UNECE AIR POLLUTION QUESTIONNAIRE: Selected responses to NOx Protocol questions from 2008 questionnaire 5/4/10 This document contains a selection of responses to Q2-6 in the 2008 questionnaire. These questions relate specifically to the 1988 NOx Protocol, the countries were selected at random. Author Clare Howard.
Contents Introduction. 3 Question 2. 3 Bulgaria. 3 Finland 3 Netherlands. 3 Norway.. 3 Spain 4 Question 3. 5 Bulgaria. 5 Finland 6 Finland 6 Netherlands. 8 Norway 10 Spain. 11 Question 4.. 13 Bulgaria.. 13 Finland. 14 Netherlands.. 15 Norway 17 Spain. 18 Bulgaria.. 19 Finland. 20 Netherlands.. 21 Norway 22 Spain. 24 Question 6.. 25 Bulgaria.. 25 Finland. 25 Netherlands.. 25 Norway 25 Spain. 25 2 P a g e
Introduction This document contains responses to Q2-6 from the 2008 UNECE Air Pollution Questionnaire, for five countries, selected at random. This has been done to provide a smaller more manageable background document, which gives a flavour of the measures which countries have taken regarding NOx. A full set of responses can be downloaded as a separate document on the TFRN website. Question 2 With reference to article 7, please provide up-to-date information on the national programmes, policies and strategies your country has developed to implement the obligations under the Protocol that serve as a means of controlling and reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) or their transboundary fluxes. If your country is a Party to the Gothenburg Protocol, you may cross-refer to question 39. Bulgaria The national strategies and programs, listed in Q1, approved by country s Government and Parliament, have been developed in pursuance of country s obligations and for controlling and reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides and their transboundary fluxes under the NOx Protocol. These strategies and programs are in compliance with country s commitments under the Art.7 of the Protocol. Finland Finland has prepared national strategies and policies in ad hoc committees. Since 1991, three way catalytic converters have been required for new passenger cars by national regulations. EU exhaust standards replaced domestic regulations in 1996. However, only about 60% of total car mileage was driven by cars with catalytic converters in 2003 and still about one third of the total milage. Emission standards for major power stations were set in 1991, but have been updated since that. Stationary source emissions have fallen by 30% since 1980. See also answer to question 39. Netherlands The Netherlands is a Party to the Nitrogen Oxides Protocol and the Gothenburg Protocol. The general on policy on nitrogen oxides is given in the answer to question 39. Norway The Pollution Control Act of 1981 constitutes the basic element in Norway s policy to control and reduce pollution, including emissions of NOx. The Pollution Control Act is a typical enabling act, meaning that the details (ELVs and other specific requirements) are outlined in individual discharge permits or regulations issued by the pollution control authorities. The main rule of the act is that pollution is forbidden, unless it is specifically permitted by law, regulations or individual permits. Regulations pursuant to the Pollution Control Act are laid down by the Regulations relating to Pollution Control (the Pollution Regulation) of 2004. Emissions of NOx from vehicles and ships are regulated by special laws and regulations. Norway also makes use of economic incentives in order to reduce emissions of NOx. As a party to the Agreement on The European Economic Area (EEA) between the European Community, the EU member states and three EFTA member states, Norway has implemented in national legislation the provisions of all EU legislative acts regulating emissions from specific sources and products that are relevant to the implementation of the obligations under the Protocol. Emissions from large stationary sources are controlled through permits pursuant to the Pollution Control Act. For existing stationary sources, permits are revised to ensure the 3 P a g e
use of Best Available Techniques (BAT) in accordance with Council Directive 96/61/EC on integrated pollution prevention and control (the IPPC Directive). The IPPC Directive is implemented in national legislation. The application of BAT is required for new stationary sources and for upgrading and extension of existing sources. Emission limit values for new and for upgrading and extension of existing large stationary sources are given within the range of 5-25 ppm NOx. Norway has implemented the Council Directive; 88/609/EEC (Large Combustion Plants (LCP) Directive - see Q.13.) and Council Directive 85/203/EEC on air quality standards for nitrogen dioxide (in 1997). Council Directive 96/62/EC on ambient air quality assessment and management, and its two first daughter directives; 1999/30/EC on limit values for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter and lead in ambient air and 2000/69/EC on limit values for benzene and carbon monoxide in ambient air, were implemented in October 2002. A new tax on emissions of NOx from energy production delivery from defines sources such as propulsion machinery, motors, boilers and turbines exceeding given capacity was put into effect from 1 January 2007. And from January 2008 a negotiated agreement between the government and several sectors (including many of the said sources) on NOx-reductions have been settled. A tax on emissions of NOx from energy production delivery from defined sources such as propulsion