Vehicle Emission Standards. U.S. California

Vehicle Emission Standards U.S. California 1

Regulatory Impact on U.S. Passenger Car Exhaust Emissions Emissions, grams/mile 1.00 Tier 1, Fed. TLEV, CA 0.80 LDT same stds. as PC Tier 2, Fed. 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 MY: TWCs NOx HC LEV& NLEV, CA & Fed. ULEV, CA LEV II, CA SULEV & PZEV, CA '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 Adv. engine controls, Adv. TWCs, CC+UF/OBD/ HC Traps, Hybrids, High CPSI substrates, Low S Fuels, High eff. cats. Emission system optimization Fuel Cells 2

CA LEV I 50K Mile Standards 0-3750 lb. LVW California LEV I 50K mile standards for passenger cars and light-duty trucks with loaded vehicle weights (LVW) of less than 3751 lb. are summarized in this chart. Vehicle manufacturers can certify vehicles as TLEVs, LEVs or ULEVs provided that they also meet the corporate fleet average NMOG requirements. See the chart in this application section for details on the fleet average NMOG requirements. 3

CA LEV I 50K Mile Standards 0-3750 lb. LVW FTP Emissions, g/mi 0.50 0.40 0.34 0.40 0.34 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.125 0.075 0.20 0.040 0.17 0.20 0.00 TLEV LEV ULEV NMOG CO/10 NOx 4

CA LEV I 100K Mile Standards 0-3750 lb. LVW California LEV I 100K mile standards for passenger cars and light-duty trucks with loaded vehicle weights (LVW) of less than 3751 lb. are summarized in this chart. Vehicle manufacturers can certify vehicles as TLEVs, LEVs or ULEVs provided that they also meet the corporate fleet average NMOG requirements. See the chart in this application section for details on the fleet average NMOG requirements. 5

CA LEV I 100K Mile Standards 0-3750 lb. LVW FTP Emissions, g/mi 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.42 0.60 0.42 0.156 0.090 0.30 0.055 0.21 0.30 TLEV LEV ULEV NMOG CO/10 NOx 6

CA Fleet Average NMOG Standards (50K mi.) PC & LDT (0-3750 lb. LVW) The California corporate average fleet requirements on NMOG are detailed in this chart. The manufacturer may distribute his vehicles between the TLEV, LEV, ULEV, and SULEV classifications provided that his California fleet average NMOG is less than or equal to the values specified in the chart for each model year. Through the 2003 model year these fleet averages are specified as part of the current California LEV I program and include all light - duty vehicles with loaded vehicle weights (LVW) up to 3750 lb. Values shown for the 2004 model year and beyond are part of the California LEV II program. The corporate fleet averages for 2005 model year and beyond also reflect the 10% ZEV sales mandate currently specified by California. The LEV II program includes provisions for partial ZEV credits (PZEV) for the introduction of certain high technology vehicles such as SULEV-class vehicles meeting a 150K mile SULEV emission requirement, certain hybrid electric vehicles, and fuel cell powered vehicles. 7

CA Fleet Average NMOG Standards (50K mi.) PC & LDT (0-3750 lb. LVW) FTP NMOG Emissions, g/mi 0.16 0.12 LEV II fleet ave. 0.08 0.073 0.04 0.00 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 Light-duty Vehicle Model Year 10% ZEV Mandate 0.035 8

CA ZEV Program Requirements BEV Compliance Option In early 2001 CARB enacted several new features to their ZEV program. Included in these changes were establishing minimum ZEV sales percentages for model years beyond 2008. These percentages are shown in this chart. By the 2018 model year the minimum sales percentage covered by the ZEV program increases to 16% from the 10% levels required in 2005-2008. CARB also has provided manufacturers with additional flexibilities in meeting these sales percentages. This chart breaks down the types of vehicles that a large volume manufacturer may use to fulfill these sales percentages. Options include BEVs (battery electric vehicles; also extended range hybrid electrics), advanced technology PZEVs (CNG-fueled vehicles, hybrid electrics, some fuel cell vehicles), and conventional gasoline PZEVs (150K mile SULEV emissions and OBD, meets CA zero evaporative emissions requirements). Intermediate volume manufacturers (max. of 60,000 units of CA production) may use conventional PZEVs for their entire ZEV requirement. In 2003 the ZEV program was modified again and a second, hydrogen fuel cell compliance option was added to provide manufacturers to focus on hydrogen fuel cells rather than battery electric vehicles if they so choose (see hydrogen fuel cell compliance option charts that follow). CARB also provided manufacturers with a phased-in PZEV introduction multiplier in the 2000-2005 MY timeframe that reduces actual PZEV vehicles needed to fulfill the ZEV program requirements. More lenient intermediate compliance standards are also used for PZEVs introduced in the 2003-2006 MY timeframe. 9

CA ZEV Program Requirements: BEV Compliance Option % of LDV sales in CA* 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 10% '05 thru '08 '09 thru '11 '12 thru '14 '15 thru '17 '18 and beyond BEVs Adv. Tech. PZEVs PZEVs 11% 12% 14% 16% Model Year *For 2005-2006 MY % of LDV sales based on PC & LDT1 averaged sales; for 2007 MY onward, % includes all LDVs up to 8500 lb. GVW 10

CA ZEV Program Requirements: Hydrogen FC Compliance Option In 2003 CARB modified their ZEV program again due to legal challenges regarding the use of fuel economy based credits and recognition that battery electric vehicles (BEVs) still lacked commercial viability. These 2003 modifications provide auto manufacturers with a second ZEV compliance option in addition to the BEV compliance option shown in the previous chart. This second compliance option allows manufacturers to produce increasing numbers of hydrogen fuel cell ZEVs in exchange for using advanced technology PZEVs (AT PZEVs, e.g., hybrids, CNG-fueled, hydrogen ICE vehicles) to meet their ZEV requirements. PZEV substitution for ZEVs remains fixed at the same 6% level associated with the 2001 BEV compliance option. The hydrogen fuel cell vehicle production requirements shown in this chart represent the total auto industry commitment for these vehicles over the time span shown (e.g., 250 total hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in the 2005-2008 timeframe). These numbers would be reduced if some manufacturers decide to use the BEV compliance option. The 2003 program modifications also delete all fuel economy based credits for ZEVs or AT PZEVs and replace them with flat credits based on electric range or electric component capabilities. These credits start out with high values that eventually asymptote to their final levels. AT PZEV production during each model year period shown on the chart is also adjusted by fuel cell vehicle production during these same years. An independent review panel has also been established to monitor ZEV technologies and recommend additional changes to the program as needed going forward. 11

California ZEV Program Requirements: Hydrogen FC Compliance Option % of LDV sales in CA 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 250 FC 2500 FC 11% 10% '05 thru '08 '09 thru '11 '12 thru '14 '15 thru '17 '18 and beyond Adv. Tech. PZEVs 25,000 FC 12% Model Year PZEVs 50,000 FC 14% 30,000 FC/yr 16% Note: AT PZEV levels offset by FC vehicle production 12

CA SFTP 4K Mile Standards (PC, LDT1, LDT2) Phase-in beginning 2001 MY California requirements for the supplemental FTP (SFTP) are summarized in this chart for passenger cars (PC), LDT1, and LDT2 light-duty truck weight classes (loaded vehicle weights [LVW] given in the chart). The SFTP requirements are applicable after 4K miles and are measured using two new test cycles (see charts under U.S. (Federal) for test cycle details). The US06 cycle covers high speed/high acceleration driving modes not covered during the normal FTP cycle. Air conditioner operation (A/C) is covered by the SC03 test cycle. Phase-in of the SFTP California requirements began with the 2001 model year. 13

CA SFTP 4K Mile Standards (PC, LDT1, LDT2) Phase-in beginning 2001 MY SFTP Emissions, g/mi 1.00 0.80 0.80 1.05 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.140 0.20 0.27 0.250 0.27 0.35 0.00 PC/LDT1 (0-3750 lb.) LDT2 (3751-5750 lb.) US06: NMHC+NOx US06: CO/10 A/C: NMHC+NOx A/C: CO/10 14

CA LEV II 50K Mile Standards 0-8500 lb. GVW In the California LEV II program, a key component is a single set of tailpipe standards for all passenger cars and light-duty trucks with GVW (gross vehicle weight) of 8500 lb. or less (up to 10,000 lb GVW for passenger carrying vehicles). This chart summarizes 50K mile standards for LEV, ULEV, and SULEV vehicle categories in this broad weight classification. Fleet average NMOG values are also included in the LEV II program and these fleet averages are summarized in a chart in this application section for LDTs with LVWs greater than 3751 lb. but with a GVW of 8500 lb. or less. Vehicles with LVW less than 3751 lb. follow their own fleet average NMOG curve (see chart under passenger car applications). In the LEV II program, significantly lower NOx standards are required for LEV and ULEV categories compared to today's LEV and ULEV requirements. The LEV II program also introduces a SULEV category for this range of vehicles. Manufacturers may also certify up to 4% of their LDT2 trucks to a slightly higher NOx standard. This higher NOx emission standard is denoted as LEV/LDT2 in this chart. The LEV II requirements began with the 2004 model year. 15

CA LEV II 50K Mile Standards 0-8500 lb. GVW FTP Emissions, g/mi 0.40 0.34 0.34 0.30 0.20 0.17 0.10 0.075 0.05 0.075 0.07 0.040 0.05 0.00 LEV LEV/LDT2 ULEV NMOG CO/10 NOx LEV/LDT2 only can be applied to 4%of the LDT2 fleet 16

CA LEV II 120K Mile Standards 0-8500 lb. GVW In the California LEV II program, a key component is a single set of tailpipe standards for all passenger cars and light-duty trucks with GVW (gross vehicle weight) of 8500 lb. or less (up to 10,00 lb GVW for passenger carrying vehicles). This chart summarizes 120K mile standards for LEV, ULEV, and SULEV vehicle categories in this broad weight classification. Fleet average NMOG values are also included in the LEV II program and these fleet averages are summarized in a chart in this application section for LDTs with LVWs greater than 3751 lb. but with a GVW of 8500 lb. or less. Vehicles with LVW less than 3751 lb. follow their own fleet average NMOG curve (see chart under passenger car applications). In the LEV II program, significantly lower NOx standards are required for LEV and ULEV categories compared to today's LEV and ULEV requirements. The LEV II program also introduces a SULEV category for this range of vehicles. Manufacturers may also certify up to 4% of their LDT2 trucks to a slightly higher NOx standard. This higher NOx emission standard is denoted as LEV/LDT2 in this chart. The LEV II requirements began with the 2004 model year. 17

CA LEV II 120K Mile Standards 0-8500 lb. GVW FTP Emissions, g/mi 0.50 0.40 0.42 0.42 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.090 0.07 0.090 0.10 0.055 0.21 0.07 0.010 0.10 0.02 LEV LEV/LDT2 ULEV SULEV NMOG CO/10 NOx LEV/LDT2 only can be applied to 4%of the LDT2 fleet 18

CA Particulate Matter Standards 100K mile LEV I vs. 120K mile LEV II This chart compares LEV I 100K mile California particulate matter (PM) standards for TLEV, LEV, and ULEV categories with LEV II 120K mile PM standards for LEV, ULEV, and SULEV categories. The LEV I 100K mile PM standards shown in this chart apply to diesel passenger cars and LDT1 diesel vehicles (0-3750 lb. LVW). The 120K mile LEV II PM standards apply to all light-duty diesel passenger cars and diesel trucks with a GVW of 8500 lb. or less (up to 10,000 lb. GVW for passenger carrying vehicles). Gasoline vehicles do not need to meet any PM standards in California. The LEV II standards began with the 2004 model year. 19

CA Particulate Matter Standards 100K mile LEV I vs. 120K mile LEV II FTP Emissions, g/mi 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 TLEV LEV ULEV SULEV 100K LEV 120K LEV II PM stds. apply to diesels only 20

CA LEV I LDT2 50K Mile Standards 3751-5750 lb. LVW This chart contains the 50K mile California LEV I program standards for the LDT2 class of light-duty trucks (3751-5750 lb. LVW [loaded vehicle weight]). Three different classifications of standards are provided including TLEV, LEV, and ULEV. No particulate standards (PM) are applicable at the 50K mile level. Manufacturers have the freedom to choose what classification they wish to certify to, but they must also meet a corporate fleet average NMOG requirement for their sales in California of lightduty trucks in this weight class. See the fleet average NMOG chart under this application section for details on the fleet average LDT NMOG requirement. The California LEV I program provided a separate set of standards for light-duty trucks and passenger cars. 21

