifcyds'kul ^xaxks=h* f'kokth jksm+ esjb] laldj.k&2002&03 i`"b 183] 184A

72 dks Hkkjr ls f'k{kk ;kstuk cukus dk funsz'k fn;ka 22 ftlls Hkkjr esa,slh f'k{kk dk fodkl fd;k tk;s tslh fczvsu esa gsa rhkh dsunzh; f'k{kk lykgdkj cksmz* us vius vkns'k dk ikyu fd;k vksj,d ;kstuk rs;kj dh blhfy, bls ^dsunzh; f'k{kk lykgdkj cksmz* fjiksvz dgrs gsa ;g ;kstuk ;q)ksrrj Hkkjr ds fy, cukbz x;h Fkh blfy, dqn fo}ku bls ^;q)ksrrj f'k{kk fodkl ;kstuk* dgrs gsa dsunzh; f'k{kk lykgdkj cksmz ds v/;{k lj tkwu lktszuv ¼Sir John Sargent½ Fks vksj ;g ;kstuk mugh dh v/;{krk esa rs;kj dh FkhA blfy, fo}ku blds mugh ds uke ij ^lktszuv ;kstuk* dgrs gsaa lktszuv fjiksvz 12 Hkkxksa esa fohkkftr gs] bl ;kstuk esa iwoz izkfkfed f'k{kk ls ysdj mpp f'k{kk rd dh iwjh :ijs[kk izlrqr dh xbz gsa vksj f'k{kk ds vu; fo"k;ksa dk Hkh folr`r fo.kzu fd;k x;k gsa bl ;kstuk dks iwjk djus esa yxhkx 40 o"kz dk le; fu/kkzfjr fd;k x;k gs rfkk bl ij yxhkx 313 djksm :0 O;; fd;k tk;sxka lktszuv dk dk;z {ks= Hkh ljdkj }kjk vis{kkd`r Fkk ljdkj us ekuk fd ;g ;kstuk ;g ns[ksa fd ns'k esa tu f'k{kk fodykaxksa dh f'k{kk] L=h f'k{kk] vks ksfxd,oa izks ksfxd f'k{kk vksj f'k{kd f'k{kk dh D;k flfkfr gsa bl ;kstuk lfefr dks leiw.kz ns'k dh izkfkfed f'k{kk ls ysdj mpp f'k{kk rd ljdkjh rfkk xsj ljdkjh f'k{kk dh flfkfr dk xgjkbz ls v/;;u djuk pkfg, rfkk lkfk gh bl fefr dks ;g ns[kuk pkfg, fd ljdkj us vc rd fu;qdr f'k{kk lfefr;ksa vksj vk;ksx ds fdu lq>koksa dk fø;kuo;u fd;k gs vksj Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ds la[;kred,oa xq.kkred fodkl esa mudk D;k izhkko jgk gs\ lktszuv ;kstuk }kjk f'k{kk dh Hkkoh ;kstuk esa ljdkj ¼iz'kklu½ dh Hkwfedk dks lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, ftlls bl ;kstuk ds dk;z&{ks=ksa ls ;g Hkh vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gs fd izlrkfor ;kstuk fdrus le; esa iwjh gksxh RkFkk 22 ts-lh- vxzoky % Hkkjr esa f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk fodkl] f'kizk ifcyds'kul nsgyh] laldj.k 2007] i`"b&156a

73 bl ;kstuk ij fdruk O;; gksxka bl ;kstuk esa iwoz izkfkfed f'k{kk ls ysdj mpp f'k{kk rd ds iz'kklu,oa Lo:i ds ckjs esa,d Li"V :ijs[kk Hkh rs;kj dh xbz Fkh ftlds ckjs esa ^lktszuv ;kstuk us vius dqn lq>ko izlrqr fd;s gsa lktszuv ;kstuk us lu~ 1944 bz0 esa lq>ko fn;k fd Hkkjr esa ^^ulzjh f'k{kk 3 ls 6 vk;q oxz ds cppksa ds fy, gksa** 23 3 ls 6 ds cppksa ds fy, f'k'kq fo ky; (Nursery Schools) [kksys tksus pkfg, rfkk ftu uxjksa esa f'k'kqvksa dh la[;k vf/kd gs ogk vyx ls f'k'kq fo