machinery, motors, boilers and turbines exceeding given capacity was put into effect from 1 January 2007. Tax exemption is granted in the case of emission sources that are encompassed by n environmental agreement with the State on the performance of measures to achieve specific reductions in emissions of NOx within defined time frames. In January 2008 the Norwegian government and 14 business organizations agreed on the principal contents of such an agreement With respect to mobile sources, vehicles must meet emission standards set pursuant to the Road Traffic Act incorporating relevant EU directives, see response to Q.5. Norway has introduced fiscal taxes on petrol and diesel. A differentiation in the annual tax for heavy road vehicles according to the emission levels (including NOx) was introduced in 2000. Emissions from coastal traffic and fishing vessels constitute about 34% of national NOx emissions in 2006. Norway has ratified Annex VI on air pollution from ships to the Maritime Pollution (MARPOL) Convention of the UN Maritime Organisation IMO. These have also been implemented in the Norwegian Ship Safety and Security Act. In the offshore petroleum sector, low-nox technology is installed in new gas turbines. Emission limit values for older turbines will be set as part of the revision of emission permits. The revision process is scheduled to be finalised in 2008. Spain Please, see Q. 39. For NOx, the potential emissions abatement foreseen in the second National Programme for Reduction on Emissions (NEC Directive) with all the measures is given in the first figure in Annex 1.2, which depicts the effect of the measures included in the base scenario. The projected reductions in 2010 will be 41,3%, in relation with the BAU scenario. Also, the National Plan on Emissions Reductions in existing Large Combustion Plants foresees a reduction of 15% in NOx emissions in 2015 with respect to those of 2001. 4 P a g e
Question 3 *The question refers only to Parties in those areas in which national or international tropospheric ozone standards are exceeded or where transboundary fluxes originate or are expected to originate.with reference to article 2, paragraph 2 (a), please specify the national NOx emission standards applied to major stationary sources and/or major source categories in your country, taking into consideration the technical annex to the Protocol. For the purpose of this question, major stationary source means any stationary source, the construction or substantial modification of which commenced after 14 February 1993 and which has a thermal input of at least 50 MWth. Please complete the table below. Bulgaria No national or international tropospheric ozone standards are exceeded and there are no transboundary fluxes originate or expected to originate from Bulgaria. The national NOx emission standards applied to major stationary sources are specified in: Regulation No.1/2005 for emission limit values (ELV) of hazardous substances (pollutants) emitted in the atmosphere from stationary sources (SG 64/2005); Regulation for treatment of used oils and waste oil products approved by the Government with Decision No. 131/2000 (SG 59/2000); Regulation No. 10 / 2003 on the emission limit values (concentrations in waste gasses) of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and total dust, discharged to the atmosphere from large combustion plants transposing Directive 2001/80/EC (SG 93/2003); Regulation No. 6/2004 on the conditions and the requirements for construction and operation of installations for incineration and installations for co-incineration of waste transposing Directive 2000/76/ЕС (SG 78/2004); Permits with corresponding ELV listed in a Table 1: Question 3 were issued for all new / substantially modified stationary sources, referring to these regulations, as to the Regulation on the conditions and procedure for issuing of permits for Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control for the construction of new and the operation of existing industrial installations and equipment, approved with Government Decision No. 62/2003 (SG 26/2003). Major stationary sources or major source category2/ for NOx 1. Public power, cogeneration and district heating plants:1.large Combustion Plants (including public power and district heating plants excluding gas turbines)* National emission standards1/ (a) Commercial boilers (b) Domestic heaters 3. Industrial combustion plants and processes with combustion (a) Boilers and process heaters (no direct contact between flue gas and products) (b) Processes (direct contact); (e.g. calcinations processes in rotary kilns; production of cement, lime, etc.; glass production; metallurgical operation; pulp production) 4. Non-combustion processes, e.g. nitric acid production 5. Extraction, processing and distribution of fossil fuels 6. Waste treatment and disposal, e.g. incineration of municipal and industrial waste National legislation and comments (e.g. BAT applied) After 21st of October 2003: 5 P a g e
