Renewable electricity sources Electricity grid Electrolyser Fuel cells Power-to-gas and SOFC for mobility Olivier Thomann Transport fuel Electricity Hydrogen storage Hydrogen Gas grid Natural gas Anaerobic digester Fuel cells and hydrogen in transportation applications 09.10.2017
SOFC for mobility applications
Click Proton to exchange edit Master membrane title stylefuel cell (PEMFC) versus Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) PEMFC SOFC Electrolyte material Polymer Ceramic Operating temperature C 80 600-850 Efficiency % 40-50 45-60 Largest stack size kw 100 10 Fuel High purity H 2 H 2, CO, CH 4 10/10/2017 3
Click Fuel processing to edit Master for title fuel style cells S=sulfur removal, E&M=evaporation and mixing, SR=steam reforming, ATR=auto thermal reforming, CPO= catalytic partial oxidation, Shift=water gas shift reactor, PROX=Preferential oxidation, PSA= pressure swing adsorption 10/10/2017 4
Click SOFC to for edit mobility Master applications title style Wärtsilä Methanol e4ships / SchIBZ APU Demo Nissan ethanol SOFC Methanol-fueled SOFC APU by Wärtsilä Fuel Cells 20 kw auxiliary power Wallenius car carrier Diesel-fueled SOFC APU by Sunfire 50 kw auxiliary power MS Forester SOFC range extender for electric vehicle In collaboration with Ceres power 5 kw Driving Range: 600kmplus 10/10/2017 5
Power-to-gas
Click How isto hydrogen edit Master produced title style nowaday? 57 million tons of hydrogen: worldwide production, 2004 96 % from fossil fuel Steam reforming Fifth of level natural gas/methanol/naphta Electrolysis of water Hydrogen is as green as the electricity used! Airox Nigen 10/10/2017 7
Click Power-to-gas edit Master visiontitle style Connect Click to edit Master text styles The electricity grid Second level The natural gas grid And the Fourth transportation level fuel distribution Using existing hydrocarbon distribution infrastructure Renewable electricity sources Transport fuel Electricity grid Electrolyser Hydrogen storage Fuel cells Anaerobic digester Gas grid Electricity Hydrogen Natural gas Reprinted from http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/media/1871508/water_electrolysis renewable_energy_system 10/10/2017 8 s.pdf
Click Power-to-gas edit Master demonstration title styleproject Source: http://www.europeanpowertogas.com/ 10/10/2017 9
Electrolyser technology Click to edit Master title style Limited operation flexibility Limited hydrogen quality High operational cost ALKALINE Low capital cost Mature technology PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE (PEM) Fast start-up High purity hydrogen Commercial technology High capital cost SOLID OXIDE (SOE) High electrical efficiency Co-electrolysis (H 2 O & CO 2 ) Reversible operation High purity hydrogen R&D not commercialised System scale Up to 50 MW Up to 2 MW Up to 150 kw System cost 1000-1200 /kw 1900-2300 /kw Electrical efficiency target <2000 /kw by 2020 60-75% 65-90% 80-100% 10/10/2017 10
Electrolyser Click to edit Master development title style strategy (according to DoE) Develop Click to edit new Master materials text styles and systems to improve efficiency => reduce electricity cost New designs with lower cost materials and advanced manufacturing Fourth methods level => reduce capital cost Develop hydrogen production from renewable electricity (wind and solar) 10/10/2017 11
Current Click to edit density Master title style Efficiency Lower operational cost Current density (A/cm2) Lower capital cost Reference Buttler et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.003 10/10/2017 12
Solid Click to oxide edit electrolysis Master title cell stylewith ultra-high current density Versa Power/FuelCell Energy 3 A/cm2 @1.4 V <2%/kh @ 3 A/cm2 Reference: A. Wood, H. He, T. Joia, M. Krivy, D. Steedman; Communication Electrolysis at High Efficiency with Remarkable Hydrogen Production Rates, Journal of Electrochemical Society, 2016 volume 163, issue 5, F327- F329 https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review16/pd124_petri_2016_o.pdf 10/10/2017 13
European Click to edit Adel Master and SOPHIA title styleproject: high durability SOE stack from Solidpower Degradation Click to edit Master text styles 0.5 %/kh>10'000 h durability test @ 0.5 Third A/cm2 level Reference Rinaldi, Giorgio, et al. "Post-test Analysis on a Solid Oxide Cell Stack Operated for 10,700 Hours in Steam Electrolysis Mode." Fuel Cells (2017). http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fuce.201600194/full 10/10/2017 14
European Click to edit BALANCE Master title project style Development of reversible Solid Oxide Cell (electrolyser and fuel cell) Electrical grid stabilisation Electrical energy storage rsoc demonstration system at VTT in early 2019 This project has received funding from the European Union s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 731224. https://www.balanceproject.org/ 10/10/2017 15 Picture and performance figure: courtesy of DTU
Conclusions Click to edit Master title style Power-to-gas Click to edit Master text styles Green hydrogen for mobility Second level Link with renewable intermittent electricity Main issue Fourth is cost level & durability Contact: Olivier Thomann olivier.thomann@vtt.fi +358 40 124 7497 Olli Himanen olli.himanen@vtt.fi +358 40 352 6298 10/10/2017 16
Click to edit Master title style Thank you for your attention! Any question? Olivier Thomann olivier.thomann@vtt.fi +358 40 124 7497 Olli Himanen olli.himanen@vtt.fi +358 40 352 6298 17
Available Click to edit solution Master for title electrical style energy storage Large-scale storage Pumped hydro Compressed air Power-to-gas CAES: compressed air electrical storage SNG: synthetic natural gas 10/10/2017 18
Target Click in to wind edit and Master title style Hungary solar energy, 2020 In 2015: 31% In 2016: 35% Finland Sweden France Estonia United Kingdom Germany Portugal Spain Greece Denmark Ireland 3 0 6 0 8 11 0 1 14 0 21 1 19 7 23 21 25 31 37 4 8 5 0 0 Wind Solar 0 10 20 30 40 % of total electricity consumption Renewable electricity in Europe. Maija Ruska, Juha Kiviluoma. VTT Research Notes 10/10/2017 19
MW Consumption and production mismatch Click to edit Master title style 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Hourly Danish wind output vs total consumption 2016 1 151 301 451 601 751 901 1051 1201 1351 1501 1651 1801 1951 2101 2251 2401 2551 2701 2851 Hours Total gross consumption Total wind production Emergence of an electrical energy storage market Prevent curtailment of renewable electricity Increase renewable electricity penetration 10/10/2017 20