CA LEV I LDT2 50K Mile Standards 3751-5750 lb. LVW FTP Emissions, g/mi 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 0.160 0.44 0.70 0.44 0.40 0.40 0.100 0.050 0.22 TLEV LEV ULEV NMOG CO/10 NOx 22

CA LEV I LDT2 100K Mile Standards 3751-5750 lb. LVW This chart contains the 100K mile California LEV I program standards for the LDT2 class of light-duty trucks (3751-5750 lb. LVW [loaded vehicle weight]). Three different classifications of standards are provided including TLEV, LEV, and ULEV. Particulate standards (PM) apply only to diesel vehicles. Manufacturers have the freedom to choose what classification they wish to certify to, but they must also meet a corporate fleet average NMOG requirement for their sales in California of light-duty trucks in this weight class. See the fleet average NMOG chart under this application section for details on the fleet average LDT NMOG requirement. The California LEV I program provided a separate set of standards for light-duty trucks and passenger cars. 23

CA LEV I LDT2 100K Mile Standards 3751-5750 lb. LVW FTP Emissions, g/mi 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.60 0.55 0.55 0.50 0.50 0.40 0.20 0.00 0.200 0.10 0.130 0.10 0.070 0.28 0.05 TLEV LEV ULEV NMOG CO/10 NOx PM PM stds. apply to diesels only 24

CA Fleet Average NMOG Standards (50K mi.) LDT (3751 lb. LVW-8500 lb. GVW) California's corporate fleet average NMOG requirements for light-duty trucks (3751 lb LVW [loaded vehicle weight] - 8500 lb. GVW [gross vehicle weight]) are summarized in this chart for model years from 1998 through 2010. Through model year 2003 this fleet average NMOG applies to the LEV I LDT2 class of light-duty trucks. Averages shown for model year 2004 and beyond reflect the current California LEV II program. In the LEV II program a single set of tailpipe standards is applicable for passenger cars and light-duty trucks up to 8500 lb. GVW (up to 10,000 lb. GVW for passenger carrying vehicles). Light-duty trucks above 3750 lb. LVW maintain a separate fleet average NMOG curve in the LEV II regulations as shown in this chart. 25

CA Fleet Average NMOG Standards (50K mi.) LDT (3751 lb. LVW-8500 lb. GVW) FTP NMOG Emissions, g/mi 0.20 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.099 LEV II fleet ave. 0.04 3751-5750 lb. 3751-8500 lb. 0.043 0.00 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 Light-duty Truck Model Year 26

CA LEV I MDV1 50K Mile Standards 0-3750 lb. TW This chart contains the 50K mile California LEV I program standards for the MDV1 class of mediumduty trucks (0-3750 lb. TW [test weight]). Three different classifications of standards are provided including Tier 1, LEV, and ULEV. Particulate standards (PM) are not applicable at the 50K mile level. See the chart in this application section for details on California's medium-duty phase-in schedule. 27

CA LEV I MDV1 50K Mile Standards 0-3750 lb. TW FTP Emissions, g/mi 0.50 0.40 0.34 0.40 0.34 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.250 0.125 0.075 0.17 0.20 0.00 Tier 1 LEV ULEV NMOG CO/10 NOx 28

CA LEV I MDV1 120K Mile Standards 0-3750 lb. TW This chart contains the 120K mile California LEV I program standards for the MDV1 class of mediumduty trucks (0-3750 lb. TW [test weight]). Three different classifications of standards are provided including Tier 1, LEV, and ULEV. Particulate standards (PM) apply only to diesel vehicles. See the chart in this application section for details on California's medium-duty phase-in schedule. 29

CA LEV I MDV1 120K Mile Standards 0-3750 lb. TW FTP Emissions, g/mi 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.360 0.50 0.55 0.08 0.180 0.50 0.60 0.08 0.107 0.25 0.30 0.04 Tier 1 LEV ULEV NMOG CO/10 NOx PM PM stds. apply to diesels only 30

CA LEV I MDV2 50K Mile Standards 3751-5750 lb. TW This chart contains the 50K mile California LEV I program standards for the MDV2 class of mediumduty trucks (3751-5750 lb. TW [test weight]). Four different classifications of standards are provided including Tier 1, LEV, ULEV, and SULEV. Particulate standards (PM) are not applicable at the 50K mile level. See the chart in this application section for details on California's medium-duty phase-in schedule. 31

CA LEV I MDV2 50K Mile Standards 3751-5750 lb. TW FTP Emissions, g/mi 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 0.320 0.44 0.70 0.160 0.44 0.40 0.100 0.44 0.40 0.050 0.22 0.20 Tier 1 LEV ULEV SULEV NMOG CO/10 NOx 32

CA LEV I MDV2 120K Mile Standards 3751-5750 lb. TW This chart contains the 120K mile California LEV I program standards for the MDV2 class of mediumduty trucks (3751-5750 lb. TW [test weight]). Four different classifications of standards are provided including Tier 1, LEV, ULEV, and SULEV. Particulate standards (PM) apply only to diesel vehicles. See the chart in this application section for details on California's medium-duty phase-in schedule. 33

CA LEV I MDV2 120K Mile Standards 3751-5750 lb. TW FTP Emissions, g/mi 1.00 0.98 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 0.460 0.64 0.64 0.60 0.64 0.60 0.10 0.230 0.10 0.143 0.05 0.072 0.32 0.30 0.05 Tier 1 LEV ULEV SULEV NMOG CO/10 NOx PM PM stds. apply to diesels only 34

CA LEV I MDV3 50K Mile Standards 5751-8500 lb. TW This chart contains the 50K mile California LEV I program standards for the MDV3 class of mediumduty trucks (5751-8500 lb. TW [test weight]). Four different classifications of standards are provided including Tier 1, LEV, ULEV, and SULEV. Particulate standards (PM) are not applicable at the 50K mile level. See the chart in this application section for details on California's medium-duty phase-in schedule. 35

CA LEV I MDV3 50K Mile Standards 5751-8500 lb. TW FTP Emissions, g/mi 1.20 1.10 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 0.390 0.50 0.195 0.50 0.60 0.117 0.50 0.60 0.059 0.25 0.30 Tier 1 LEV ULEV SULEV NMOG CO/10 NOx 36

CA LEV I MDV3 120K Mile Standards 5751-8500 lb. TW This chart contains the 120K mile California LEV I program standards for the MDV3 class of mediumduty trucks (5751-8500 lb. TW [test weight]). Four different classifications of standards are provided including Tier 1, LEV, ULEV, and SULEV. Particulate standards (PM) apply only to diesel vehicles. See the chart in this application section for details on California's medium-duty phase-in schedule. 37