Finland Please see also answers to questions 44 and 45 and tables 22 and 23 respectively. Major stationary sources or major source category2/ for NOx 1. Public power, cogeneration and district heating plants: 1. Public power, cogeneration and district heating plants: 1. Public power, cogeneration and district heating plants: (a) Boilers (b) Stationary combustion turbines and internal combustion engines 2. Commercial, institutional and residential combustion plants: (a) Commercial boilers (b) Domestic heaters 3. Industrial combustion plants and processes with combustion (a) Boilers and process heaters (no direct contact between flue gas and products) National emission standards1/ 2) for sources using gaseous fuel 200mg (natural gas 150 mg) 3) for fuels used in combustion turbines applies following limit values (15% O2): a) 50 mg for natural gas, b) 120 mg liquid fuels and c) 120 mg gaseous fuels 1) For sources using solid fuel 400 mg NO2/m3(n), 3% O2 For sources using solid fuel 600 mg (6% O2), for fluid or gaseous fuels 450 mg (3% O2) For sources with permit issued before 1.4.1991: fluid fuel 200 mg (15% O2), gaseous fuel 150 mg and permit issued after 1.4.1991: 100mg For sources using solid fuel 600 mg (6% O2), for fluid or gaseous fuels 450 mg (3% O2) For sources using solid fuel 600 mg (6% O2), for fluid or gaseous fuels 450 mg (3% O2) For sources using solid fuel 600 mg (6% O2), for fluid or gaseous fuels 450 mg (3% O2) For sources using solid fuel 600 mg (6% O2), for fluid or gaseous fuels 450 mg (3% O2) For sources using solid fuel 600 mg (6% O2), for fluid or gaseous fuels 450 mg (3% O2) National legislation and comments (e.g. BAT applied) Government Decree 1017/2002 Government Decree 1017/2002 Government Decree 1017/2002 Government Decree 1017/2002 Finland Please see also answers to questions 44 and 45 and tables 22 and 23 respectively. Major stationary sources or major source category2/ for NOx 1. Public power, cogeneration and district heating plants: 6 P a g e National emission standards1/ 2) for sources using gaseous fuel 200mg (natural gas 150 mg) National legislation and comments (e.g. BAT applied) Government Decree 1017/2002
1. Public power, cogeneration and district heating plants: 1. Public power, cogeneration and district heating plants: (a) Boilers (b) Stationary combustion turbines and internal combustion engines 2. Commercial, institutional and residential combustion plants: (a) Commercial boilers (b) Domestic heaters 3. Industrial combustion plants and processes with combustion (a) Boilers and process heaters (no direct contact between flue gas and products) (b) Processes (direct contact); (e.g. calcinations processes in rotary kilns; production of cement, lime, etc.; glass production; metallurgical operation; pulp production) 4. Non-combustion processes, e.g. nitric acid production 5. Extraction, processing and distribution of fossil fuels 7 P a g e 3) for fuels used in combustion turbines applies following limit values (15% O2): a) 50 mg for natural gas, b) 120 mg liquid fuels and c) 120 mg gaseous fuels 1) For sources using solid fuel 400 mg NO2/m3(n), 3% O2 For sources using solid fuel 600 mg (6% O2), for fluid or gaseous fuels 450 mg (3% O2) For sources with permit issued before 1.4.1991: fluid fuel 200 mg (15% O2), gaseous fuel 150 mg and permit issued after 1.4.1991: 100mg For sources using solid fuel 600 mg (6% O2), for fluid or gaseous fuels 450 mg (3% O2) For sources using solid fuel 600 mg (6% O2), for fluid or gaseous fuels 450 mg (3% O2) For sources using solid fuel 600 mg (6% O2), for fluid or gaseous fuels 450 mg (3% O2) For sources using solid fuel 600 mg (6% O2), for fluid or gaseous fuels 450 mg (3% O2) For sources using solid fuel 600 mg (6% O2), for fluid or gaseous fuels 450 mg (3% O2) Environmental permit required. BAT based limit values applied Environmental permit required. BAT based limit values applied. Government Decree 1017/2002 Government Decree 1017/2002 Government Decree 1017/2002 Not a major source in Finland Environmental Protection Act (86/2000) and Environmental Protection Decree (169/2000) Environmental Protection Act (86/2000) and Environmental Protection Decree (169/2000) 6. Waste treatment and From 800 mg down to 150 mg Government Decree
disposal, e.g. incineration of municipal and industrial waste (6% O2) depending on the the incineration capacity and incineration source 362/2003 Netherlands The Netherlands uses standards since 1987. Table Q3 gives an overview of standards and legislation in force. Notes to table q3: - All values are given at 6% O2 for solid fuels (and 3% for others), unless otherwise indicated. All standards are in effect and laid down in decrees (except for glass, which is BAT in license). For installations covered by the IPPC directive the emission limit values in the table are maxima. Based on individual BAT considerations more stringent emission limits are set in the permits; - The indicated pollution control measures are widely implemented. When for combustion plants continuous measurements are not required, the emissions are in compliance with the emission limit values when all results of the periodic measurements are below the emission limit values. For combustion plants permitted before November 2002 continuous measurements are required when the thermal capacity exceeds 300 MW. For combustion plants permitted after this date continuous measurements are prescribed above 100 MW. In the latter situation compliance with the emission limit value (ELV) is proved when: Every daily average is below the emission limit value, and; 95% of the hourly averages in year are below 200% of the emission limit value. Major stationary sources or major source category2/ for NOx Boilers (liquid) (> May 1998) > 300 MWth Boilers (liquid) (> May 1998): 50-300 MWth (b) Stationary combustion turbines and internal combustion engines 2. Commercial, institutional and residential combustion plants: National emission standards1/ 120 mg NOx/m3 & 95% of 48h average below 110% ELV 120 mg NOx/m3 & 95% of 48h average below 110% ELV (a) Commercial boilers See 1a See 1a (b) Domestic heaters See 1a and 1b See 1a and 1b 3. Industrial combustion plants and processes with combustion: (b) Processes (direct contact); (e.g. calcinations processes in rotary kilns; production of cement; lime, etc.; glass production; metallurgical operation; pulp production) Glass ('95-2003) 1600-2200 mg NOx/m3 (8% O2) National legislation and comments (e.g. BAT applied) 8 P a g e
