Sławomir Noske Adam Babś Krzysztof Madajewski INTRODUCTION According to research including but not limited to report Impact of Smart Grid Technologies on Peak Load to 2050, compiled by the International Energy Agency (Fig. 1) it is indicated that in the European Union, in the perspective of 2050, the market share of renewable energy sources will have a critical impact on grid development. Growth in electricity demand Increase in peak load Deployment of renewable energy sources Use of Evs PHEVs for peak management 2010 2020 2030 2040 Low impact high impact medium impact verty high impact 2050 Fig. 1. Impact of key elements on Smart Grid development in the European OECD countries The developmen of the power sector in the European Union, including Poland, in the coming years will depend on sustainable development, and will be based on common use of renewable energy sources and increased energy consumption efficiency. Changes in the generation structure, including the widespread use of distributed energy sources, will result in: growing importance of large grids for connection of load centres and large centralised renewable generations emergence of small local grid clusters that provide ancillary services including decentralized local generation, energy storage, and active consumers two-way flow of information and electricity need for dynamic management of generation and load alike. A future power grid will have to encourage and integrate in a smart way actions and behaviour of generators, consumers, and other energy market players, so as to provide reliable, economically viable and sustainable electricity supplies of electricity. This will entail the need to deploy Smart Grid solutions on a large scale, thus procuring a power system which will be: optimal in terms of infrastructure use proactive, and not only responding to occurrences of critical situations distributed regardless of geographical or organizational constraints integrated, combining a variety of systems self-healing and adaptive. Distribution systems operators (DSOs) will have to cope with resulting challenges and expectations, developing their own strategies, taking into account differences between each DSO in terms of their structure and management, as well as differentiated local circumstances. ENERGA-OPERATOR SA, as part of preparing a road map the Smart Grid development, has completed the first stage of the work, specifying a vision of deploying state-of-the-art solutions in its grid and its extension up to the Smart Grid level. Work on this document resulted directly from the strategy of ENERGA-OPERATOR SA. The strategy envisions the company s development through focusing on the following three pillars: innovations search for new, original solutions both in the area of development of its assets, as well as refining its organization investment capital expenditure projects aiming at the upgrade and development of its distribution assets initiative efforts towards the widest possible involvement of the company s staff in its development. Analysis of the current condition and determining the key challenges that ENERGA-OPERATOR SA faces allow determining a vision of Smart Grid development in the area of the company s business. The sources of problems already include, or will include in the near future, the following: social and environmental constraints to infrastructure deployment distribution grid s inadequacy for future functions, MV and LV grids insufficient observability Abstract ENERGA-OPERATOR SA as a power distribution system operator is working on preparing its network for current and future challenges facing the energy sector. The strategy will be based on a smart grid development plan to be carried out by ENERGA-OPERATOR SA. The article describes key elements of the smart grid implementation vision which is the first stage of the work on the smart grid development roadmap. 25
Sławomir Noske, ENERGA-OPERATOR SA Adam Babś, Institute of Power Engineering, Gdańsk Division Krzysztof Madajewski, Institute of Power Engineering, Gdańsk Division local accumulation of dispersed generation and the associated change in the power transmission direction (from DSO to TSO) projected generation capacity deficit, probable after 2016. STAKEHOLDER EXPECTATIONS FROM DSO Another element which was considered in drawing up the Smart Grid development vision, were stakeholders expectations from the distribution grid operator. The analysis and expert work have allowed defining the stakeholders key expectations from OSD, which are presented in the table below. CHALLENGES FOR ENERGA-OPERATOR SA ENERGA-OPERATOR SA and other distribution grid operators alike are now facing many challenges. Each of these entails the need to undertake specific actions: to improve the reliability and security of electricity supply and to ensure electricity s high-quality Subject Expectations Consumers higher reliability - fewer power supply interruptions shorter after fault recovery time better information on outages and after fault recovery times improved quality of customer service by the DSO and seller improved quality of supplied electricity lower costs of the distribution and transmission service higher ROI increased operational efficiency optimisation of capital expenditures improved quality of services provided to consumers increased operational efficiency compliance with recommendations, transparency and predictability of operations coordination of grid development plans considering the dynamic development of distributed generation implementation of a new ancillary service provision model considering the new generation distribution in the system and the new role of active consumers implementation of a new system dispatch model, and of new standards of TSO power dispatch with DSOs minimizing the adverse system effects resulting from variability in the direction of power flow between the DSO and TSO grids DSO owner Regulator (ERO) Transmission system operator (PSE Operator) Investors in distributed generation development, incl. RES Society, public opinion Electricity sellers Technical solution vendors 26 to optimize the use of existing infrastructure and organizational resources to improve the distribution grid s energy efficiency, to provide opportunities for an increased active role of consumers in the management of electricity consumption and generation to integrate distributed sources and system balancing in the conditions of a growing share of distributed and dispersed generation preparation of technical and organizational solutions