MALAYSIAN STANDARD MS 1754:2004 (CONFIRMED:2015) Earthworks - Code of practice ICS: 93.020 Descriptors: earthworks, design, safety, excavation and filling, cutting and embankments, grading, levelling, compaction, trenches, pits, shafts, pits, trenches NOTE. This Malaysian Standard has been reviewed and confirmed as being current. Copyright 2004 DEPARTMENT OF STANDARDS MALAYSIA
DEVELOPMENT OF MALAYSIAN STANDARDS The Department of Standards Malaysia (STANDARDS MALAYSIA) is the national standards and accreditation body of Malaysia. The main function of STANDARDS MALAYSIA is to foster and promote standards, standardisation and accreditation as a means of advancing the national economy, promoting industrial efficiency and development, benefiting the health and safety of the public, protecting the consumers, facilitating domestic and international trade and furthering international cooperation in relation to standards and standardisation. Malaysian Standards (MS) are developed through consensus by committees which comprise balanced representation of producers, users, consumers and others with relevant interests, as may be appropriate to the subject at hand. To the greatest extent possible, Malaysian Standards are aligned to or are adoption of international standards. Approval of a standard as a Malaysian Standard is governed by the Standards of Malaysia Act 1996 [Act 549]. Malaysian Standards are reviewed periodically. The use of Malaysian Standards is voluntary except in so far as they are made mandatory by regulatory authorities by means of regulations, local bylaws or any other similar ways. For the purposes of Malaysian Standards, the following definitions apply: Revision: A process where existing Malaysian Standard is reviewed and updated which resulted in the publication of a new edition of the Malaysian Standard. Confirmed MS: A Malaysian Standard that has been reviewed by the responsible committee and confirmed that its contents are current. Amendment: A process where a provision(s) of existing Malaysian Standard is altered. The changes are indicated in an amendment page which is incorporated into the existing Malaysian Standard. Amendments can be of technical and/or editorial nature. Technical corrigendum: A corrected reprint of the current edition which is issued to correct either a technical error or ambiguity in a Malaysian Standard inadvertently introduced either in drafting or in printing and which could lead to incorrect or unsafe application of the publication. NOTE: Technical corrigenda are not to correct errors which can be assumed to have no consequences in the application of the MS, for example minor printing errors. STANDARDS MALAYSIA has appointed SIRIM Berhad as the agent to develop, distribute and sell Malaysian Standards. For further information on Malaysian Standards, please contact: Department of Standards Malaysia OR SIRIM Berhad Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (Company No. 367474 - V) Level 1 & 2, Block 2300, Century Square 1, Persiaran Dato Menteri Jalan Usahawan Section 2, P. O. Box 7035 63000 Cyberjaya 40700 Shah Alam Selangor Darul Ehsan Selangor Darul Ehsan MALAYSIA MALAYSIA Tel: 60 3 8318 0002 Tel: 60 3 5544 6000 Fax: 60 3 8319 3131 Fax: 60 3 5510 8095 http://www.jsm.gov.my http://www.sirim.my E-mail: central@jsm.gov.my E-mail: msonline@sirim.my
CONTENTS Page Committee representation.. Foreword iv v SECTION 1: GENERAL 1.1 Scope. 1 1.2 Normative references. 1 1.3 Definitions.. 2 1.4 Safety procedures.. 10 SECTION 2: CUTTINGS AND EMBANKMENTS, GRADING AND LEVELLING 2.1 Site conditions and investigations. 15 2.2 Cuttings. 23 2.3 Embankments and general filling.. 51 2.4 Excavation and filling.. 62 2.5 Compaction.. 74 2.6 The operation of construction plant for earthworks 78 2.7 Maintenance and protection of slopes. 83 SECTION 3: TRENCHES, PITS AND SHAFTS 3.1 Design considerations 93 3.2 Construction procedure. 101 3.3 Trenches.. 110 3.4 Pits and shafts. 116 3.5 Excavation in rock.. 118 Figures 1 Short and long term stability of cutting and embankment slopes 121 2 Types of rotational slide. 122 3 Successive rotational slide. 123 4 Multiple retrogressive slide... 123 5 Slab slide.. 123 6 Block slide 124 7 Wedge failure.. 124 8 Toppling failure.... 125 i