Glass (> 2003) 6. Waste treatment and disposal, e.g. incineration of municipal and industrial waste: Waste incineration plants CHP Combustion turbines (natural gas) (> Nov 2002) >= 50 MWth CHP Combustion turbines (a) Boilers and process heaters (no direct contact between flue gas and products) Mineral oil refineries (liquid fuel > 1998) Mineral oil refineries (gas > 1998) Furnaces (liquid fuel > 1998) Furnaces (gas > 1998) 4. Non-combustion processes, e.g. nitric acid production: Nitric acid production (> 1987) 9 P a g e 1 kg NOx/ton glass 70 mg/m3 (11% O2) & monthly average 45 g/gj NOx (53 mg NOx/m3; 15 vol % O2) & 100% of daily average below 100% ELV 65 g/gj NOx (77 mg NOx/m3; 15 vol% O2)& 95% of 48h average below 110% ELV or >Nov 2002 100% of daily average below 100% ELV 120 mg NOx/m3 & 95% of 48h average below 110% ELV 70-140 mg NOx/m3 & defined in permits 120 mg NOx/m3 & 95% of 48h average below 110% ELV 70-140 mg NOx/m3 & defined in permits 220 ppm & hourly average from Bva; in individual General binding rule; in individual permits more stringent limit values set at
5. Extraction, processing and distribution of fossil fuels: Combustion turbines for natural gas compression (Natural gas) (> Nov 2002) >= 50 MWth Stationary engines > 1 MW (fuel > 50% gas) (>1994) Stationary engines > 1 MW (fuel < 50% gas) (>1990) 1. Public power, cogeneration and disctrict heating plants: 45 g /GJ NOx (53 mg Nox/m3; 15 vol% O2) & 100% of daily average below 100% ELV 140 g/gj NOx (442 mg NOx/m3; 5 vol% O2) & highest of 3 half h. averages, every 3 years 400-500 g/gj NOx (1270-1590 mg NOx/m3; 5 vol% O2) & highest of 3 half h. averages, every 3 years (a) boilers Boilers (solid fuel) (>1990): > 300 MWth Boilers (solid fuel) (>1994): 50-300 MWth Boilers (natural gas) (> May 1998) >= 50 MWth Boilers (all other gases) (> May 1998) 200 mg NOx/m3 & 95% of 48h average below 110% Emission Limit Values (ELVs) 100 mg NOx/m3 & 95% of 48h average below 110% ELV 70 mg NOx/m3 & 95% of 48h average below 110% ELV 70-140 mg NOx/m3 & 95% of 48h average below 110% ELV BAT-level Emission limit in Bees A and Bees B; stringent emission limit value for new engines of 30 g/gj under discussion and probably in force from 2009 Emission limit in Bees A and Bees B; stringent emission limit value for new engines of 130 g/gj under discussion and probably in force from 2009 Norway The major stationary source categories in Norway are combustion installations in the petroleum sector offshore, oil and gas refineries, pulp and paper industry and the production of ferroalloys, cement and fertilizer. Emissions from the petroleum sector offshore, oil and gas refineries, pulp and paper and cement production are related to energy production, whereas emissions from metal production and fertilizer are mainly process-related. All plants 10 P a g e
must have an emission permit issued by the Pollution Control Authority. These are issued on a plant-by-plant basis pursuant to the Pollution Control Act of 1981 and in compliance with the LCP and IPPC directives. The use of Best Available Techniques (BAT) is required for new and existing plants. BAT may be defined at the national level or within an international framework (EU and OSPARCOM). The installation of low-nox burners at new stationary sources is a minimum requirement. Emission limit values for new gas power plants are stipulated at 5 ppm (yearly average), requiring both low-nox-turbines and SCR-technology (or equally efficient technology). For new offshore installations (gas turbines/dual fuel turbines), emission limit values are stipulated in the range 30-40 ppm. Permits issued for offshore installations before 2002, have no emission limit values for NOx in the permit, but the Pollution Control Authority plans to introduce this during 2008 on a plant-to-plant-basis. The table below gives the standards in the individual permits, please see table. Major stationary sources or major source category2/ for NOx Dual fuel turbines Snøhvit Gas power plant Pulp and paper, bio fuel boilers Refinery Offshore energy production.gas turbines National emission standards1/ 200 mg/nm3 5 ppm (yearly average) 5 ppm (yearly average) 350 mg/nm3 Total load/year (example. Volve) National legislation and comments (e.g. BAT applied) In operation from 2007. Emission limit value stipulated in the permit. First plant in operation in 2007. Next plantin 2009. Emission limit value (ELV) stipulated in the permits (2 plants). ELVs based on low-nox-gas turbines and SCR 12 hour average 76 mg/nm3 (example) Existing plant. ELVstipulated in the permit. ELV based on installation of application SNCR (or equally efficient measures) by 2009and SCR (or equally efficient measures) by 2014 Spain For points 1 to 3 in the table below, please go to Q. 40 and 41, where you can see the limit values in Royal Decree 430/2004, that put into Spanish legislation the Directive 2001/80/EC of European Parliament and of the Council, of 23 October 2001, on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into air from large combustion plants. For points 4 and 5, competent authorities have to give permit with specific ELV taking into account BAT (Law 16/2002, which put into Spanish legislation Directive 96/61/EC) Major stationary sources or major source category2/ for NOx 1. Public power, cogeneration and district heating plants: National emission standards1/ National legislation and comments (e.g. BAT applied) RD 430/2004 (a) Boilers (b) Stationary combustion turbines and internal 11 P a g e