ky; [kksys tkus pkfg, vksj de la[;k okys LFkkuksa esa bugsa izkfkfed fo ky;ksa ds lkfk tksm+uk pkfg, rfkk fu%'kqyd f'k'kq f'k{kk gksuh pkfg,a izkfkfed Lrj ij cppksa dks lkeku; Kku ds lkfk&lkfk ln~o;ogkj vksj lkekftd cks/k dh f'k{kk nh tkuh pkfg,a lktszuv ;kstuk 1994 ds }kjk dsunzh; f'k{kk lykgdkj cksmz us izkfkfed Lrj ds fy, csfld f'k{kk dks dqn ifjorzuksa ds lkfk Lohdkj fd;k x;ka izkfkfed f'k{kk dks vkrefuhkzj u cukdj fdlh vk/kkjhkwr f'kyi ds ek/;e ls nh tkuh pkfg, rfkk izkfkfed f'k{kk ds lecu/k esa lktszuv ;kstuk us vius dkqh lq>ko fn;s] tsls& 6 ;s 14 o"kz rd dh vk;q ds lhkh cppksa ds fy, 8 o"khz; vfuok;z,oa fu%'kqyd izkfkfed f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,a izkfkfed f'k{kk dks nks Lrjksa&twfu;j csfld ¼6 ls 14 o"kz vfkkzr~ d{kk 1 ls 5 rd½ vksj lhfu;j csfld ¼11 ls 14 o"kz vfkkzr~ 6 ls 8 rd½ esa ck Vk tkuk pkfg,a izkfkfed f'k{kk esa vio;; jksdus ds fy, mls vfuok;z cukuk vfr vko';d gs rfkk izkfkfed f'k{kk dks vfuok;z cukus ds fy, miflfkfr fujh{kd vf/kdkfj;ksa (Attendence Officers) dh fu;qfdr gksuh pkfg,a** 24 bl ;kstuk ds lq>kokuqlkj twfu;j csfld f'k{kk dk :i fø;kred fd;k tkuk pkfg,a twfu;j 23 ts-lh- vxzoky % Hkkjr esa f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk fodkl] f'kizk ifcyds'kul nsgyh] laldj.k 2007] i`"b&156a 24 jeu fcgkjh yky % Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vksj mldh lel;k;sa] jlrksxh ifcyds'kul ^xaxks=h* f'kokth jksm+ esjb] laldj.k&2002&03 i`"b 187A

74 csfld fo ky;ksa esa lg&f'k{kk gksuh pkfg,a bu fo ky;ksa esa tgk rd lehko gks] efgyk f'kf{kdkvksa dh gh fu;qfdr dh tkuh pkfg, rfkk Nk= v/;kid 1%30 vuqikr gksuk pkfg, tks mpp f'k{kk izkir djus dh flfkfr esa u gks] mpp ;ksx;rk,oa {kerk ds cppksa dks ek/;fed Ldwyksa dh d{kk 6 esa izfo"v fd;k tkuk pkfg,a lktszuv ;kstuk ds lq>ko ds vuqlkj lhfu;j csfld Lrj dh ikb~;p;kz,slh gksuh pkfg, ftlds }kjk cppksa dks lkeku; thou thus ;ksx; cuk;k tk lds] rfkk mugsa LFkkuh; glrdks'ky esa izf'kf{kr fd;k tkuk vko';d gsa ckyd&ckfydkvksa ds fy, vyx&vyx fo ky;ksa dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg, vksj csfld Ldwyksa esas lkewfgd fø;kvksa dks fo'ks"k egro fn;k tkuk pkfg,a buesa f'k{kd Nk= vuqikr 1%25 gksuk pkfg,a bl ;kstuk us fo'ks"k lq>ko fn;k fd csfld Lrj ij vaxzsth dh f'k{kk ds lecu/k esa fu.kz; ysus dk vf/kdkj izkurh; ljdkjksa dks gksxk ftlls og ifjflfkfr vuqlkj fu.kz; ys ldsaa dsunzh; f'k{kk lykgdkj cksmz ds lq>ko ds vuqlkj f'k{kk ds b.vjehfm,v ¼d{kk 11 ls 12½ Lrj dks lekir dj mlds izfke o"kz ¼d{kk 