Shmuel De-Leon Energy Ltd. Where Knowledge and Vision Take Place Battery Seminar Battery Technology Mid Term Forecast Samuel De-Leon shmueld33@gmail.com 1
Proprietary Notice This document contains information which Samuel De-Leon deems confidential and proprietary. Therefore, it is not to be used, duplicated or disclosed in whole or in part, without the prior written consent of Samuel De-Leon. 2
Technological Trends for the Next Decade Energy Demand The need for portable energy sources is the main driving force behind energy density improvements in electro-chemical power sources. Lithium Ion Technology Used in new applications especially with large batteries/cells in place of other technologies. The energy density gap to primary technology will be decreased. 3
Technological Trends for the Next Decade New chemistries? Probably no new chemistry. New types of Li-ion rechargeable cells will be developed with better performance and there will be small energy density improvements in primary cells. Small portable fuel cells? Will find a place in niche markets, mainly in expensive applications, and, if there is going to be cost reduction, in military application and portable commercial electronic devices. 4
Technological Trends for the Next Decade Hybrid systems? Increase in hybrid systems, how to integrate the good performance of different energy sources like battery + capacitor, battery + fuel cell, primary cell + rechargeable cell, etc. 5
Energy Demands in the Next Decade More Batteries Increased demand for hybrid & EV, electric scooters and electric bikes as a result of high gasoline costs and the need for a "Green" environment. Vectrix scooter Hybrid car Electric Bike
Plug-In Hybrid Cars P.H.E.V. Hybrid with larger batteries, with an extension cord for battery charging & a backup gas tank. Cleaner, cheaper, quieter car for local travel. Gas tank is always there should you need to drive longer distances If your driving is mostly local, you'd almost never need to gas-up. Will fill the gap until EV batteries with better performance will be developed. 7
Plug-In Hybrid Cars P.H.E.V Current HEV cars uses NiMh batteries. Li-ion with better energy density per weight, higher 100% D.O.D cycles & fast charge are vital. PIHEV will start using Li-Ion batteries during 2011-2012. Car Manufacturers decided to manufacture Li-Ion batteries in their own plants (Toyota, Nissan, GM, Ford). 8 The Toyota Vitz has a Li-Ion for start-stop
Energy Demands in the Next Decade More Batteries Increase demand for portable more Laptops, PDAs, Cellular phones, Video cameras, Games, Power tools & integrated applications like PDA with integrated Cellular phone & GPS. 9
Energy Demands in the Next Decade Portable market uses all 4 technologies: Ni-Cd, Ni- Mh, LIB, LIP. Expectations for the coming years are that Li-Ion will increase market share at the expense of the nickel chemistries, except in the consumer market. Consumer market will use mainly AA, AAA Ni-Mh cells. 10
Energy Demands in the Next Decade Current UPS & energy storage systems use leadacid batteries. In Mid future starting at 2012 these systems will move to Li-Ion batteries. 11
Why Li-Ion is the Leading Rechargeable Chemistry? Highest energy densities excellent choice for portables & stationary applications. World Li-Ion battery production increases yearly, especially in China that leads to a cost reduction & chemistry penetration to new markets. 12
Why Li-Ion is the Leading Rechargeable Chemistry? Better protection of electronics, resulting in reduced costs, increased safety & optimized energy. New High Power Lithium Iron Phosphate battery versions close the gap towered other classic rechargeable high power chemistries. 13
The Current Gap, Li-Ion vs. Primary LITHIUM SULFURYL CHLORIDE ELECTROCHEM 3B30 C - SIZE LITHIUM ION PANASONIC NCR18650 A LONG A SIZE 7 AH 3.1 AH 444 WH/KG 257 WH/KG 927 WH/L 647 WH/L 14
Rechargeable Chemistries Energy Density Comparison Lead Acid Ni-Cd Ni-Mh LIB LIP LiFe PO4 Li-S Weight Energy Density [wh/kg] 35 55 100 257 PANASONIC NCR18650A 243 SANYO GS SOFT LY413352B 160 A123 350Si on Volume Energy density [wh/l] 100 180 360 647 PANASONIC NCR18650 480 SANYO GS SOFT LY413352B 385 A123 218 SION 15
Li-Ion Chemistry Future Developments New anode materials like Nanostructure metallic alloy instead of carbon material (graphite carbon) will increase energy density up to 30%. Sony s new technology "NEXLION" offers 15% more energy density with fast charge but low cycle life (reduction from 600 to 300 cycles). 16