combustion engines 2. Commercial, institutional and residential combustion plants: RD 430/2004 (a) Commercial boilers (b) Domestic heaters 3. Industrial combustion plants and processes with combustion (a) Boilers and process heaters (no direct contact between flue gas and products) (b) Processes (direct contact); (e.g. calcinations processes in rotary kilns; production of cement, lime, etc.; glass production; metallurgical operation; pulp production) 4. Non-combustion processes, e.g. nitric acid production 5. Extraction, processing and distribution of fossil fuels 6. Waste treatment and disposal, e.g. incineration of municipal and industrial waste RD 430/2004 Law 16/2002 Law 16/2002 800 mg/m3 (existing) 500 mg/m3 (new) Daily mean values Annex II in RD 653/2003 (Directive 2000/76/EC) 12 P a g e
Question 4 Article 2, paragraph 2 (c)please provide details of the pollution control measures for NOx emissions introduced in your country for major stationary sources with a thermal input of at least 100 MWth, the construction of which commenced on or before 14 February 1993, taking into consideration the technical annex to the Protocol. Please complete the table below. Bulgaria The pollution control measures for NOx emissions for major stationary sources with a thermal input of at least 100 MWth are established in the regulations listed below: Regulation No.1/2005 for emission limit values (ELV) of hazardous substances (pollutants) emitted in the atmosphere from stationary sources (SG 64/2005); Regulation No. 10/2003 on the emission limit values (concentrations in waste gasses) of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and total dust, discharged to the atmosphere from large combustion plants transposing Directive 2001/80/EC (SG 93/2003); Regulation No. 6/2004 on the conditions and the requirements for construction and operation of installations for incineration and installations for co-incineration of waste which transposes Directive 2000/76/ЕС (SG 78/2004). 13 P a g e Major stationary sources 1. Public power, cogeneration and district heating plants: (a) Boilers (b) Stationary combustion turbines and internal combustion engines 2. Commercial, institutional and residential combustion plants: Pollution control measures applied solid fuel: 100-500 MWth - 600 mg/m3; >500 MWth - 500 mg/m3 since 1st of January 2008 (200 mg/m3 since 1st of January 2016) natural gas - 50 or 75 mg/m3; liquid and gaseous fuels - 120 mg/m3 (a) Commercial boilers (b) Domestic heaters 3. Industrial combustion plants and processes with combustion (a) Boilers and process heaters (no direct contact between flue gas and products) (b) Processes (direct contact); (e.g. calcinations processes in rotary kilns; production of cement, lime, etc.; glass the same ELV as for boilers for public power, cogeneration and district heating plants [see p.1(a) above] 500 mg/m3 - for calcination processes, production of cement, lime etc.; 500 mg/m3 - for glass production; 400 mg/m3 - for Comments (national legislation, relevant plant characteristics e.g. age, utilization rate) Regulation No.10 same commercial institutional and residential combustion plants with thermal power at least 100 MWth are not available in Bulgaria Regulation No.10 Regulation No.1
production; metallurgical operation; pulp production) 4. Non-combustion processes, e.g. nitric acid production 5. Extraction, processing and distribution of fossil fuels 6. Waste treatment and disposal, e.g. incineration of municipal and industrial waste metallurgical operations; 400 mg/m3 - for pulp production nitric acid production - 500 mg/m3 until 31st of December 2009; 400 mg/m3 since 1st of January 2010 200 mg/m3 - for plants with capacity >3 t/h and 400 mg/m3 - for plants with capacity < 3 t/h same Regulation No. 6 Finland In 2005 the Finnish Government adopted a decision on a national plan to reduce sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and dust emissions from the major existing stationary sources with an environmental permit issued before July 1, 1987. The emission limit values introduced in the plan entered into force by 1.1.2008 and replaced the guide values for NOx emissions adopted in 1991. The plan sets for the sources limit values equivalent to those introduced in the LCP Directive for sources falling under its scope. For applicable limit values see the answer to question 45. Major stationary sources 1. Public power, cogeneration and district heating plants: Pollution control measures applied (a) Boilers (b) Stationary combustion turbines and internal combustion engines 2. Commercial, institutional and residential combustion plants: (a) Commercial boilers (b) Domestic heaters 3. Industrial combustion plants and processes with combustion (a) Boilers and process heaters (no direct contact between flue gas and products) (b) Processes (direct contact); (e.g. calcinations processes in rotary kilns; production of cement, lime, etc.; glass production; metallurgical operation; pulp production) 4. Non-combustion processes, e.g. nitric acid production 5. Extraction, processing and distribution of fossil fuels 6. Waste treatment and disposal, e.g. incineration of Comments (national legislation, relevant plant characteristics e.g. age, utilization rate) 14 P a g e