CA LEV I MDV3 120K Mile Standards 5751-8500 lb. TW FTP Emissions, g/mi 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 0.560 0.73 1.53 0.12 0.280 0.73 0.90 0.12 0.167 0.73 0.90 0.06 0.084 0.37 0.45 0.06 Tier 1 LEV ULEV SULEV NMOG CO/10 NOx PM PM stds. apply to diesels only 38

CA SFTP 4K Mile Standards (MDV2, MDV3) Phase-in beginning 2001 MY California requirements for the supplemental FTP (SFTP) are summarized in this chart for MDV2 and MDV3 medium-duty truck weight classes (test weights [TW] given in the chart). The SFTP requirements are applicable after 4K miles and are measured using two new test cycles (see charts under U.S. (Federal) for test cycle details). The US06 cycle covers high speed/high acceleration driving modes not covered during the normal FTP cycle. Air conditioner operation (A/C) is covered by the SC03 test cycle. Phase-in of the SFTP California requirements began with the 2001 model year. 39

CA SFTP 4K Mile Standards (MDV2, MDV3) Phase-in beginning 2001 MY SFTP Emissions, g/mi 1.20 1.00 1.05 1.18 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.400 0.31 0.35 0.600 0.44 0.40 0.20 0.00 MDV2 (3751-5750 lb.tw) MDV3 (5751-8500 lb.tw) US06: NMHC+NOx US06: CO/10 A/C: NMHC+NOx A/C: CO/10 40

CA LEV I MDV4 50K Mile Standards 8501-10,000 lb. TW This chart contains the 50K mile California LEV I program standards for the MDV4 class of mediumduty trucks (8501-10,000 lb. TW [test weight]). Four different classifications of standards are provided including Tier 1, LEV, ULEV, and SULEV. Particulate standards (PM) are not applicable at the 50K mile level. See the chart in this application section for details on California's medium-duty phase-in schedule. 41

CA LEV I MDV4 50K Mile Standards 8501-10,000 lb. TW FTP Emissions, g/mi 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 0.460 0.55 1.30 0.230 0.55 0.70 0.138 0.55 0.70 0.069 0.28 0.35 Tier 1 LEV ULEV SULEV NMOG CO/10 NOx 42

CA LEV I MDV4 120K Mile Standards 8501-10,000 lb. TW This chart contains the 120K mile California LEV I program standards for the MDV4 class of mediumduty trucks (8501-10,000 lb. TW [test weight]). Four different classifications of standards are provided including Tier 1, LEV, ULEV, and SULEV. Particulate standards (PM) apply only to diesel vehicles. See the chart in this application section for details on California's medium-duty phase-in schedule. 43

CA LEV I MDV4 120K Mile Standards 8501-10,000 lb. TW FTP Emissions, g/mi 2.00 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 0.660 0.81 1.81 0.12 0.330 0.81 1.00 0.12 0.197 0.81 1.00 0.06 0.100 0.41 0.50 0.06 Tier 1 LEV ULEV SULEV NMOG CO/10 NOx PM PM stds. apply to diesels only 44

CA LEV II 120K Mile Standards MDVs (8500-10,000 lb. GVWR) This chart summarizes California LEV II standards for LEV, ULEV, and SULEV medium duty vehicles with gross vehicle weight ratings (GVWR) between 8501 and 10,000 lb. This is part of the broad California LEV II initiative and replaces the MDV4 medium duty class standards. This LEV II regulation significantly lowers NMOG & NOx emissions required for LEV, ULEV, and SULEV categories compared to today's MDV4 LEV, ULEV, and SULEV requirements. The LEV II requirements began with the 2004 model year. 45

CA LEV II 120K Mile Standards MDVs (8500-10,000 lb. GVWR) FTP Emissions, g/mi 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.195 0.64 0.20 0.12 0.143 0.64 0.20 0.06 0.100 0.32 0.10 0.06 LEV ULEV SULEV NMOG CO/10 NOx PM PM stds. apply to diesels only 46

CA LEV I MDV5 50K Mile Standards 10,001-14,000 lb. TW This chart contains the 50K mile California LEV I program standards for the MDV5 class of mediumduty trucks (10,001-14,000 lb. TW [test weight]). Four different classifications of standards are provided including Tier 1, LEV, ULEV, and SULEV. Particulate standards (PM) are not applicable at the 50K mile level. See the chart in this application section for details on California's medium-duty phase-in schedule. 47

CA LEV I MDV5 50K Mile Standards 10,001-14,000 lb. TW FTP Emissions, g/mi 2.00 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.600 0.70 0.300 0.70 0.180 0.70 0.090 0.35 0.50 Tier 1 LEV ULEV SULEV NMOG CO/10 NOx 48

CA LEV I MDV5 120K Mile Standards 10,001-14,000 lb. TW This chart contains the 120K mile California LEV I program standards for the MDV5 class of mediumduty trucks (10,001-14,000 lb. TW [test weight]). Four different classifications of standards are provided including Tier 1, LEV, ULEV, and SULEV. Particulate standards (PM) apply only to diesel vehicles. See the chart in this application section for details on California's medium-duty phase-in schedule. 49

CA LEV I MDV5 120K Mile Standards 10,001-14,000 lb. TW FTP Emissions, g/mi 3.00 2.77 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 0.860 1.03 0.12 0.430 1.03 1.50 0.12 0.257 1.03 1.50 0.06 0.130 0.52 0.70 0.06 Tier 1 LEV ULEV SULEV NMOG CO/10 NOx PM PM stds. apply to diesels only 50

CA LEV II 120K Mile Standards MDVs (10,001-14,000 lb. GVWR) This chart summarizes California LEV II standards for LEV, ULEV, and SULEV medium duty vehicles with gross vehicle weight ratings (GVWR) between 10,001 and 14,000 lb. This is part of the broad California LEV II initiative and replaces the current MDV5 medium duty class standards. This LEV II regulation significantly lowers NMOG & NOx emissions required for LEV, ULEV, and SULEV categories compared to today's MDV5 LEV, ULEV, and SULEV requirements. The LEV II requirements began with the 2004 model year. 51

CA LEV II 120K Mile Standards MDVs (10,001-14,000 lb. GVWR) FTP Emissions, g/mi 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.230 0.73 0.40 0.12 0.167 0.73 0.40 0.06 0.117 0.37 0.20 0.06 LEV ULEV SULEV NMOG CO/10 NOx PM PM stds. apply to diesels only 52