for DSO involvement in system balancing on the distribution grid level improved accuracy of distributed generation output forecasts system s preparedness for massive implementation of electric vehicles a significant part of these challenges can be met by implementing new innovative solutions related to Smart Grid development. efficient and effective procedures of switching decisions adjustment of the grids and dispatch systems infrastructure to investors conclusions and expectations elimination of the attributable to DSO causes for constraints to outputting power from distributed generation grid s resiliency to damage and weather conditions reduction of the burden on surrounding environment reduction of CO2 emissions efficient and credible notification of the effects of implemented changes better information about supply interruptions, transmission capabilities, and grid operations option to ensure two-way communication with customers using the DSO infrastructure option to obtain detailed data on electricity consumption, including consumption profiles clear signals from DSOs as to expected capex project directions transparent specifications of services and equipment to be procured transparent schedule of expected procurement
SMART GRID COMPONENTS From the perspective of DSO, and therefore also of ENERGA-OPERATOR SA, a Smart Grid consists of distribution and ICT infrastructure elements so far in use, but also new solutions that appear along with technological progress. These include: power lines and substations measuring systems and control devices telecommunication infrastructure and data collection and exchange platforms grid management and business process support systems. Power lines and substations Conventional grid infrastructure primarily included 110 kv (HV) lines, medium voltage (MV) lines, and low voltage (LV) lines, both cable and overhead, as well as switching substations that cooperate with the national 400 kv and 220 kv transmission grid and account for the main supply points for the 110 kv grid, and also substations in the MV grid where electricity is transformed to low voltage for individual consumers supply. This infrastructure s upgrade and extension will take into account Smart Grid deployment related requirements. Therefore, it will not be a simple multiplication of existing models, but implementation of advanced technical solutions. These will enable supervision of equipment, self-diagnostics, monitoring, and adjustment to heavy weather conditions (resilience to weather changes). Technical standards then developed should accept and promote deployment only of equipment that meets the new technical requirements, so in the perspective of a few years the grid infrastructure will support Smart Grid solutions. Measuring systems and control devices These elements are designed to measure the grid status, and implement autonomous automatic functions related to the assurance of continuity and reliability of electricity supply to consumers. In general, this class of systems and devices is referred to as a substation s secondary circuits, and their most important part are the automatic protection systems. These include sensors and convertors of electrical (voltage, current, power) and non-electrical (temperature, pressure) parameters, auxiliary relays, and control devices. Smart Grid of the future will be provided with many more such systems than now, especially in medium and low voltage grids. The most important change will be widespread installation of smart electricity meters at each consumer by 2020, capable of measuring many electrical values. Telecommunication infrastructure and data collection and exchange platforms The telecommunication infrastructure will be a key Smart Grid element. It will ensure the ability to transfer significant data volumes from consumers and devices to decision-making centres as well as in the opposite direction. In this way it will deliver information enabling grid management and control, as well as implementation of functionality that requires information exchange with end consumers, i.e. demand management and load control. Telecommunications infrastructure development will be one of the most important Smart Grid deploymentrelated undertakings, and the functions implemented will become the basis of the new grid s operations. Data acquisition and sharing with other systems and entities (power companies, consumers) will be an essential requirement for Smart Grid. This refers to data such as: data common for the entire company, stored at a central database (data warehouse) application oriented data (system analysis, engineering calculations) local data of specific acquisition and sharing rate requirements, mostly used for advanced technical realtime applications, such as system automation and control. Essential differences compared to the currently collected data will refer to the following issues: enormous volumes of data that will have to be managed the need to adopt a single and consistent data model suitable for various needs, and for exchange with other entities in particular the need to ensure data security and confidentiality, including resistance to catastrophes of large magnitudes the need to ensure high data quality and synchronisation. Grid management and business process support systems Grid management and business process support systems are currently operated as stand-alone and loosely interoperable systems. Smart Grid deployment will entail the following changes: integration of applications within a consistent IT environment based on new ICT technologies development of new applications dedicated to Smart Grid analysis and business process support-related needs assurance of IT security to an extent adequate to future needs. The main change areas will refer to such groups of applications, as: SCADA systems and grid management systems DMS systems, including those featuring the grid fault location and isolation option and remote grid reconfiguration GIS geographic information systems, and grid assets management system electricity metering systems for individual and industrial consumers advance systems of weather, statistical, and measurement data-based forecast that enable resource use optimisation 27