11½ dks ek/;fed f'k{kk esa tksm+dj ek/;fed f'k{kk dks izkfkfed vksj mpp f'k{kk ds e/; dh dm+h cuk fn;k x;ka bl ;kstuk }kjk ek/;fed f'k{kk lecu/kh dkqh lq>ko fn;s x;sa lktszuv ;kstuk ds vuqlkj vkxs ds 3 o"khz; ikb~;øe ¼d{kk 9 ls 11 rd½ esa dqn fo"k; tsls&ekr`hkk"kk vaxzsth] xf.kr] fokku] vfkz'kkl=] d`f"k vksj 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk rfkk dqn fo"k; vyx&vyx gksus pkfg,a cksmz ds lq>kokuqlkj nksuksa izdkj ds fo ky;ksa esa ckfydkvksa ds fy, x`g fokku fo"k; dh O;oLFkk Hkh gksuh pkfg,a ek/;fed Lrj dh ikb~;p;kz dsoy mpp f'k{kk esa izos'k dh n`f"v ls gh fodflr u djds ;g vius esa iw.kz bdkbz gksuh pkfg, rfkk vaxzsth fo"k; vfuok;z gksuk pkfg,a ek/;fed f'k{kk dk ek/;e ekr`hkk"kk ¼{ks=h; Hkk"kk, ½ gksuh pkfg,a 50 izfr'kr ;ksx; vksj fu/kzu Nk=ksa dks 'kqyd eqfdr nh tkuh pkfg,a lktszuv ;kstuk us mpp f'k{kk lecu/kh lq>ko fn;s fd egkfo ky;ksa vksj fo'ofo ky;ksa ls b.vjehfmv, d{kk, lekir djds izfke o"kz ¼d{kk 11½ ek/;fed

75 f'k{kk ls tksm+ fn;k tkuk pkfg, rfkk f}rh; o"kz ¼d{kk 12½ Lukrd f'k{kk ls tksm+k tkuk pkfg, vksj Lukrd ikb~;øe rhu o"khz; dj fn;k tkuk pkfg,a fo'ofo ky; ds izos'k fu;eksa dks dbksj dj fn;k tkuk pkfg,a 25 mpp f'k{kk dk ikb~;øe mi;ksx cuk dj fo'ofo ky; esa vuqla/kku dh mfpr O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,a mpp f'k{kk esa izos'k ds fu;e dbksj fd;s tkus pkfg, tks ek/;fed f'k{kk mùkh.kz 15 Nk=ksa esa ls dsoy 1 Nk= ds vuqikr esa gh izos'k ys ldsa f'k{kd&f'k{kkffkz;ksa ds chp fudv dk leidz LFkkfir djds fo'ofo ky;ksa esa mid{kk iz.kkyh (Tutorial system) dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,a bl ;kstuk ds vuqlkj ns'k esa ^jk"vªh; rduhdh f'k{kk ifj"kn~* (National Councial for Technical Education) dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg, vksj blh ifj"kn~ dks rduhdh f'k{kk dh uhfr fu/kkzfjr dj lhkh izdkj dh rduhdh lalfkkvksa esa leuo; LFkkfir djuk pkfg,a lktszuv ;kstuk ds nks izdkj ds ^iw.kzdkyhu* (Full Time) rfkk vyidkyhu (Part Time) rduhdh Ldwy vksj dkfyt LFkkfir djus dk lq>ko Hkh fn;ka lktszuv ;kstuk ds lq>kokuqlkj fdlh Hkh f'k{kk ;kstuk esa cppksa ds LokLF; dh vksj mlds fodkl dh rjq fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg,a fo ky;ksa dk i;kzoj.k LoPN gks] dejs cm+s gks ftlesa csbus dk QuhZpj mi;qdr gksuk pkfg,a fo ky;ksa esa LokLF; f'k{kk vfuok;z djuh pkfg, rfkk ek/;kug Hkkstu dh Hkh mfpr O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,a bl ;kstuk us lq>ko fn;k fd Nk=ksa dh le; ij LokLF; dh tk p 6] 11 vksj 14 o"kz dh vk;q ij dh tkuh pkfg,a Nk=ksa dh LokLF;&lEcU/kh lwpuk, Nk=ksa ds lafpr vfhkys[kksa (cumulative records) esa vafdr dh tkuh vko';d gsa vf/kdka'k jksxksa dh fpfdrlk Hkh fu%'kqyd gksuh pkfg, rfkk nqczy Nk=ksa ij fo'ks"k /;ku nsdj mudks lcy cukuk pkfg,a Nk=ksa ds 'kkjhfjd 25 MkW0,l0ih0 xqirk % Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk bfrgkl] fodkl,oa lel;k;sa] 'kkjnk iqlrd Hkou bykgkckn] laldj.k&2001] i`"b&80a

76 ekufld LokLF; ds fy, euksjatu vr;ur vko';d gs rfkk LoLFk Nk= gh LoLFk jk"vª dk fuekz.k dj ldsxk rfkk rhkh og lkekftd dk;z dj ldsxka ^^lktszuv ;kstuk 1944 }kjk f'k'kq vksj twfu;j csfld Lrj ij 1%3 lhfu;j csfld Lrj ij 1%25 vksj gkbzldwy Lrj ij 1%20 f'k{kd Nk= vuqikr dk lq>ko fn;k x;k FkkA** 26 iwoz izkfkfed vksj twfu;j csfld Ldwyksa ds f'k{kdksa ds fy, twfu;j izf'k{k.k fo ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg, rfkk buesa izos'k ds fy, U;wure ;ksx;rk fefmy ikl gks vksj bl izf'k{k.k dh vof/k 2 o"kz gksuh pkfg,a lhfu;j csfld Ldwyksa ds f'k{kdksa ds izf'k{k.k ds fy, lhfu;j f'k{kd izf'k{k.k fo ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg,a buesa izos'k ds fy, U;wure ;ksx;rk gkbzldwy ikl gksdj izf'k{k.k vof/k 3 o"kz gksuh pkfg,a tgk rd lehko gks lds lhkh izdkj ds f'k{kd izf'k{k.k fo ky; vksj egkfo ky; vkoklh; gksus pkfg,a bl ;kstuk ds lq>kokuqlkj izf'k{kr f'k{kdksa ds fy, vfhkuo ikb~;øe (Refresher courses) dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,a lktszuv ;kstuk 1944 us lq>ko fn;k fd 10 o"kz ls 40 o"kz dh vk;q oxz ds fuj{kj cppksa] ;qodksa vksj izks<+ksa ds fy, izks<+ f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg, bldk mùkjnkf;ro jkt; ljdkjksa ij gksuk pkfg,a izks<+ f'k{kk dk dk;zøe {ks=h; vko';drkvksa ds vuqdwy gksuk pkfg,a izks<+ f'k{kk dk mís'; izks<ksa dks dsoy lk{kj cukuk gh ugha gksuk pkfg,] mugsa O;kogkfjd,oa O;kolkf;d Kku,oa dks'ky iznku djuk Hkh gksuk pkfg,a 27 bl dk;z ij yxhkx rhu djksm+ okf"kzd O;; fd;k tkuk pkfg,a 10 ls 16 o"kz rd ds fuj{kj ym+ds&ym+fd;ksa ds fy, vyx&vyx izks<+ f'k{kk dsunz cuk;k tkuk pkfg,a 17 ls 40 o"kz vk;q ds ;qod,oa izks<+ iq#"kksa vksj efgykvksa ds fy, ;s dsunz leku gksus pkfg,a 26 jeu fcgkjh yky % Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vksj mldh lel;k;sa] jlrksxh ifcyds'kul ^xaxks=h* f'kokth jksm+ esjb] laldj.k&2002&03 i`"b 191A 27 MkW0,l0ih0 xqirk % Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk bfrgkl] fodkl,oa lel;k;sa] 'kkjnk iqlrd Hkou bykgkckn] laldj.k&2001] i`"b&80a