municipal and industrial waste Netherlands Table Q4 gives an overview of present emission limit ranges for existing plants. The higher emission limits are the limits for installations before 1988. The emission limit values have been legally set in general binding rules for combustion plants, nitric acid plants, and MSWI installations. These emission limit values were already in compliance with or more strict than the Large Combustion Plants (LCP) Directive (2001/80/EC) and Directive 2000/76/EC on waste incineration (see Q2). Although the limits are already in compliance with the protocol, stricter emission limits can be set in licenses for installations covered by the IPPC directive, because for those installations BAT based emission limits shall be prescribed. Table Q4 indicates whether the standard is laid down in a decree (GBR, general binding rule) or in individual environmental licenses (using BAT). Further reduction will be stimulated via the NOx emission rights trading system. Notes to table q.4: (a) 1300 mg/nm3 is a 24-hour value. Range of the daily average is 600-800 mg/nm3; (b) Exact Emission Limit Values (ELVs) depends of (a) year of permit and (b) thermal input (MWth). Major stationary sources Pollution control measures applied Primary Emission Optimized Sintering (EOS) system (primary), results in lower loads of NOx, though concentrations rise. Subsequently end-of-pipe techniques become more attractive SCR/Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) SCR/SNCR Primary/dry low NOx (DLN) Primary Comments (national legislation, relevant plant characteristics e.g. age, utilization rate) ELV 1300 mg NOx/m3 & daily average (a) ELV 450 mg NOx/m3 (12%02) & daily average (b Residual burnt gases (GBR): ELV 200-600 ppm & hour average (a) Bva: 70 mg/m3 (11% O2) & monthly average Bees A: ELV 70-350 mg NOx/m3 & highest of 3 half hour averages every 3 year, or 95% of 48h average continuous measurement below 110% (a) Bees A: ELV 140-800 & highest of 3 half hour averages every 3 year, or 95% of 48h average continuous measurement below 110% (a) Primary Bees A: ELV 400-1200 g/gj NOx 15 P a g e
Primary/steam injection Fuel switch + Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Primary/fuel switch +SCR see 1a see 1a see 1a and 1b see 1a and 1b Primary/Low NOx burners /SCR Primary/Low NOx burners /SCR Primary/fuel switch, Oxy-burning 1. Public power, cogeneration and district heating plants: Primary & highest of 3 half hour averages every 3 year, or 95% of 48h average continuous measurements Bees A: ELV 65 g/gj NOx & highest of 3 half hour averages every 3 year, or 95% of 48h average continuous measurement below 110% (a) Bees A: ELV 100-650 mg NOx/m3 & highest of 3 half hour averages every 3 year, or 95% of 48h average continuous measurement below 110% (a) Bees A: ELV 120-450 mg NOx/m3 & highest of 3 half hour averages every 3 year, or 95% of 48h average continuous measurement below 110% (a) Bees A: ELV 120 450 resp. 70-350 mg NOx/m3 & 95% of 48h average below 110% (a) Bees A: ELV 120 450 resp. 70-350 mg NOx/m3 & 95% of 48h average below 110% (a) ELV 300-2200 mg NOx/m3 (8% O2) & regulated in permits (a) Bees A: 200 g/gj NOx (235 mg Nox/m3; 15 vol% O2) & highest of 3 half hour averages every 3 year, or 95% of 48h average continuous measurement below 110% (a) 16 P a g e
Norway The existing majory sources with a termal input > 100 MW which commenced before 14 February 1993 are industrial combustion plants and industrial processes. Industrial plants are regulated by individual permits pursuant to the Pollution Control Act of 1981. Individual emission limit values are in most cases laid down as permit conditions. In those cases where emission limit values for NOx have not been stipulated in the permit, the operator shall report the emissions on a yearly basis. The EU-directive on Large Combustion Plant and the EU IPPC-directive is implemented in Norway. The permits have been reviewed and updated during the last years in order to ensure that permit conditions are based on Best Available Technology of today and emission limit values have been introduced, either as concentration (ppm) or as total mass /year. The EU-directive on Large Combustion Plants and EU - reference documents on BAT (BREFs) have been taken into account when deciding on control measures/emission limit values. In parallel with reviewing and updating individual permits for existing industrial plants, several studies on potential NOx-reduction measures across sectors in order to achieve cost-effective national reduction targets have been undertaken. As a result, a new tax on emissions of NOx from energy production was put into effect from 1 January 2007, and from January 2008, a negotiated agreement between the government and several sectors (including industrial sector) on NOx-reductions have been settled. Major stationary sources (a) Boilers 5. Extraction, processing and distribution of fossil fuels 6. Waste treatment and disposal, e.g. incineration of municipal and industrial waste Pollution control measures applied Processes (metallurgic, cement): Different measures, BAT for the sector For offshore turbines: Low-Nox-burners Retrofit to low-noxburners when possible Comments (national legislation, relevant plant characteristics e.g. age, utilization rate) Regulated by individual permits. Compliance with IPPC directive Permits for offshore fields issued before 2002 do not comprise specific NOxregulations. These permits will be reviewed in 2008 aiming at introducing control measures (regulations) for NOxemissions Regulated by individual permits ensuring compliance with (EU) LCP-directive and IPPC-directive (BAT) 17 P a g e