Sławomir Noske, ENERGA-OPERATOR SA Adam Babś, Institute of Power Engineering, Gdańsk Division Krzysztof Madajewski, Institute of Power Engineering, Gdańsk Division engineering support and assets (infrastructure) management systems. SMART GRID DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES Given the current issues arising from the distribution grid condition, challenges expected in the coming years, as well as from the legal conditions, ENERGA-OPERATOR SA s actions related to Smart Grid development should focus in the near future on the following five areas indentified in the Smart Grid deployment vision: 1. Active customer the provision of conditions for stimulation of consumers activity in the area of electricity consumption and generation 1.1. Smart metering systems 1.2. Demand management infrastructure 1.3. Grid infrastructure and procedures adjustment to distributed generation 1.4. Infrastructure and management structure for electric vehicles 2. Quality of supply the improvement in reliability of customer supply and quality of supplied electricity 2.1. Distribution grid s widespread automation on the MV level 2.2. Smart solutions for 110 kv/mv substations 2.3. Increase in grid observability 3. Smart Grid control the advanced grid management and control in the conditions of dynamic development of distributed generation 3.1. New model of operations control and dispatch 3.2. Load management systems 3.3. Smart management of distributed generation 3.4. Innovative systems of grid planning and management support 4. Smart DSO the optimal use and development of DSO asset and organization resources 4.1. Distribution grid development 4.2. Grid assets management systems development 4.3. Development of grid operation services management tools 5. ICT technology Development of technology for Smart Grid control 5.1. ICT network for Smart Grid 5.2. Service oriented information architecture 5.3. Standardisation of ICT solutions 5.4. IT security EXPECTED BENEFITS Implementation of the Smart Grid concept will increase the power system s flexibility, and will allow benefits for all participants in the value chain, from generators, grid operators, service providers, up to end users and society. Benefits from the Smart Grid concept implementation assigned to individual stakeholders are presented in the table below. MAIN BARRIERS TO IMPLEMENTATION Main barriers identified by ENERGA-OPERATOR SA, which may impede the smart gird concept implementation include the following: 28 social resistance to the deployment of new technologies incompatibility and instability of regulatory arrangements rapid obsolescence of technologies uncertainty with regard to standards large-scale investment and the associated risks arising from unsuccessful investment need to prepare staff to implement Smart Grid solutions. Efficient and effective implementation of new smart solutions and development of power grids tailored to future needs require many changes in the existing legislative, regulatory, market, and technical solutions. Their main aim should be to create better regulatory conditions for DSO investment of considerable funds in Smart Grid development. The scope of the necessary regulatory amendments is broad; the most relevant postulated changes include the following: actions at the EU and national level that encourage implementation of long-term solutions to ensure stable and appropriate rate of return from investment substitution of the existing cost only based regulatory model with one which considers electricity supply quality and provides DSOs with an incentive for innovative actions assurance in tariff of return of the investment in Smart Grid solutions development provision of a redistribution mechanism of the social benefits from Smart Grid deployment that favours entities that invest in such solutions and are involved in demand response management related projects definition of the division of roles and responsibilities between the transmission operator and distribution system operators, especially with regard to grid operations management and supervision in the centrally dispatched network changes in the energy market model that encourage consumers towards active and flexible behaviour with regard to energy consumption provision of solutions that would enable adjustment of energy supplier offerings to individual consumption profiles and consumer preferences regulatory support to development of the ancillary serviced market, with regard to both demand response management and distributed sources management. ENERGA-OPERATOR SA intends to actively participate in efforts to support changes in all the abovementioned areas. SUMMARY The Vision of Smart Grid deployment at ENERGAOPERATOR SA, some selected excerpts of which are presented here, is the first step towards developing a detailed road map of the Smart Grid development. Subsequent planned actions are meant to lead to developing the road-map by the end of 2012. It is planned to leverage in these works on the expertise and experience of EN-
Stakeholder Expected benefit and its fulfilment Electricity consumers reduced number of consumers not supplied during fault due to extended remote grid monitoring, control, and defect fault location reduced fault frequency due to grid improvements owing to better information on its components condition significant reduction of grid fault location and liquidation (repair) reduced number of outages due to better quality of dispatcher s decision-making based on better grid obeservability improved quality of supplied electricity availability of efficient sharing of fault location and type of data with consumers Electricity sellers and other market players availability of new product and service offerings, including, but not limited to, demand response management programmes improved customer service quality in terms of access to precise data on electricity supply and consumption Power system optimal grid development taking into account the dynamic development of distributed generation option to implement a new, more optimal model of ancillary service provision considering the new generation distribution in the system, and the new role of active consumers option to implement a new more optimal model of system operations dispatch, and of power dispatch interaction standards minimizing the adverse system effects resulting from variability in the direction of power flow between the DSO and TSO grids Investors in distributed generation sources adjustment of the grids and dispatch systems infrastructure to investors conclusions and expectations reduction of the causes of constraints to outputting power from distributed generation attributable to DSO ERGA-OPERATOR SA staff, as well as to utilise the support of external companies and R&D organizations, and also those with international experience in implementing similar projects. 29