Energy Storage for Renewables and Micro-grids May 18, 2017 SOCIETY OF AMERICAN MILITARY ENGINEERS Dr. Ken Ho NAVFAC EXWC Ken.ho@navy.mil
Outline Why Energy Storage Renewable energy Resiliency and Micro-grids Value and revenues What Technology NAVFAC EXWC projects Policies Safety Requirements Market Growth Trends Cost
Problems From High Penetration RE Duck curve shows steep ramping needs Over generation risks Variability in renewables also cause frequency and voltage fluctuations Source: CAISO 3
Leveraging DERs for Microgrids DoD Definition: a microgrid is an integrated energy system consisting of interconnected loads and energy resources which, as an integrated system, can island from the local utility grid and function as a stand alone system Most outages are of shorter duration Over 50% last under 24hrs. Various Architectures Micro-grid Challenges: Safely disconnect and reconnect to the grid Cost, how to leverage existing generation Balance load and generation instantaneously New standards, and how to test Cybersecurity Modeling and simulation of controls Power Grid ATS
Value and Revenue Streams Cost of Storage Battery Balance of Plant Power Electronics Controls and Switch (microgrid) Design and Construction Value of Storage Peak Shifting Demand Reduction Voltage & Frequency Regulation Inertia Support Power Quality & Reliability T&D Upgrade Deferral Energy resiliency 5
Li-ion Firming Renewable Generation Overview: Newly commissioned 700kW wind farm on SNI. Efficiency improvements have reduced load and legacy diesel generators are oversized. 750kWh Li-ion battery system to be installed to firm wind generation and improve resiliency. Highlights: Received NAVSEAInst 9310 safety certification Li-ion batteries in 20ft ISO containers Integrate battery into plant micro-grid controller Study to determine optimum use of battery storage Application Eliminates need for load dump on SNI. Increase life of diesel generators and reduces fuel consumption. Benefits: allow for higher renewable penetration, and reduces fuel consumption and stress on diesel generators. FUNDING Source: OPNAV NSETTI 6
Li-ion Transportable Microgrid Overview: demonstrate an innovative transportable microgrid with energy storage to improve energy security. Highlights: Li-ion Battery 500kW/2MWh NMC Li-Ion 18650 200 KVA synchronous condenser for rotational inertia (compatible with wide range of power characteristics) microgrid controller and protection relays Application Demonstrate standard micro-grid design that can be transported to other locations as needed Testing at EXWC Relocate to Pearl Harbor, application TBD No Light. No Fight! 1 of 2 Tesla 250kW- 1MWh TMES Benefits: increase energy security and resilience, allow for higher renewable penetration, and demonstrate standardized micro-grid design. FUNDING Source: ESTCP and ONR ESTEP 7
Vehicle to Grid Energy Storage Description Leverage V2G capability as portable energy storage for facilities projects 60kW DC fast charger and vehicle uses SAE J1776 charging standard. Leverages 100kWh of Li-ion battery storage on EV for energy security and VAR compensation Network capable for aggregated power management across a base. FUNDING: ONR ESTEP Description Leverage Modular Mobile Micro-grid developed for TARDEC Mobile microgrid enabled using an EV Provides emergency backup power to a building integrating energy storage, Photovoltaic(PV), gensets, and Electric Vehicle FUNDING: ONR ESTEP 2
Building Level Micro-grids Fast transfer switch Grid Source AC DC Load PV DC Micro-grid Create a DC Microgrid with LED Lighting Multi-port converter enables simple, low cost, turnkey micro-grid. 30kW/30kWh Li-ion, 15kW PV DC micro-grid with 380VDC bus Demonstration Q1FY17 Funding: ONR ESTEP Building UPS with integrated PV Provide UPS for flight operations center at Miramar Utilizes single multiport inverter Line interactive UPS 175kW, 200kWh Li-ion, 30kW PV TEAM: EXWC, MCAS Miramar Funding: TBD NAVFAC Energy Support Budget 2
Fuel Cell Energy Storage System Reversible Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Develop a modular, grid tied, reversible solid oxide fuel cell (RSOFC) system for Naval Forward Operating Bases (FOB) Demonstrate the reversible capabilities of the fuel cell to produce and utilize Hydrogen gas from seawater and provide electricity. Design/Build a 50kW RSOFC, scalable up to 400kW First field siting/demonstration will be considered at: Hawaii, PMRF, or Guam Waste to Hydrogen Develop H2 generation add-on to existing PEM system. