Swedish activities within ERMES WP 2012

Swedish activities within ERMES WP 2012 Åke Sjödin, IVL Eva Ericsson, WSP Charlotte Sandström, AVL MTC Ulf Hammarström, VTI ERMES Annual Plenary Meeting 27-28 Sep 2012

Sdösld SERMES - background 2000-2005 Involvement in EU FP 5 project ARTEMIS 2004-2008 Implementation of the ARTEMIS Road Model in Sweden 2005-2009 Contribution to DACH-NL-S, e.g. updates of ARTEMIS/HBEFA 2009- Contribution to SERMES 2004- National reference/expert group, meeting twice a year: Swedish car manufacturers (Volvo, Scania) Bil Sweden Swedish producers of motor fuels Swedish EPA Swedish Energy Agency

Involvement by research issue and partner ERMES Research Issue Partner 1. Euro 5/6 PC AVL MTC 3. Euro V/VI HDV 5. Alternative Fuels 6. Evaporation 7. Cold starts 9. Traffic situations and new testing cycles WSP, Tyréns 10. New Technologies/Hybrid AVL MTC 11. Validation of current EFs (PEMS, remote sensing) AVL MTC, IVL 12. Non-exhaust emissions IVL, VTI 17. Driving resistance vehicle parameters VTI 18. Micro- and macrosimulation models VTI

Scope of today s presentation ERMES Research Issue Partner 1. Euro 5/6 PC AVL MTC 3. Euro V/VI HDV 5. Alternative Fuels AVL MTC 6. Evaporation 7. Cold starts 9. Traffic situations and new testing cycles WSP, Tyréns 10. New Technologies / Hybrid AVL MTC 11. Validation of current EFs (PEMS, remote sensing) AVL MTC, IVL 12. Non-exhaust emissions IVL, VTI 17. Driving resistance vehicle parameters VTI 18. Micro- and macrosimulation models VTI

Alternative fuels - overview AVL coordinator Results from vehicle tests with alternative fuels (incl blends) Bag results from chassis dynamometer tests Differentiation btw fuels, driving cycles and test temperatures Results for Euro 4 Performed and/or planned testing? Please notify AVL MTC!

Alternative fuels, ctd. Provided data are primarily from tests on Swedish E85 vehicles i.e. not representative for Europe Data for other alternative fuels/blends are lacking: LPG Biodiesel HVO Methane DME E10 As well as data for other vehicle technologies, such as: Dual fuel Retrofit bi-fuel To reach the EU bioenergy goal for 2020 the use of alternative fuels will increase. The need for reliable emission factors for these fuels is therefore essential!

Alternative fuel test results provided by Sep 2012 Fuel # of vehicles Euro standard # of tests Test facility E5 27 Euro 4 47 AVL MTC 1 Euro 5 6 JRC E70 2 Euro 4 2 AVL MTC E75 11 Euro 4 11 AVL MTC 1 Euro 5 3 JRC E85 27 Euro 4 39 AVL MTC 1 Euro 5 3 JRC B10 1 Euro 2 4 LAT 1 Euro 3 18 LAT 1 Euro 4 1 TUG B20 1 Euro 2 9 LAT 1 Euro 4 1 TUG B50 1 Euro 2 2 LAT B100 1 Euro 2 2 LAT 1 Euro 4 1 TUG GTL 1 Euro 4 1 TUG Biogas / CNG 6 Euro 4 9 AVL MTC Test results for one electric vehicle (Volvo C30), performed by AVL MTC within IEA AMF study, will soon be provided

Validation of current EFs - PEMS

2012 PEMS in-use test program for HDV vehicle type / gross vehicle weight certification level fuel type technology (SCR, EGR, PM-Cat, ) rated engine power [kw] roller test bed city bus, 18t Euro IV diesel EGR + OxCat 206 X X truck Euro IV diesel EGR 309 X "incentive" city bus, 18t Euro IV diesel SCR + Filter 220 X city bus, 18t Euro V incentive diesel SCR + filter 265 X rigid truck, 27t / Euro V diesel SCR + filter 286 X truck & trailer 40t Euro IV diesel / SCR 103 X FAME delivery truck, 12t Euro IV diesel EGR 176 X X city bus, 18t Euro V EEV Ethanol SCR 199 X X (E95) city bus, 18t Euro IV EEV CNG SCR 228 X delivery truck, 12t Euro V Dual fuel (diesel/lng) SCR 181 X delivery truck, 12t Euro IV diesel EGR 176 X X truck Euro IV diesel SCR 515 X truck Euro V DME SCR X bus Euro V diesel EGR X truck Euro V diesel EGR 353 X truck Euro V diesel SCR 185 X truck Euro IV diesel EGR 115 X truck Euro III diesel 154 X on board

Validation of current EFs remote sensing

Remote sensing vs emission models (1) NO X from passenger cars Gasoline Diesel

Remote sensing vs emission models (2) NO X from HDV and LCV HDV diesel LCV diesel

On-road NO X (remote sensing) and PM (EEPS) emission measurements on city buses

Driving resistance vehicle parameters Download from: http://www.vti.se/en/publications/

Engine power Engine power Euro 3 Swedish/HBEFA 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 Serie1 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 RT<=7,5t RT14-20 t TT>50 t Average

Engine power Swedish engine power Euro 3=1 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 RT<=7,5t RT14-20 t TT>50 t HBEFA 0.2 0 EURO 0 EURO 1 EURO 2 EURO 3 EURO 4 EURO 5

Vehicle empty weight Vehicle empty weight Euro 3 Swedish/HBEFA 1.2 1.15 1.1 1.05 1 Serie1 0.95 0.9 0.85 RT<=7,5t RT14-20 t TT>50 t Average

Vehicle empty weight Vehicle empty weight 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 RT<=7,5t RT14-20 t TT>50 t Average HBEFA 0.2 0 EURO 0 EURO 1 EURO 2 EURO 3 EURO 4 EURO 5

Max load Max load Euro 3 Swedish/HBEFA 1.05 1 0.95 0.9 Serie1 0.85 0.8 0.75 RT<=7,5t RT14-20 t TT>50 t Average

Max load Maxload Euro 3=1 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 RT<=7,5t RT14-20 t TT>50 t Average HBEFA 0.2 0 EURO 0 EURO 1 EURO 2 EURO 3 EURO 4 EURO 5

Cd*Ayz Air resistance Cd*Ayz including random meteorological wind effect 12 10 8 6 4 Coastdown HBEFA/PHEM 2 0 TT>50t box RT26-28t box TT>50t all RT26-28t all

Rolling resistance Road surface conditions - roughness and macrotexture - increase rolling resistance for HGV by at least 50% Additional rolling resistance for water on the road surface Additional rolling resistance for snow on the road surface

Traffic situations in HBEFA observations and suggestions from Swedish experiences Annual plenary meeting of ERMES (European Research on Mobile Emission Sources) 27-28 September 2012 Eva Ericsson, WSP Sweden, eva.ericsson@wspgroup.se

Background HBEFA/ARTEMIS is used for the Swedish national inventories of emissions since 2005. Local and regional air quality model SimAir HBEFA Traffic situations has been connected to Swedish road network. Each road linked to a HBEFA TS class first time 2005 Total yearly vehicle mileage summarized over road classes and the four traffic flow conditions for different years 1990, 1995, 1998, 2000, 2005 and 2009

Work in 2010-12 Re-adaptation between HBEFA and the Swedish road network due to: Road net changes e.g. many high speed two-lane roads have been rebuilt to semi-motorways with variable 2+1 lane. New speed limits introduced 40 60 80 100 120

Ongoing HBEFA related work 2012 Estimations of CO2-emissions based on continuous data from MCS (motorway monitor and control systems) in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö

TS classification - procedure 1. Matching the Swedish road classification to HBEFA descriptions of TS road categories 2. Comparison of average travel speed for the primary chosen TS with Swedish data (at free flow conditions). Modification of the TS-classification. 3. Calculation of the shares of vehicle mileage on each road link that over a year would be categorized in the four flow classes (free, heavy, congested/saturated, stop and go). Based on: 1. ADT of the link 2. Rang curves over how traffic varies over the year for the road category 3. Volume delay functions for the road type

Observations connected to TS definitions/descriptions Road Short name, description type 10 Motorway-Nat., >= 2x2 lanes, grade separated 12 Semi-Motorway, variable nr of lanes (Sweden,rural areas) 20 TrunkRoad/Primary-Nat., grade separated, >= 2x1 lanes 21 TrunkRoad/Primary-City, high-speed/high capacity road, expressway/major artery/primary road (but not motorway); >= 2x1 lanes; may be grade separated 11 Motorway-City, motorway, high-speed/high capacity road, expressway/major artery/ring road; >= 2x2 lanes; always grade separated 30 Distributor/Secondary, medium capacity road, minor artery/distributor/district con-nector; >= 2x1 or >= 1x2 lanes 31 Distributor/Secondary(sinuous), medium capacity road, minor artery/distributor/district connector; >= 2x1 or >= 1x2 lanes / with curves 40 Local/Collector, connection between villages; access to/from district distributors; <= 2x1 lanes 41 Local/Collector(sinuous), connection between villages; access to/from district distributors; <= 2x1 lanes / with curves 50 Access-residential, residential road, mostly priority rule, <= 2x1 lanes Difficulties to interpret/translate the definitions of HBEFA road type. Example: HBEFA definition mixes descriptions of road function and road design Swedish database separate them. Translation issues e g - What is a Trunk road? Are National Trunk roads always grade separated? If not not a Trunk Road? Access roads not only in residential areas Speed limits are missing for some road types Road types are missing for some speed limits

Observations connected to validation of speeds We found a need change primary chosen TS-class due to bad match of average speed. Generally: Rural TS tended to have too low average speeds compared to Swedish data Urban TS tended to have too high average speed compared to Swedish data General need for greater variety of Urban TS with lower average speed compared to Swedish data Only two TS in HBEFA has an average speed lower than 45 km/h in free flow conditions The lowest speed at free flow is 31 km/h

