Road safety in China, India, and Brazil: Challenges and opportunities Michael Sivak The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute
Sustainable Worldwide Transportation Bendix Bosch Continental FIA Foundation Ford GM Nissan Toyota
Sustainable Transportation That combination of available transportation options that optimizes the tradeoffs among the safety, environmental, economic, and social consequences
Guiding principle of safety research: Reduce total harm
Consequences of a crash Exposure Crash risk
Consequences of a crash Exposure Crash risk Adapted from Thulin and Nilsson (1994)
Consequences of a crash Exposure Modification Exposure Crash risk
Consequences of a crash Exposure Modification Exposure Crash risk Crash Avoidance
Consequences of a crash Crash Mitigation Exposure Modification Exposure Crash risk Crash Avoidance
Safety sustainability Traffic safety in the U.S.: Re-examining major opportunities Mechanisms involved in the recent large reductions in the U.S. road fatalities A road-safety upside of the current economic downturn The future of personal transportation the megacities of the world Road safety in China: Challenges and opportunities Road safety in India: Challenges and opportunities Road safety in Brazil: Challenges and opportunities
Common elements Lead authors from the respective countries (Wei Zhang, Dinesh Mohan, Eduardo Vasconcellos) Identification of the largest cubes of total harm Identification of effective countermeasures for each cubes that reduce the exposure, crash risk, or crash consequences
Large cubes / areas for intervention China India Brazil Pedestrians - Pedestrians and other non-motorists - Pedestrians and other non-motorists in urban areas Nighttime Motorcycles - Motorcycles and small cars Vehicle passengers Wrong-way drivers on divided highways Trucks and buses Two-lane roads
Promising interventions Large cubes / areas for intervention China India Brazil Pedestrians - Pedestrians and other non-motorists - Pedestrians and other non-motorists in urban areas Nighttime Motorcycles - Motorcycles and small cars Vehicle passengers Wrong-way drivers on divided highways Trucks and buses Two-lane roads E: exposure R: risk C: consequences
Example 1 Large cubes / areas for intervention China India Brazil Pedestrians - Pedestrians and other non-motorists - Pedestrians and other non-motorists in urban areas Nighttime Motorcycles - Motorcycles and small cars Vehicle passengers Wrong-way drivers on divided highways Trucks and buses Two-lane roads
Delayed activation of headlights Large cubes / areas for intervention China India Brazil Pedestrians - Pedestrians and other non-motorists - Pedestrians and other non-motorists in urban areas Nighttime Motorcycles - Motorcycles and small cars Vehicle passengers Wrong-way drivers on divided highways Trucks and buses Two-lane roads E: exposure R: risk C: consequences
Automatic headlights in the dark Large cubes / areas for intervention China India Brazil Pedestrians - Pedestrians and other non-motorists - Pedestrians and other non-motorists in urban areas Nighttime Motorcycles - Motorcycles and small cars Vehicle passengers Wrong-way drivers on divided highways Trucks and buses Two-lane roads E: exposure R: risk C: consequences
Example 2 Large cubes / areas for intervention China India Brazil Pedestrians - Pedestrians and other non-motorists - Pedestrians and other non-motorists in urban areas Nighttime Motorcycles - Motorcycles and small cars Vehicle passengers Wrong-way drivers on divided highways Trucks and buses Two-lane roads
Much lower seatbelt usage rates than drivers Large cubes / areas for intervention China India Brazil Pedestrians - Pedestrians and other non-motorists - Pedestrians and other non-motorists in urban areas Nighttime Motorcycles - Motorcycles and small cars Vehicle passengers Wrong-way drivers on divided highways Trucks and buses Two-lane roads E: exposure R: risk C: consequences
Education to increase passenger seatbelt use Large cubes / areas for intervention China India Brazil Pedestrians - Pedestrians and other non-motorists - Pedestrians and other non-motorists in urban areas Nighttime Motorcycles - Motorcycles and small cars Vehicle passengers Wrong-way drivers on divided highways Trucks and buses Two-lane roads E: exposure R: risk C: consequences
Conclusion Major safety improvements could be made worldwide by using targeted countermeasures based on scientific, system-wide understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to the occurrence of large components of the overall problem in each country
Reports Road safety in China: Challenges and opportunities http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/60474/1/100702.pdf Road safety in India: Challenges and opportunities http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/61504/1/102019.pdf Road safety in Brazil: Challenges and opportunities http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/63586/1/102260.pdf Sponsoring consortium Sustainable Worldwide Transportation http://www.umich.edu/~umtriswt