Spain Please see Q. 45 and 3 Major stationary sources 1. Public power, cogeneration and district heating plants: Pollution control measures applied (a) Boilers (b) Stationary combustion turbines and internal combustion engines 2. Commercial, institutional and residential combustion plants: (a) Commercial boilers (b) Domestic heaters 3. Industrial combustion plants and processes with combustion (a) Boilers and process heaters (no direct contact between flue gas and products) (b) Processes (direct contact); (e.g. calcinations processes in rotary kilns; production of cement, lime, etc.; glass production; metallurgical operation; pulp production) 4. Non-combustion processes, e.g. nitric acid production 5. Extraction, processing and distribution of fossil fuels 6. Waste treatment and disposal, e.g. incineration of municipal and industrial waste Comments (national legislation, relevant plant characteristics e.g. age, utilization rate) 18 P a g e
Question 5 : With reference to article 2, paragraph 2(b) please specify the national NOx emission standards applied to newly registered mobile sources in all major source categories, taking into consideration the technical annex to the Protocol and the relevant decisions taken within the framework of the Inland Transport Committee of UNECE. If your country is a Party to the Gothenburg Protocol, you may cross-refer to questions 51-56. Please complete the table below. Bulgaria The national NOx emission standards applied to newly registered mobile sources in all major source categories are given in the attached Table 2008Q5. Mobile source category NOx emission standards (unit: g/km or g/kwh) 1. Road vehicles (a) Passenger cars: (b) Light commercial vehicles Class I Class II Class III (c) Heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) (d) Motorcycles and mopeds (e) Tractors (agricultural and forestry) 2. Non-road engine applications: agricultural, mobile industrial and construction machinery petrol: 0.08 g/km; diesel: 0.25 g/km 2006 Date petrol: 0.08 g/km; diesel: 0.25 g/km petrol: 0.18 g/km; diesel: 0.33g/km petrol: 0.21 g/km; diesel: 0.39 g/km same same same diesel: 3.5 g/kwh 2006 petrol: 1. motorcycles: 0.15-0.22 g/km; 2. mopeds: 1.2 g/km (HC+NOx) for mopeds diesel: HC+NOx - 4.0-7.5 g/kwh for motorcycles - from 2006; for mopeds - from 2002 2005 < 18 kw 19 < kw < 37 7.5 31.12.2005 National legislation Regulation No.73 (SG 51/2006) same same same 37 < kw < 75 4.7 31.12.2005 same 75 < kw < 130 4.0 31.12.2005 same Regulation No.78 (SG 78/2006) Regulation No.130 (SG 76/2005) Regulation No.10 (SG 28/2004) Regulation No.10 (SG 28/2004) 130 < kw < 560 4.0 30.06.2005 same 19 P a g e
3. Other mobile sources (a) Rail transport Self-propelled rail cars 4.0 2006 same Locomotives 130 < kw < 560 4.0 2006 same > 560 kw 6.0 2007 same > 2000 kw and > 5 litres/cylinder (b) Ships and other marine craft 7.4 2007 same Recreational craft 7.2-8.7 31.12.2006 same Inland shipping 7.2-8.7 31.12.2006 same (c) Aircraft Finland The emission standards applied to the mobile source categories in Finland are those adopted in the EU regime (EURO III, IV and V). See also questions 51-55 and the respective tables therein. Mobile source category NOx emission standards (unit: g/km or g/kwh) 1. Road vehicles (a) Passenger cars: (b) Light commercial vehicles Class I Class II Class III (c) Heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) (d) Motorcycles and mopeds (e) Tractors (agricultural and forestry) 0,08 petrol / 0,25 Diesel Date September 4, 2004 August 1, 2006 0,08 petrol / 0,25 Diesel 0,10 petrol / 0,33 Diesel 0,11 petrol / 0,39 Diesel 2,0 August 1, 2006 0,1 for 2-stroke and 0,3 for 4-stroke engines Januray 1, 2003 National legislation Decree of the Ministry of Transport and Communication 334/2004 Decree of the Ministry of Transport and Communication 622/2006 Decree of the Ministry of Transport and Communication 622/2006 Decree of the Ministry of Transport and Communication 1250/2002 Provisions of EU Directives 2005/13 and 2000/25 implemented to national legislation by Government and Ministry level decrees 20 P a g e
2. Non-road engine applications: agricultural, mobile industrial and construction machinery < 18 kw 19 < kw < 37 8,0 g/kwh 37 < kw < 75 7,0 g/kwh 75 < kw < 130 6,0 g/kwh 130 < kw < 560 6,0 g/kwh 3. Other mobile sources (a) Rail transport Self-propelled rail cars Locomotives 130 < kw < 560 HC + NOx 4g/kWh January 1, 2005 > 560 kw HC + NOx 6g/kWh January 1, 2008 > 2000 kw and > 5 litres/cylinder (b) Ships and other marine craft Recreational craft Inland shipping HC + NOx 7,4g/kWh January 1, 2008 10 g/kwh for 2- stroke and 15 g for 4-stroke petrol engine and 9,8 g for diesel engine 7,2-11 g/kwh depending on displacement and power output of the engine Limit values applied currently have entered into force between 1.7.2005 and 1.1.2008 (c) Aircraft and decisions Government Decrees 844/2004 and 398/2005 Government Decree 398/2005 Government Decree 621/2005 Government Decree 398/2005 Netherlands The Netherlands is a Party to the Gothenburg Protocol. Therefore cross-reference to questions 51-56 takes place. Mobile source category NOx emission standards (unit: g/km or g/kwh) Date National legislation 21 P a g e