Li-Ion Chemistry Future Developments New Matsushita Li-Ion cells offer 20-40% more capacity (18650 cell with 3.6AH capacity, 2v C.O.V) using a novel material for use in the electrode. PRESENTED at the 2007 International CES/ Las- Vegas. General near future expectation for 20-40% energy improvements 17
The Vision - Performance Without Decreasing Safety Sony LIB safety problems lead to painful damage to the company studied seriously by the world battery industry Safety! Safety! Safety! According to Sony, at the packing phase during the manufacturing process, particles of Cu, Al, Fe & Ni get mixed in and generate a possible internal short circuit. 18
Matsushita (Panasonic) HRL New Li-Ion Safety Technology MBI has succeeded in improving the safety by forming a heat resistance layer (HRL). Lithium-Ion batteries contain a thin polyolefin*2 separator to insulate the cathode from the anode. 19
Matsushita (Panasonic) HRL New Li-Ion Safety Technology When a separator is pierced by an electrically conductive material such as a metal particle, a short-circuit develops, causing the battery to overheat and, in the worst case, catch fire. The HRL has better insulating & heat-resistant characteristics than polyolefin. Even if a shortcircuit occurs, it will cease without causing the battery to overheat. 20
LIP Replacement Technology for LIB Improving Li-Ion energy densities lead to more safety risks like vents, explosion & fires. LIP considered safer: - It contains no flammable liquids - Lithium as an active ingredient - Smaller capacities - Larger foot print better heat dissipation. LIP safer No internal safety elements. LIB less safer Vents, PTC, circuit breaker. 21
LIP - Replacement Technology for LIB Current LIP battery world production, including China, is increasing fast and soon will be higher than LIB. LIP will replace LIB in the long term as a result of many safety incidents that have occurred in the last number of years. 22
A123 LiFePO4 Li-Ion Rechargeable Batteries Up to 5x increase in power density vs. competing technologies - able to pulse at discharge rates as high as 100C & deliver over 3000W/kg. Better safety - not combustible & do not release oxygen if exposed to high temperature or in the event of battery failure or mechanical abuse. Breakthrough improvements in cycle life - can deliver several thousands of cycles at 100% DOD. 23
A123 LiFePO4 Li-Ion Rechargeable Batteries 5-minute charge time 3.3V Working voltage. Current Cells with energy densities of 108WH/KG & 215WH/L in comparison to 209 WH/KG & 253 WH/L in Li-Ion high power cells. 24
Tadiran TLI New Li-Ion Technology Up to 3x increase in power density (AA cell able to deliver 5A constant current & 15A pulse). Discharge temperature range of -40 to 85 degrees C (- 20 to 60 C in Li-Ion). Charge temperature range of -40 to 85 degrees C (0 to 45 C in Li-Ion). 25 * Compare to common Li-Ion technology.
Tadiran TLI New Li-Ion Technology Very low self discharge only 0.5% per month. 5000 cycles (300 to 500 in Li-ion). Fast charging - 1 hour standard charge (2.5 hours in Li-ion). But still lower capacities at the current time. 26 * Compare to common Li-Ion technology.
Electrovaya New MN Li-Ion Technology Lithiated Manganese Oxide based system. Up to 50% higher energy density to Electrovaya s Phosphate-Series solution (270wh/kg, 525wh/l). Charging voltage up to 4.5v, discharge to 2.75v. Up to 200 cycles. Disc. Temp -10 to 50c, chg temp 0 to 45c. 27
Lithium Sulfur Potential Future Chemistry? Theoretical weight energy density: Li-S 2500 WH/KG, Li-Ion 580 WH/KG. Theoretical volume energy density: Li-S 2660 WH/L, Li-Ion 1810 WH/L. This leads to the conclusion that Li-S is a good potential candidate more development needs to be done. Material cost of Li-S is lower than material cost of Li- Ion. 3 developers: Leading developer - Sion Power (U.S.A.). 2 more: PulyPlus (U.S.A.), Oxis Energy (U.K.). 28
Sion Li-Si Rechargeable Batteries New rechargeable technology with energy density of 350WH/kg. One cell model with 2.6ah. 2.1-2.2v working voltage. Up to 30 cycles (100% D.O.D.). -20 to 45 c operating temperature range. Used already as a prototype in several applications. 29
30 Sion Li-Si Rechargeable Batteries
Smaller Size Silver-Zinc Rechargeable Battery Technology ZMP Ag-Zn Li-Ion Lead- Acid Ni- Cd Ni- MH Lighter Weight 31
Silver-Zinc Rechargeable Battery Technology Theoretical volumetric, energy density (Wh/l) is 2X that of Li-ion. Previously used only in specialty applications (military, aerospace, and broadcasting) due to short cycle life. Currently available silver-zinc technology is 40 years old. 32
Silver-Zinc Rechargeable Battery Technology Considered safer than LIB. No air transportation limitation. The time horizon to commercialization is long and expensive. 33