CA Phase-in Schedule for Medium Duty Vehicles (MDVs) This chart provides California's phase-in schedule by model year for LEV and ULEV medium-duty trucks (MDVs). Sales of a manufacturer's medium-duty trucks in California must meet the % fleet requirements shown in this chart for all MDV vehicles. As part of the LEV II program, medium duty vehicles (8500-14,000 lb. GVWR) are required to have a fleet make-up of 60% ULEVs and 40% LEVs in the 2004 through 2010 model years. 53

CA Phase-in Schedule for Medium Duty Vehicles (MDVs) % of MDV sales in CA 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 25 2 50 2 75 2 LEV 80 20 ULEV '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04-'10 70 30 60 40 40 60 Model Year 54

CA CO 2 -Equivalent Emission Limits for Light-duty Vehicles This chart summarizes California's CO 2 -equivalent emission limits for light-duty vehicles adopted by the Air Resources Board in September 2004. These limits on climate change emissions begin in model year 2009 and become successively more stringent through model year 2016. Separate CO 2 -equivalent emission standards are applicable for passenger car/ldt1 vehicles and heavier light-duty trucks (LDT2/MDPV). CO 2 - equivalent emissions include tailpipe CO 2 emissions (the single largest contributor), tailpipe emissions of methane and nitrous oxide (N 2 O), and direct/indirect emissions associated with air conditioning systems. The auto industry filed a lawsuit challenging these California climate change emission standards in late 2004 on the basis that these standards regulate a vehicle s fuel economy (only the federal government has authority to regulate fuel economy). 55

CA CO 2 -Equivalent Emission Limits for Light-duty Vehicles CO 2 -equivalent emissions, g/mi 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 323 439 301 420 267 PC/LDT1 390 233 361 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 227 355 Model Year LDT2/MDPV 222 350 213 341 205 332 56

CA Motorcycle Emission Standards California's motorcycle emission standards are shown in this chart. Emissions are measured using the FTP drive cycle but standards are given in g/km rather than g/mi. California provides standards for three different engine classes based on engine displacement: 50-279 cc, 280-699 cc, and engines greater than 699 cc. There are no standards for motorcycles with engines less than 50 cc displacement. For the larger two classes of engines (280 cc and larger) the HC standard is a corporate fleet average. No durability requirement is associated with these California standards. 57

CA Motorcycle Emission Standards FTP Emissions, g/km 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 HC CO/10 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.2 50-279 cc 280-699 cc > 700 cc 58

CA Class III Motorcycle Standards Engines 280 cc & larger: 2004 & 2008 California's 2004 & 2008 motorcycle emission standards are shown in this chart. Emissions are measured using the FTP drive cycle but standards are given in g/km rather than g/mi. These standards only apply to motorcycles with engine displacements of 280 cc or larger. The HC + NOx standard reported here is a corporate fleet average standard. Small volume motorcycle manufacturers (300 units/yr or less in production) must comply with the Tier 1 levels by 2008. Credits are also available for early introduction of motorcycles meeting the Tier 2 levels. No durability requirement is associated with either the Tier 1 or Tier 2 California standards. 59

CA Class III Motorcycle Standards Engines 280 cc & larger: 2004 & 2008 FTP Emissions, g/km HC + NOx CO/10 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 1.4 1.2 0.8 1.2 Tier 1-2004 Tier 2-2008 60

CA Non-road Motorcycle and ATV Emission Standards California's non-road motorcycle and ATV (all terrain vehicle) emission standards are shown in this chart. Emissions are measured using the FTP drive cycle used for motorcycles but standards are given in g/km rather than g/mi. These standards were first applied in MY 1997 for engines with displacements greater than 90 cc. Starting with the 1999 MY these standards also applied to engines with displacements of 90 cc or less. No durability requirement is associated with these California standards. 61

CA Non-road Motorcycle and ATV Emission Standards FTP Emissions, g/km HC CO/10 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 1.2 1.5 62

CA Tier 2 Nonroad Gasoline Engine Emission Standards: Engines < 19 kw (< 25 hp)/0-65 cc (handheld devices) California's Tier 2 standards for small nonroad gasoline engines (< 25 hp) with engine displacements no larger than 65 cc are shown in this chart. These small displacement engines are typically used in handheld lawn & garden equipment or other small utility engine applications. The standards began with the 2000 model year and continued through the 2004 model year. Particulate matter (PM) standards apply only to 2-stroke engines. Durability requirements of either 50, 125, or 300 h are associated with these standards depending on the nature of the application. 63

CA Tier 2 Nonroad Gasoline Engine Emission Standards: Engines < 19 kw (< 25 hp)/0-65 cc (handheld devices) Emissions, g/kw-hr 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 7.2 THC+NOx/10 CO/100 PM 5.36 2000 MY thru 2004 MY 2.0 Durability periods of 50, 125, or 300 h depending on application starting with 2000 MY 64

CA Tier 3 Nonroad Gasoline Engine Emission Standards: Engines < 19 kw (< 25 hp)/0-80 cc (handheld devices) California's Tier 3 standards for small nonroad gasoline engines (< 25 hp) with engine displacements no larger than 80 cc are shown in this chart. These small displacement engines are typically used in handheld lawn & garden equipment or other small utility engine applications. The Tier 3 standards harmonize with federal standards on engines < 50 cc displacement and extend the Tier 2 emission standards up through 80 cc engines. These Tier 3 standards began with the 2005 model year. Particulate matter (PM) standards apply only to 2- stroke engines. Durability requirements of either 50, 125, or 300 h are associated with these standards depending on the nature of the application. 65

CA Tier 3 Nonroad Gasoline Engine Emission Standards: Engines < 19 kw (< 25 hp)/0-80 cc (handheld devices) Emissions, g/kw-hr 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 5.0 5.36 THC+NOx/10 CO/100 PM 2.0 7.2 5.36 2.0 < 50 cc engines 50-80 cc engines Durability periods of 50, 125, or 300 h depending on application; standards effective with 2005 MY 66