77 lktszuv ;kstuk dk fo'ys"k.k,oa O;k[;k % lktszuv ;kstuk,d f'k{kk ;kstuk gs ftldk fo'ys"k.k,oa O;k[;k dk ekun.m bldh mi;ksfxrk gh gks ldrh gsa bl ;kstuk dk fo'ys"k.k,oa O;k[;k fueu rf;ksa ds vk/kkj ij dh tk ldrh gsa lktszuv ;kstuk jk"vªh;,oa izfke f'k{kk ;kstuk jgh gs ftlesa igyh ckj 'ksf{kd voljksa dh lekurk dh vksj dne c<+k;k x;k FkkA blds }kjk izks<+&f'k{kk] euncqf),oa fodykax cppksa dh f'k{kk O;oLFkk rfkk vko';drk ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k x;k gsa lktszuv ;kstuk fczfv'k dky dh igyh f'k{kk ;kstuk jgh gs ftls Hkkjr dh rrdkyhu vko';drvksa ds vuqdwy cuk;k x;k FkkA bl ;kstuk esa f'k{kk ds lhkh Lrjksa iwoz izkfkfed ls ysdj mpp f'k{kk rd vksj mlds lhkh i{kksa iz'kklu,oa laxbu vkfn ij iw.kz:i ls fopkj fd;k x;k vksj mldk Hkkoh dk;zøe cuk;k x;ka Hkkjr ds fcfv'k dky] esa vc rd ftruk Hkh 'ksf{kd fpuru gqvk] og lc bl ;kstuk ds fuekzrkvksa dh gh nsu gsa mugksaus Hkkjrh;ksa dks Hkkjrh; i)fr ls ;wjksih; Kku&foKku esa ifjido dj Å pkb;ksa rd igq pkus dk ekxz iz'klr fd;ka fczfv'k dky dh ;g f'k{kk ;kstuk jgh gsftls iwjk djus ds fy,,d fuf'pr le;&lhek cukbz xbza ;g 40 o"kz dk le; jgk ftlesa vuqekfur O;; 313 djksm+ #i;k crk;k x;ka bl ;kstuk esa dsunzh; vksj izkurh; ljdkjksa ds 'ksf{kd mùkjnkf;ro fuf'pr fd;s x, rfkk 'ksf{kd dk;ks± esa rkyesy j[kus ds fy, dsunzh; f'k{kk fohkkx dh LFkkiuk dk Hkh lq>ko izlrqr fd;k x;ka lktszuv ;kstuk esa ns'khkj esa O;kolkf;d funsz'ku dsunz vksj jkstxkj dk;kzy; [kksyus dk lq>ko fn;k ftlls f'kf{kr csjkstxkjh dh lel;k gy gqbza bl ;kstuk esa iwoz izkfkfed vksj izkfkfed f'k{kk dks vfuok;z,oa fu%'kqyd cuk;k x;k ftlls lhkh ckydksa dks f'k{kk xzg.k djus dh lel;k dk lek/kku fd;k x;ka bl ;kstuk esa ek/;fed mpp vksj rduhdh f'k{kk esa lq/kkj ds fy, Bksl izlrko fn;s x;s rfkk ;ksx; Nk=ksa dks izos'k nsus dk lq>ko Hkh vr;f/kd egroiw.kz jgka

78 lktszuv ;kstuk esa bruh lc [kwfc;k gksrs gq, Hkh blesa dqn dfe;k ikbz xbz ftlls bl ;kstuk ds lelr igyqvksa ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k x;ka ^^vfuok;z rfkk fu%'kqyd f'k{kk dh izkfir dk le; 40 o"kz j[kk x;k tks fd cgqr vf/kd FkkA** bldks iwjk djus ds fy, 313 djksm+ #i;s dh /kujkf'k dk vuqeku yxk;k x;k tks vi;kzir Fkk rfkk bldh /kujkf'k dk lzksr Hkh vkkr gh jgk gsa bl ;kstuk ds vuqlkj ;gk lktszuv ;kstuk vc rd dh f'k{kk uhfr;ksa esa lcls vf/kd O;kid gs] ijurq fqj Hkh blesa fpfdrlk f'k{kk] efgyk f'k{kk vksj /kkfezd f'k{kk vkfn ij dksbz Hkh lq>ko izlrqr ugha fd;s x;s gsaa lktszuv ;kstuk esa vr;f/kd vpnkbz;ksa ds lkfk dqn =qfv;k Hkh ikbz xbz gsa