Average speed and speed distributions on urban streets (Ericsson 2000) Means No Speed Average Stop Speed distribution Engine speed distibution lanes limit speed % of time in engine speed % of time No Mean stop % of time in speed interval (km/h): 1500-2500- >3500 Street type (km/h) (km/h) v < 2km/h stop/km time (s) 0-15 15-30 30-50 50-70 70-90 90-110>110 <1500 2500 3500 Local res. str. 2 30 20.2 18.4 2.38 13.8 44.2 23.1 30.5 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 60.2 37.1 2.6 0.0 Local res. str. 2 50 26.6 18.6 1.80 14.0 29.1 26.8 33.4 9.8 1.0 0.0 0.0 50.5 44.8 4.6 0.2 Main res. Str. 2 50 46.6 3.8 0.25 11.8 6.3 8.3 33.8 49.2 2.4 0.0 0.0 21.7 67.7 10.4 0.3 Main res. Str. 2 70 52.9 4.8 0.20 15.9 7.1 5.0 18.9 59.3 9.6 0.0 0.0 17.4 63.2 18.2 1.2 Main res. Str. 4 50 35.6 16.0 1.08 15.0 21.7 17.1 34.1 19.6 7.5 0.1 0.0 37.6 50.3 11.6 0.5 Main res. Str. 4 70 35.7 14.9 1.21 12.4 20.9 11.1 42.6 24.6 0.8 0.0 0.0 38.8 51.2 9.9 0.2 Local ind. Str. 2 50 27.1 15.4 2.09 9.8 27.4 27.2 34.7 10.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 46.9 46.4 6.4 0.3 Local ind. Str. 4 50 27.4 20.5 1.84 14.6 31.9 20.8 31.1 16.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 44.9 43.6 11.2 0.3 Main ind. Str. 2 50 46.7 7.6 0.35 16.6 11.8 8.6 25.0 46.1 8.3 0.2 0.0 30.1 59.3 10.3 0.3 Main ind. Str. 4 50 43.7 7.7 0.34 18.6 10.2 9.0 36.5 42.1 2.2 0.0 0.0 27.0 64.0 8.6 0.4 Local CBD, str. 2 30/50 14.3 23.1 6.06 9.6 50.8 40.9 7.8 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 73.0 24.5 2.3 0.2 Local CBD, str. 4 50 19.7 23.5 4.51 9.5 38.2 35.5 24.4 1.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 54.2 36.9 8.4 0.5 Main CBD, str. 2 30 18.5 20.1 3.72 10.5 34.2 46.0 18.6 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 72.3 25.6 2.1 0.1 Main CBD, str. 2 50 26.6 8.7 1.36 8.7 20.2 34.9 43.8 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.4 44.8 4.5 0.3 Main CBD, str. 4 30 10.9 44.0 11.53 12.7 65.0 24.5 10.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 72.4 24.5 2.8 0.4 Main CBD, str. 4 50 26.8 23.1 1.92 16.2 32.5 16.3 44.5 5.1 1.6 0.0 0.0 48.0 42.4 9.0 0.6 Arterial 2 50 42.1 7.0 0.57 10.4 11.6 12.8 38.4 32.1 5.2 0.0 0.0 31.4 59.8 8.4 0.4 Arterial 2 70 53.6 5.3 0.27 13.4 9.2 7.3 16.7 46.7 17.6 2.4 0.1 22.4 55.8 21.0 0.9 Arterial 4 50 38.6 12.9 0.90 13.3 19.1 13.8 33.8 26.7 6.0 0.4 0.1 34.3 54.8 10.4 0.5 Arterial 4 70 52.1 5.8 0.30 13.6 9.2 7.4 18.3 47.9 16.5 0.7 0.0 20.3 63.8 15.1 0.8 Arterial, Freeway 4 90 86.5 0.2 0.02 5.9 0.7 0.7 1.9 6.0 48.2 38.9 3.7 2.2 48.3 47.4 2.1

Traffic situations that we are missing Semi-motorways: need to add speed limit 100 and 80 Today only one road type (250, local access) have the option of speed limit under 50 40 is gradually becoming the general urban speed limit in Sweden except on the largest arterials Both local and main streets have speed limit 30 and 40 Driving patterns and emissions for speed limit 30 and 40 differs depending on road type and design as well as for other speed limits

Observations on HBEFA traffic flow classes Ongoing project: Estimations of CO2-emissions based on continuous data from MCS (motorway monitor and control systems) in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö At those sights the traffic flow conditions are very dens. The stop and go phase is wide (when speed fall below 30-40 km/h) Suggestions have been raised to divide stop and go into two classes.

Suggestions for future development of HBEFA Clarification of definitions and descriptions of the traffic situation scheme Add speed limits to TS for Semi motorways Add road categories for lower speed roads Validation of TS against driving pattern parameters of measured data. Preferably validation/comparison to average speed and RPA If found general tendencies, modify speed cycles to better match data Consider to divide stop and go into two phases for some applications

Possibilities Use of EU-WLTP measurements? UNECE project: WLTP (Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure) Data collections of driving patterns in several European countries Customer data e.g. cars driven of their owners representative drivers and variability over road types In Sweden WLTP driving pattern measurements has been connected to road attributes afterwards Check if European WLTP data collection could be used eventually after complementing driving pattern data with road type and time Invent other European data collections with representative samples of drivers, type of cars, type of tripps etc