1. Road vehicles (a) Passenger cars: (b) Light commercial vehicles Class I Class II Class III (c) Heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) (d) Motorcycles and mopeds (e) Tractors (agricultural and forestry) 2. Non-road engine applications: agricultural, mobile industrial and construction machinery < 18 kw 19 < kw < 37 37 < kw < 75 75 < kw < 130 130 < kw < 560 3. Other mobile sources (a) Rail transport Self-propelled rail cars Locomotives 130 < kw < 560 > 560 kw > 2000 kw and > 5 litres/cylinder (b) Ships and other marine craft Recreational craft Inland shipping (c) Aircraft Norway The largest mobile source category in Norway regarding NOx-emissions is ship and boat traffic, including fishing vessels, with coastal traffic as the major contributor. Emissions from coastal traffic and fishing vessels constitute about 34% of national NOx emissions in 2006. Norway has ratified Annex VI on air pollution from ships to the Maritime Pollution (MARPOL) Convention of the UN Maritime Organisation IMO. These have also been implemented in national legislation, in the Norwegian Ship Safety and Security Act. Emissions from road traffic are attributed to diesel and petrol driven vehicles. On-road vehicles must fulfil the emission standards set by the Ministry of Transport pursuant to the Road Traffic Act. From January 1989, US-83 vehicle emission standards were made compulsory for petrol fuelled passenger cars. This resulted in the introduction of three-waycatalyst equipped cars. In 2003, about 75 per cent of all petrol-fuelled cars were equipped with three-way-catalysts. Since 1993, regulations on vehicles have been set complying with 22 P a g e
Council Directives 70/220/EEC on air pollution by gases from motor vehicles and Council Directive 88/77/EEC on emission of gaseous pollutants from diesel engines for use in vehicles, including their amending directives. Norway has also implemented the provisions of the EU directives 97/24/EC, 97/68/EC, 2000/25/EC and 2004/26/EU on emissions from nonroad mobile machinery, two or three-wheel motor vehicles and agricultural or forestry tractors, respectively. In 1998, a new vehicle control system was introduced according to provisions of Council Directive 96/96/EC on roadworthiness tests for motor vehicles and their trailers. EU Directive 1999/96/EC amending Council Directive 88/77/EEC introduces new emission standards (EURO V), that will apply for both light and heavy duty vehicles by 2005. The new standards have been implemented in Norwegian legislation. For more details about emission levels, see Questions 51-56. Mobile source category NOx emission standards (unit: g/km or g/kwh) 1. Road vehicles (a) Passenger cars: (b) Light commercial vehicles Class I Class II Class III (c) Heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) (d) Motorcycles and mopeds (e) Tractors (agricultural and forestry) 2. Non-road engine applications: agricultural, mobile industrial and construction machinery Date < 18 kw 19 < kw < 37 37 < kw < 75 75 < kw < 130 130 < kw < 560 3. Other mobile sources (a) Rail transport Self-propelled rail cars Locomotives 130 < kw < 560 > 560 kw > 2000 kw and > 5 litres/cylinder (b) Ships and other marine craft Recreational craft Inland shipping (c) Aircraft National legislation 23 P a g e
Spain For points 1 (a) and (b) in the table below, please go to Q. 51; for point 1 (c), go to Q. 52 and 53; for point 1 (d), Q. 55 and 56; for point 2, Q. 54. For all other points, limit values are those in the table. Mobile source category NOx emission standards (unit: g/km or g/kwh) 1. Road vehicles (a) Passenger cars: (b) Light commercial vehicles Class I Class II Class III (c) Heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) (d) Motorcycles and mopeds (e) Tractors (agricultural and forestry) 14.4 to 7 2. Non-road engine applications: agricultural, mobile industrial and construction machinery Date January 2006 < 18 kw 19 < kw < 37 37 < kw < 75 75 < kw < 130 130 < kw < 560 National legislation Directive 2005/13/EC Stage III a 3. Other mobile sources Directive 97/68/EC (a) Rail transport Self-propelled rail cars 4 Locomotives 130 < kw < 560 4 (HC + NOx) > 560 kw 6 > 2000 kw and > 5 litres/cylinder 7.4 January 2006 January 2007 January 2007 (b) Ships and other marine craft Recreational craft 7.2 to 11 (HC + NOx) July 2007 Inland shipping (c) Aircraft 24 P a g e
Question 6 Article 4 has your country made unleaded fuel sufficiently available, in particular cases as a minimum along main international transit routes, to facilitate the circulation of vehicles equipped with catalytic converters? Yes No You may provide further details. However, if your country is a Party to the Heavy Metals Protocol, you should provide further details under question 37. Bulgaria Yes X Finland Distribution and use of leaded petrol has been banned in Finland. Netherlands The Netherlands is a Party to the Heavy Metals Protocol, further details are given under question 37. Norway Yes, Norway has phased out the use of leaded petrol. In 1986 a new tax on leaded petrol was introduced. The extra tax has proved to be a very effective policy instrument in order to phase out the use of leaded petrol. According to "Regulations relating to the quality of petrol and auto diesel to be used by on-road vehicles (Directive 98/70/EC)", Norway regulated the lead content of marketed petrol intended for on-road vehicles. In March 2000, this should not exceed 0,005 g/l. Since 1997 the lead content in petrol was in practical terms zero. So called leaded petrol in Norway has an additive based on potassium solution. As a consequence of the implementation of Directive 98/70/EC the extra tax on leaded petrol has been abolished. Spain Yes. Sales of leaded petrol are banned from 1 January 2002, in accordance with the Royal Decree 403/2000. 25 P a g e