Other Rechargeable Chemistries? Ni-Cd, Lead-Acid will survive, especially in low cost applications. Ni-Mh will survive in the consumer market as a replacement for Alkaline cells & in high cost HEV market. World high cost of nickel hurt nickel battery manufacturer profits. Market share of all 3 chemistries will decrease slowly in size & value yearly. 34
Primary Lithium Cells Improvements Industrial market More lithium prismatic cells in order to gain volume energy density improvements. Self discharge decrease. Wider operating temperature range. Passivation decrease. Up to 5% more energy density expected. 35
Industrial market Primary Cell Safety Improvements - Shut down separator - Internal vent - Internal fuse or PTC - Cell level protection circuit board EVE Safe Plus PCB 36
Consumer market Trends in Primary Cells for Consumer Markets 37 Increased demands for Alkaline cells drive capacity improvements. More Alkaline prismatic cells. Alkaline market increase could be even higher but consumer Ni-Mh rechargeable cells catch some market share. 500 cells of Dry cells WASTE 1 cell of Ni-MH Reuse by recharge USBCELL
Consumer market Trends in Primary Cells for Consumer Markets New Chinese manufacturers for Lithium Iron Disulfide spiral cells Energizer is not the only one. Lithium iron market will expand with competition. Energizer energy to go with Lithium Iron Cells CHINA SHANDONG HIHON 38
Consumer market Trends in Primary Cells for Consumer Markets Li-MnO2 CR123 & CR2 replace by Li-Ion rechargeable cells with control board under the sleeve. 39
Consumer market Trends in Primary Cells for Consumer Markets More rechargeable Li-Ion power packs for portable charging of many applications Li-Ion batteries. 40
Military market Trends in Military Batteries Market Li-Ion rechargeable, Zinc-Air reserve and Lithium Thionyl Chloride primary will replace part of the Lithium Sulfur Dioxide and Lithium Manganese Dioxide primary market share. Ultralife Li-Ion Electric- Fuel Zinc-Air 41
Military market Trends in Military Batteries Market Li-CFX seem do be a possible candidate for a new primary chemistry battery for military batteries. 3 manufacturers: Eagle-Picher Energy, Quallion, Spectrum Brands (formerly Ray-O-Vac) have developed a D-sized Li-CFX cells with around 15-20AH capacity for military batteries. 42
Tadiran New Primary Li-Ion Cells New technology with best power density for a primary system, higher voltage & no passivation. 43
Energy Density (Wh/kg) Hybrid Systems - Why Hybrids? 1000 Fuel Cells 1 HR Hybrids 0.1 HR 100 10 Lead-Acid Battery NiCd Battery Lithium Battery 36 sec 3.6 sec 1 Double-Layer Capacitors Ultra- Capacitors 0.36 sec 0.1 Aluminum- Electrolytic Capacitors 36 msec 0.01 44 10 100 1000 10,000 Power Density (W/kg)
Hybrid Systems Low-rate primary Lithium cells in parallel to capacitors no passivation, high-power pulses. Drawback- high self-discharge. Low-rate Rechargeable Lithium cells in parallel to capacitors power & pulses. Low-rate Primary Lithium cells in parallel to highrate Rechargeable Li-Ion high-power pulses, no passivation. Drawback- high self-discharge. Rechargeable Lithium cells in parallel to Fuel Cells capacity & high-power pulses, no passivation. Capacitors in parallel to Fuel Cells energy & highpower pulses. 45
46 Tadiran Oceanographic Hybrid Battery: 14KWh, 960Ah, 14.4 Volt, 19.5 Kg, 96 DD Lithium Thionyl Chloride Cells +12 HLC1550 Super Capacitor
Nano-Materials in Batteries Altair, in its alternative energy division, has developed advanced materials including high performance batteries. Studies show the nano-sized lithium titanate spinel battery material exhibited charge rates & lifecycles 10 to 100 times higher than materials used today. One minute recharge. Potentially 10000 cycles (750 current development). Operating temperature up to 240c. 47
Nano-Materials in Batteries Solicore produces ultra-thin, flexible, safe, high energy density lithium manganese dioxide polymer batteries (solid state electrolyte). Used in smart cards, RFID devices & thin-film medical devices. The company is developing batteries that will be nearly as thin as food-wrap. 48
Nano-Materials in Batteries Lithium 4.2v Ultra-thin rechargeable batteries for card-type applications - smart card, portable sensors, and RFID tag. Thickness of 0.1 mm. 100% D.O.D. with 1000 cycles. 49
Thank You for Your Attention Shmuel De-Leon shmueld33@gmail.com 50 Information in this presentation obtained by: 1. Public web sources. 2. Shmuel de-leon Battery /Energy Sources DataBase (Includes 29000 cell PDF data sheets ).