CA Tier 2 Nonroad Gasoline Engine Emission Standards: Engines < 19 kw (< 25 hp)/>65 cc, <225cc (non-handheld devices) California's Tier 2 standards for small nonroad gasoline engines (< 25 hp) with engine displacements greater than 65 cc but less than 225 cc are shown in this chart. These small displacement engines are typically used in nonhandheld lawn & garden equipment or other small utility engine applications. The standards began with the 2000 model year with no durability requirements. Starting in 2002, durability requirements of either 125, 250, or 500 h were phased-in for horizontal shaft engines only. These durability requirements apply to all engines starting with the 2006 model year. The useful life durability requirement depends on the nature of the application. 67

CA Tier 2 Nonroad Gasoline Engine Emission Standards: Engines < 19 kw (< 25 hp)/>65 cc, <225cc (non-handheld devices) Emissions, g/kw-hr 60.0 THC+NOx 54.9 CO/10 54.9 50.0 46.7 46.7 40.0 30.0 20.0 16.1 16.1 16.1 16.1 10.0 0.0 2000 MY 2002 MY 2002 MY 2006 MY (horizontal (vertical shafts) shafts) Durability periods of 125, 250, or 500 h depending on application; durability requirement starts in 2002 for horizontal shaft engines only, applies to all engines in 2006 68

CA Tier 3 Nonroad Gasoline Engine Emission Standards: Engines < 19 kw (< 25 hp)/>80 cc, <225cc (non-handheld devices) California's Tier 3 standards for small nonroad gasoline engines (< 25 hp) with engine displacements greater than 80 cc but less than 225 cc are shown in this chart. These small displacement engines are typically used in nonhandheld lawn & garden equipment or other small utility engine applications. The standards begin with the 2007 model year and include durability requirements of either 125, 250, or 500 h depending on the nature of the application. The Tier 3 standards reduce HC + NOx emission limits by 35% relative to the Tier 2 standards for these sizes of engines. The standards are based on the use of catalysts on these largely four stroke engines. 69

CA Tier 3 Nonroad Gasoline Engine Emission Standards: Engines < 19 kw (< 25 hp)/>80 cc, <225cc (non-handheld devices) Emissions, g/kw-hr THC+NOx CO/10 60.0 54.9 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 2007 MY and later Durability periods of 125, 250, or 500 h depending on application 70

CA Tier 2 Nonroad Gasoline Engine Emission Standards: Engines < 19 kw (< 25 hp)/ 225cc (non-handheld devices) California's Tier 2 standards for small nonroad gasoline engines (< 25 hp) with engine displacements of 225 cc and larger are shown in this chart. These small displacement engines are typically used in non-handheld lawn & garden equipment or other small utility engine applications. The standards began with the 2000 model year with no durability requirements. Starting in 2002, durability requirements of either 125, 250, or 500 h were phased-in. The useful life durability requirement depends on the nature of the application. 71

CA Tier 2 Nonroad Gasoline Engine Emission Standards: Engines < 19 kw (< 25 hp)/ 225 cc (non-handheld devices) Emissions, g/kw-hr THC+NOx CO/10 60.0 54.9 54.9 50.0 46.7 40.0 30.0 20.0 13.4 12.1 12.1 10.0 0.0 2000 MY 2002 MY 2006-2007 MY Durability periods of 125, 250, or 500 h depending on application, starting with 2002 MY 72

CA Tier 3 Nonroad Gasoline Engine Emission Standards: Engines < 19 kw (< 25 hp)/ 225cc (non-handheld devices) California's Tier 3 standards for small nonroad gasoline engines (< 25 hp) with engine displacements of 225 cc and greater are shown in this chart. These small displacement engines are typically used in non-handheld lawn & garden equipment or other small utility engine applications. The standards begin with the 2008 model year and include durability requirements of either 125, 250, 500, or 1000 h depending on the nature of the application. The Tier 3 standards reduce HC + NOx emission limits by 35% relative to the Tier 2 standards for these sizes of engines. The standards are based on the use of catalysts on these largely four stroke engines. 73

CA Tier 3 Nonroad Gasoline Engine Emission Standards: Engines < 19 kw (< 25 hp)/ 225cc (non-handheld devices) Emissions, g/kw-hr THC+NOx CO/10 60.0 54.9 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 8.0 0.0 2008 MY and later Durability periods of 125, 250, 500 h, or 1000 h depending on application 74

CA Blue Sky Voluntary Nonroad Gasoline Engine Emission Standards: Engines < 19 kw (< 25 hp) (handheld and non-handheld devices) In conjuction with California s Tier 3 standards for small spark ignited engines (< 25 hp), manufacturers may voluntarily certify handheld and non-handheld equipment powered by these engines to Blue Sky emission levels that are 50% lower in HC + NOx relative to the Tier 3 levels. Engines certified to these Blue Sky emission levels are eligible for marketable credits. These Blue Sky emission levels are shown on this chart for each engine displacement category. The same durability requirements would apply to these engines as under the Tier 3 requirements. These Blue Sky standards are available starting with the model year of implementation of the appropriate Tier 3 standard for each engine displacement category. 75

CA Blue Sky Voluntary Nonroad Gasoline Engine Emission Standards: Engines < 19 kw (< 25 hp) (handheld and non-handheld devices) Emissions, g/kw-hr 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 25.0 5.36 2.0 < 50 cc engines THC+NOx CO/100 PM 36.0 5.36 2.0 50-80 cc engines 5.0 5.49 >80-<225 cc engines 4.0 5.49 225 cc and larger engines Durability periods and implementation dates remain the same as for Tier 3 standards 76

CA Nonroad Gasoline Engine Emission Standards: Engines > 25 hp with displacements < 1 liter California's standards for nonroad gasoline engines, > 25 hp, with engine displacements less than 1 liter are shown in this chart. The standards began with the 2002 model year and include a durability requirement of 1000 h. The emission standards for this class of nonroad gasoline engines are the same as for gasoline engines with power ratings < 25 hp and engine displacements larger than 225 cc. 77

CA Nonroad Gasoline Engine Emission Standards: Engines > 25 hp with displacements < 1 liter Emissions, g/kw-hr HC+NOx CO/100 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 12.0 5.49 2002 MY and later (1000 h durability) 78

CA Nonroad Gasoline Engine Emission Standards: Engines > 25 hp with displacements 1 liter California's standards for nonroad gasoline engines, > 25 hp, with engine displacements of 1 liter and larger are shown in this chart. The standards began with the 2001 model year and initially do not include any durability requirement. Beginning with the 2004 model year a 3500 h durability requirement was added. This durability requirement is extended to a useful life of either 7 years or 5000 h of operation with the 2007 model year. Emissions for this class of engines are measured using appropriate steady-state test cycles. 79

