GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL & ECONOMIC BENEFITS of INTRODUCING R744 MOBILE AIR CONDITIONING

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL & ECONOMIC BENEFITS of INTRODUCING R744 MOBILE AIR CONDITIONING Armin Hafner & Petter Nekså SINTEF Energy Research Trondheim Norway 1

Outline Introduction Environmental Impact of MAC Latest development achievements Economic Issues of R744 MAC LCCP Input values Results, case studies: Europe, India and China Summary 2

Introduction CO 2 applied as refrigerant (R744) is classified as non-toxic and non flammable Revival of R744 Technology started in 1988 @ SINTEF / NTNU Many institutes and companies do have a successful R744 development Funding provided by EU: RACE (1995-97); B-Cool (2005-2008) EU MAC directive (70/156/EEC) adopted 17.th of May 2006 LCCP*; an upgrade of the earlier applied TEWI** analysis German car makers choose R744, see www.r744.com*** * LCCP: Life Cycle Climate Performance ** TEWI: Total Equivalent Warming Impact ***Industry leading web site on CO 2 technology 3

Environmental Impact of MAC Direct Emissions; Related to GWP: Leak tight assembly line equipment, MAC systems, service equipment, etc. Applying low GWP, non-toxic refrigerants 4

Environmental Impact of MAC Indirect Emissions; Related to Fuel Consumption: Active control of evaporator temperature according to the required cooling demand of the passenger compartment. Improved front end designs decrease the inlet air temperature to the heat rejection device, especially during idle condition. Automatic air recirculation control reduction of fresh (hot) air flow rate into the passenger compartment to a reasonable level Provide shade for the cars, when parking, plant trees 5

Latest development achievements Compressor efficiency Hrnjak 2006 (MAC-Summit) 6

Latest development achievements HFC-134a / R744; variable displacement compressor Wolf (2007) 7

Latest development achievements System Performance Wieschollek and Heckt (2007) investigated the fuel consumption of a Toyota Yaris equipped with a 1.0 dm 3 petrol engine, a conventional HFC MAC system and an R744 MAC system. At equal cooling capacities and no front end modifications; the R744 MAC system reduced the additional fuel consumption due to AC by: 25%, i.e. 0,56 dm 3 /100km less in a NEDC at 35 C ambient temperature (HFC134a 1.97 dm 3 /100km versus R744 1.41 dm 3 /100km). Haller et al. (2007) Small car R744 system with fixed displacement compressor; The Touran example showed similar tendencies like the investigation from Visteon. 8

Latest development achievements System Performance Wieschollek and Heckt (2007) investigated the fuel consumption of a Toyota Yaris equipped with a 1.0 dm 3 petrol engine, a conventional HFC MAC system and an R744 MAC system. At equal cooling capacities and no front end modifications; the R744 MAC system reduced the additional fuel consumption due to AC by: 25%, i.e. 0,56 dm 3 /100km less in a NEDC at 35 C ambient temperature (HFC134a 1.97 dm 3 /100km versus R744 1.41 dm 3 /100km). Haller et al. (2007) Small car R744 system with fixed displacement compressor; The Touran example showed similar tendencies like the investigation from Visteon. 9

Economic Issues of R744 MAC Acceptance criteria for low cost R744 MAC: Simple control strategy (on / off) Comparable noise level Limited number of flexible lines applied in the system, mainly full flexible Al-lines to reduce system cost. Features of High class R744 MACs: Automatic control (evaporator pressure according to demand, high side pressure at optimum level) High energy efficiency due to externally controlled variable displacement compressor Improved air flow across exterior heat exchanger Cost efficient servicing Next generation vehicles 10

LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) Temp. bin (06 am 8 pm) Distance driven Distance driven AC on Example: New Delhi, India Annual driving & hours / year 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 h/a km driven km driven AC on 0 0-5 New Delhi 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 Ambient temperature [ C] [ C] 45-50 11

Car Production Numbers INDIA CHINA 8 Production in India Cars incl. AC 8 Chinese production of cars incl. AC No. of passenger cars [10 6 ] 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 20% growth No. of passenger cars [10 6 ] 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 20% growth 0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Year 0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Year 12

LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) Temp. bin (06 am 8 pm) Distance driven Distance driven AC on Example: Frankfurt, EU Annual driving & hours / year. 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 h/a km driven km driven AC on 0 Frankfurt 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 Ambient temperature [ C] 25-30 30-35 Ambient temperature [ C] 13

LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) Temp. bin (06 am 8 pm) Distance driven Distance driven AC on Example: Athens, EU Annual driving & hours / year. 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 h/a km driven km driven AC on 0 Athens 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 Ambient temperature [ C] 25-30 Ambient temperature [ C] 30-35 14

LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) input values, direct emissions, Asia / Europe Asia Europe GHG emission due to production of refrigerant (kg CO 2 /kg HFC ) 10 10 System charge (g) 650 650 Annual Leakage (g/year) 40 25 Life time Services 5 3 End of Life (EoL) recovery rate (%) 80 1;2 80 1 EoL treatment; special waste crematory process (kg CO 2 /kg HFC ) 50 50 Loss of remaining charge at service [%]: 20 2 20 1 As example to show sensitivity of EoL recovery: Athens & Shanghai 50%; Trondheim & New Delhi 0% 2 As worst case scenario; Bombay: 0% EoL recovery and 100 % loss of remaining charge at service. 15

LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) Most important input value: + 0.18 dm 3 /100km + 0.29 dm 3 /100km ENERGY -> + 3 % CONSUMPTION -> + 5 of % MAC NEDC@10 C NEDC@25 C NEDC@35 C NEDC@45 C no MAC 5,4 5,42 5,41 5,38 HFC-134a MAC 5,69 6,65 7,38 7,89 R744 MAC 5,58 6,33 6,82 7,67 Vehicle (Toyota Yaris) fuel consumption for NEDC, Wieschollek, F & Heckt, R. (2007) 16

LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) Most important input value: + 0.91 dm 3 /100km + 1.23 dm 3 /100km ENERGY -> + 17 % CONSUMPTION -> + 23 of MAC % NEDC@10 C NEDC@25 C NEDC@35 C NEDC@45 C no MAC 5,4 5,42 5,41 5,38 HFC-134a MAC 5,69 6,65 7,38 7,89 R744 MAC 5,58 6,33 6,82 7,67 Vehicle (Toyota Yaris) fuel consumption for NEDC, Wieschollek, F & Heckt, R. (2007) 17

LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) Most important input value: + 1.41 dm 3 /100km + 1.97 dm 3 /100km ENERGY -> + 26 % CONSUMPTION -> + 36 of MAC % NEDC@10 C NEDC@25 C NEDC@35 C NEDC@45 C no MAC 5,4 5,42 5,41 5,38 HFC-134a MAC 5,69 6,65 7,38 7,89 R744 MAC 5,58 6,33 6,82 7,67 Vehicle (Toyota Yaris) fuel consumption for NEDC, Wieschollek, F & Heckt, R. (2007) 18

LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) Most important input value: + 2.29 dm 3 /100km + 2.51 dm 3 /100km ENERGY -> + 43 % CONSUMPTION -> + 47 of MAC % NEDC@10 C NEDC@25 C NEDC@35 C NEDC@45 C no MAC 5,4 5,42 5,41 5,38 HFC-134a MAC 5,69 6,65 7,38 7,89 R744 MAC 5,58 6,33 6,82 7,67 Vehicle (Toyota Yaris) fuel consumption for NEDC, Wieschollek, F & Heckt, R. (2007) 19

LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) Results, case study: Europe 3000 Athens Paris Trondheim Frankfurt 1000 Athens Paris Trondheim Frankfurt HFC-134a R744 824 LCCP [kg CO2 eqv.] 2000 1000 Fuel consumption [dm 3 ] 500 228 234 607 174 179 53 38 0 indirect direct indirect direct 0 HFC-134a R744 20

LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) Results, case study: Europe 3000 Athens Paris Trondheim Frankfurt HFC MAC system emits GHG: LCCP [kg CO2 eqv.] 2000 1000 HFC-134a 50 63 % R744 2.4-3.5 metric tonnes (Athens, depending on leakages) Up to 1.2 metric tonnes (Trondheim, Norway) based on 12.500 km/a 0 indirect direct indirect direct 12 years of driving 50 63 % reduction if R744 is applied 21

LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) Results, case study: Europe HFC MAC requires fuel: 824 liters in Athens 53 liters in Trondheim based on 12.500 km/a 12 years of driving Fuel consumption [dm 3 ] 1000 500 Athens Paris Trondheim Frankfurt 824 228 25% 234 607 174 179 53 38 0 25 % fuel savings if R744 is applied HFC-134a R744 22

LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) Results, case study: India and China LCCP [kg CO2 eqv.] 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 Bombay New Delhi Shanghai Beijing HFC-134a R744 Fuel consumption [dm 3 ] 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 Bombay New Delhi Shanghai Beijing 3509 3039 2654 2170 1040 913 763 669 0 indirect direct indirect direct 0 HFC-134a R744 23

LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) Results, case study: India and China LCCP [kg CO2 eqv.] 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 Bombay New Delhi Shanghai Beijing HFC-134a 40% R744 HFC MAC system emits GHG: 10 to 14 metric tonnes (India) 5 metric tonnes (China) based on 15.000 km/a 15 years of driving 0 indirect direct indirect direct 40% reduction if R744 is applied 24

LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) Results, case study: India and China HFC MAC requires fuel: 3039-3509 liters in (India) 2170-2654 liters in (China) based on 15.000 km/a 15 years of driving Fuel consumption [dm 3 ] 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 Bombay New Delhi Shanghai Beijing 3509 3039 2654 2170 32-40% 1040 913 763 669 32-40% fuel savings if R744 is applied 0 HFC-134a R744 25

Summary The estimated fuel saving potential and reduction of GHG emissions per 1.000.000 cars by introducing R744 MAC systems instead of continuing with HFC 134a MAC units in Asia are: in New Delhi: 57.000 m 3 of petrol 300.000 metric tonnes of GHG emissions (CO 2 eq.) in the Shanghai area: 18.000 m 3 of petrol 172.000 metric tonnes of GHG emissions 26

Summary R744 is the global MAC refrigerant for the future with the highest confidence regarding: SAFETY & FUEL EFFICIENCY Flexibility regarding: FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS (heat pumping units) And a high SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT POTENTIAL! (expansion work recovery) 27

Thank you for your attention & Questions are welcome! SINTEF Energy Research ARMIN HAFNER Armin.Hafner@sintef.no PETTER NEKSÅ Petter.Neksa@sintef.no Acknowledgement: Thanks for all the help and comments from our partners of the B-Cool project, funded by EU. Thanks for the contribution from Obrist Engineering, Shecco, www.r744.com, BEHR and Visteon Deutschland GmbH. 28