CONTENTS (continued) Page 9 Fall. 125 10 Slip circle analysis (Undrained shear strength s u constant with depth).. 126 11 Slip circle analysis (Undrained shear strength s u varies laterally and with depth.... 126 12 Slip circle analysis (Effective stress method).... 127 13 Effect of tension cracks on slope stability 127 14 Non-circular slide on weak soil layer 128 15 Planar slide on infinite slope-stability analysis 128 16 Steep soil slope retained by ground anchors.. 129 17 Unstable rock slope stabilised by rock bolts 129 18 Slab slide stabilised by dowel bolts.. 129 19 Reinforced earth.. 130 20 Variation of undrained shear strength with moisture content for typical soils compacted using the 2.5 kg rammer method (BS 1377) at moisture contents above the optimum value.. 130 21 Envelope of strut loads on braced excavations.. 131 22 Water-bearing permeable soils: Seepage and uplift... 131 23 Typical single or centre waling poling frame.. 132 24 Close poling with tucking frames.. 133 25 Support of deep excavation by horizontal sheeting and soldier piles. 134 26 Trench excavation using steel trench sheets as runners.... 135 27 Typical medium-depth trench with steel sheet piling in bad ground.. 137 28 Wide and deep trench using steel sheet piling.. 137 29 Blockings, chocks or chogs.. 138 30 Trenches with sloping sides.. 138 31 Method of lowering long steel pipes by use of temporary strutting. 139 32 Trench timbering for quay walls, etc... 139 33 Method of excavating isolated pits and shafts 140 34 Rock excavation by drilling and blasting: General excavation. 141 35 Rock excavation by drilling and blasting: Pits and shafts. 141 Tables 1 British soil classification system for engineering purposes and field identification. 142 2 Field characteristics of soils and other materials used in earthworks 144 3 Design of slopes in rock cuttings and embankments 146 4 Typical compaction characteristics for natural soils, rocks and artificial materials used in earthwork construction 148 5 Guidelines to frequency of field density tests 150 ii
CONTENTS (continued) Annexes Page A Normative references. 151 B Descriptions of construction plant for earthworks.. 152 C References to the British regulations 158 Bibliography. 160 iii
Committee representation The Building and Civil Engineering Industry Standards Committee (ISC D) under whose authority this Malaysian Standard was developed, comprises representatives from the following organisations: Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia The Chartered Institute of Building Malaysia Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia Department of Standards Malaysia Jabatan Bomba dan Penyelamat Malaysia Jabatan Kerja Raya Jabatan Perumahan Negara Malaysian Timber Industry Board Master Builders Association Malaysia Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia Suruhanjaya Tenaga The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia Universiti Teknologi Malaysia The Technical Committee on Geotechnical Works which supervised the development of this Malaysian Standard was managed by the Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia in its capacity as an authorised Standard-Writing Organisation and consists of representatives from the following organisations: Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia Bina Logamaya Sdn Bhd Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur Gue and Partners Sdn Bhd INTI College Jabatan Kerja Raya Jabatan Mineral dan Geosains Malaysia Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Jabatan Perumahan Negara Jurutera Perunding GEA (M) Sdn Bhd Master Builders Association Malaysia SIRIM Berhad Soil CentraLab Sdn Bhd Sungai Long Industries Sdn Bhd The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Universiti Malaya Universiti Putra Malaysia Universiti Teknologi Malaysia The Working Group on Code of Practice for Earthworks which developed this Malaysian Standard consists of representatives from the following organisations: Bina Logamaya Sdn Bhd Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia (Secretariat) HYDEC Engineering Sdn Bhd Ikram Runding Sdn Bhd KLIA Consultancy Services Bhd UE Construction Sdn Bhd Universiti Malaya iv
FOREWORD This Malaysian Standard was developed by the Working Group on Code of Practice for Earthworks and supervised by the Technical Committee on Geotechnical Works under the authority of the Building and Civil Engineering Industry Standards Committee. Development of this standard was carried out by Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia which is the Standards-Writing Organisation (SWO) appointed by SIRIM Berhad to develop standards for the construction industry. Compliance with a Malaysian Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. v