CA Nonroad Gasoline Engine Emission Standards: Engines > 25 hp with displacements 1 liter Emissions, g/kw-hr HC+NOx CO/10 6.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 2001-2003 MY 2004-2006 MY 2007 MY & later (no durabilty period) (3500 h) (7 yr or 5000 h) 80

Federal & CA Cold CO Emission Standards 20 o F Requirement at 50K mi. U.S. federal and California standards for cold CO emission performance are summarized in this chart. For these cold CO standards, CO emissions are measured using the FTP driving cycle with a test temperature of 20 F. Details on the FTP driving cycle can be found under "test cycles" in this database. Cold CO standards are provided for different vehicle weight classes in both the U.S. and California. For the federal program higher cold CO standards are allowed for heavier light-duty trucks (LDT2, LDT3, LDT4, and Tier 2 MDPV federal weight classes). In California, higher cold CO emissions are allowed for LDT2, MDV2, and MDV3 weight classes (note that the CA LDT2 class includes the federal LDT3 and LDT4 weight classes). 81

Federal & CA Cold CO Emission Standards 20 o F Requirement at 50K mi. FTP Emissions, g/mi CO 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 10.0 12.5 10.0 12.5 U.S. PC, LDT1 U.S. LDT2, LDT3, LDT4, MDPV CA PC, LDT1 CA LDT2, MDV2, MDV3 82

CA Evaporative Emission Standards: LEV I vs. LEV II LEV I and LEV II California evaporative emission limits for light-duty and medium-duty vehicles are summarized in this chart. Evaporative emissions are measured using 2 day and 3 day diurnal tests conducted in sealed sheds. Standards are given in grams of hydrocarbons allowed in each of these diurnal test protocols. Evaporative emissions include contributions from a vehicle s fuel system, air intake system, engine gaskets, and non-fuel related components such as tires, fabric, and paint. LEV II evaporative standards began their phase-in with the 2004 model year and reduce evaporative emissions by more than 50% compared to California LEV I evaporative limits. LEV II evaporative compliance includes a 15 year/150,000 mile durability requirement. 83

CA Evaporative Emission Standards: LEV I vs. LEV II 2 day Diurnal + HS (LEV1) 3 day Diurnal + HS (LEV1) 2 day Diurnal + HS (LEV2) 3 day Diurnal + HS (LEV2) HC Emissions, g/test 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 2.5 2.0 0.65 0.50 2.5 2.0 0.85 0.65 2.5 2.0 1.15 0.90 3.5 3.0 1.25 1.00 PC LDT1 LDT2 MDV Up to 6000 lb. GVW 6001-8500 lb. GVW 8501-14000 lb. GVW 84

CA LEV II & PZEV Evaporative Emission Standards California PZEV requirements include compliance with the PZEV zero evaporative emission limits. This chart compares the PZEV zero evaporative emission regulations with the LEV II evaporative emission limits. Total vehicle evaporative emissions for a PZEV vehicle are reduced relative to the LEV II requirements and fuelrelated evaporative emissions (fuel system, air intake system, engine gaskets) are limited to 0.054 g for any light-duty PZEV in either the standard two day or three day diurnal shed tests. Like the LEV II evaporative regulations, PZEV evaporative emission compliance includes a 15 year/150,000 mile durability requirement. 85

CA LEV II & PZEV Evaporative Emission Standards 2 day Diurnal + HS (LEV2) 3 day Diurnal + HS (LEV2) 2 day Diurnal + HS (PZEV) 3 day Diurnal + HS (PZEV) PZEV "Zero" Fuel System Limit HC Emissions, g/test 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.65 0.50 0.35 0.35 0.054 0.85 0.65 0.50 0.50 0.054 1.15 0.90 0.75 PC LDT1 LDT2 Up to 6000 lb. GVW 0.75 6001-8500 lb. GVW 0.054 86

Evaporative Emission Standards Phase-in: CA LEV II vs. EPA Tier 2 Phase-in requirements for California s LEV II and U.S. federal Tier 2 evaporative emission regulations are summarized in this chart. Evaporative emissions are measured using 2 day and 3 day diurnal tests conducted in sealed sheds. Evaporative emissions include contributions from a vehicle s fuel system, air intake system, engine gaskets, and non-fuel related components such as tires, fabric, and paint. Both evaporative emission regulations began their phase-in with the 2004 model year with the California program requiring complete compliance by the 2006 model year and the Tier 2 program requiring complete compliance one model year later. Manufacturers are expected to only produce vehicles that meet the tougher California LEV II evaporative requirements rather than develop and certify different systems for California and federal compliance. LEV II and Tier 2 evaporative compliance includes a 15 year/150,000 mile durability requirement. 87

Evaporative Emission Standards Phase-in: CA LEV II vs. EPA Tier 2 Vehicles, % Compliance 100 Model Year Phase-ins: CA LEV2 EPA Tier 2 100 100 100 80 80 75 60 50 40 20 40 25 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 Model Year 88

Federal & CA Tier 1, Tier 2 Nonroad Diesel Engine Emission Standards: Engines < 37 kw (<50 hp) Federal and California Tier 1 and Tier 2 standards for non-road diesel engines are shown in this chart. Standards shown here cover engine sizes up to 37 kw (50 hp). These non-road engines are used in agricultural, construction, and industrial applications. Tier 1 standards were effective with the 2000 model year. Tier 2 standards were effective with the 2005 model year for engines up to 19 kw and effective with the 2004 model year for engines with power ratings from 19 to 37 kw. For these non-road diesel engines a version of the ISO steady-state engine test cycle is used to certify emission performance (e.g., ISO 8178 C1, 8 mode steady-state test cycle). Tier 1 and Tier 2 emission standards for these non-road diesel engines must be maintained over the engine's entire useful life. For engines up to 19 kw (25 hp), the useful life requirement is 5 years or 3000 hours of operation. For engines with power ratings from 19 to 37 kw, the useful life is 5 years or 3000 hours for constant speed engines > 3000 rpm, and 7 years or 5000 hours for all other engines in this class. 89

Federal & CA Tier 1, Tier 2 Nonroad Diesel Engine Emission Standards: Engines < 37 kw (<50 hp) Emissions, g/kw-hr 11.0 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 10.5 8.0 1.0 Tier 1 2000 7.5 8.0 0.8 NMHC+NOx CO PM 9.5 6.6 0.8 7.5 6.6 0.8 9.5 5.5 0.8 7.5 5.5 Tier 2 2005 Tier 1 2000 Tier 2 2005 Tier 1 1999 kw<8 8<kW<19 19<kW<37 0.6 Tier 2 2004 90

Federal & CA Tier 1 Nonroad Diesel Engine Emission Standards: Engines 37 kw & larger (50 hp & larger) Federal and California Tier 1 standards for non-road diesel engines are shown in this chart. Standards shown here cover engine sizes greater than 37 kw (50 hp). These nonroad engines are used in agricultural, construction, and industrial applications. These Tier 1 standards were phased-in from the 1996 model year to the 2000 model year. For these non-road diesel engines a version of the ISO steady-state engine test cycle is used to certify emission performance (e.g., ISO 8178 C1, 8 mode steady-state test cycle). Tier 1 emission standards for these non-road diesel engines must be maintained over the engine's entire useful life. For engines with power ratings greater than 37 kw, the useful life is 10 years or 8000 hours. 91

Federal & CA Tier 1 Nonroad Diesel Engine Emission Standards: Engines 37 kw & larger (50 hp & larger) Emissions, g/kw-hr HC CO NOx PM 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 9.2 1.3 11.4 9.2 0.54 1.3 11.4 9.2 37<kW<130 130<kW<560 kw>560 Standards phased-in from 1996-2000 MY 0.54 92

Federal & CA Tier 2, Tier 3 Nonroad Diesel Engine Emission Standards: Engines 37 < kw< 225 (50< hp<300) Federal and California Tier 2 and Tier 3 standards for non-road diesel engines are shown in this chart. Standards shown here cover engine sizes greater than 37 kw (50 hp). These non-road engines are used in agricultural, construction, and industrial applications. Tier 2 standards were effective with either the 2003 model year or 2004 model year. Tier 3 standards are phased-in over the 2006-2008 model year timeframe. For these non-road diesel engines a version of the ISO steady-state engine test cycle is used to certify emission performance (e.g., ISO 8178 C1, 8 mode steady-state test cycle). Tier 2 and Tier 3 emission standards for these non-road diesel engines must be maintained over the engine's entire useful life. For engines greater than 37 kw (50 hp), the useful life requirement is 10 years or 8000 hours of operation. The EPA is expected to propose new test cycles for Tier 3 emission levels that are more representative of in-service duty cycles. After these new test cycles are established, Tier 3 particulate matter (PM) levels will also be set. 93

Federal & CA Tier 2, Tier 3 Nonroad Diesel Engine Emission Standards: Engines 37 < kw< 225 (50< hp<300) Emissions, g/kw-hr NMHC+NOx CO PM 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 7.5 5.0 0.4 Tier 2 2004 4.7 5.0 Tier 3 2008 6.6 5.0 0.3 Tier 2 2003 4.0 5.0 Tier 3 2007 6.6 3.5 0.2 Tier 2 2003 4.0 3.5 Tier 3 2006 37<kW<75 75<kW<130 130<kW<225 94

Federal & CA Tier 2, Tier 3 Nonroad Diesel Engine Emission Standards: Engines 225 kw & larger (300 hp & larger) Federal and California Tier 2 and Tier 3 standards for non-road diesel engines are shown in this chart. Standards shown here cover engine sizes greater than 225 kw (300 hp). These non-road engines are used in agricultural, construction, and industrial applications. Tier 2 standards are phased-in over the 2001 to 2006 model year timeframe. Tier 3 standards are effective with the 2006 model year. For these non-road diesel engines a version of the ISO steady-state engine test cycle is used to certify emission performance (e.g., ISO 8178 C1, 8 mode steady-state test cycle). Tier 2 and Tier 3 emission standards for these non-road diesel engines must be maintained over the engine's entire useful life. For engines greater than 225 kw (300 hp), the useful life requirement is 10 years or 8000 hours of operation. The EPA is expected to propose new test cycles for Tier 3 emission levels that are more representative of in-service duty cycles. After these new test cycles are established, Tier 3 particulate matter (PM) levels will also be set. 95

Federal & CA Tier 2, Tier 3 Nonroad Diesel Engine Emission Standards: Engines 225 kw & larger (300 hp & larger) Emissions, g/kw-hr NMHC+NOx CO PM 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 6.4 3.5 0.2 Tier 2 2001 4.0 3.5 Tier 3 2006 6.4 3.5 0.2 Tier 2 2002 4.0 3.5 Tier 3 2006 6.4 3.5 0.2 Tier 2 2006 225<kW<450 450<kW<560 kw>560 96

Federal & CA Voluntary Nonroad Diesel Engine Emission Standards: Blue Sky Program (kw<75) As part of the Federal and California non-road diesel engine emission program, a voluntary set of standards was established that manufacturers could use to earn a "blue sky series" designation. These blue sky program standards are shown here for non-road diesel engines up to 75 kw (100 hp). These blue sky standards are generally below mandatory Tier 2 and Tier 3 standards associated with the non-road diesel engine classes. Similar to the mandatory standards, blue sky standards are certified with the same steady-state engine cycle (e.g., ISO 8178 C1, 8 mode) and require the same useful life durability requirement as the Tier 2 and Tier 3 standards. 97

Federal & CA Voluntary Nonroad Diesel Engine Emission Standards: Blue Sky Program (kw<75) Emissions, g/kw-hr NMHC+NOx PM 5.0 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.7 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.48 0.48 0.36 0.24 kw<8 8<kW<19 19<kW<37 37<kW<75 98

Federal & CA Voluntary Nonroad Diesel Engine Emission Standards: Blue Sky Program (kw>75) As part of the Federal and California non-road diesel engine emission program, a voluntary set of standards was established that manufacturers could use to earn a "blue sky series" designation. These blue sky program standards are shown here for non-road diesel engines greater than 75 kw (100 hp). These blue sky standards are generally below mandatory Tier 2 and Tier 3 standards associated with the non-road diesel engine classes. Similar to the mandatory standards, blue sky standards are certified with the same steady-state engine cycle (e.g., ISO 8178 C1, 8 mode) and require the same useful life durability requirement as the Tier 2 and Tier 3 standards. 99

Federal & CA Voluntary Nonroad Diesel Engine Emission Standards: Blue Sky Program (kw>75) Emissions, g/kw-hr NMHC+NOx PM 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.8 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.18 0.12 0.12 75<kW<130 130<kW<560 kw>560 100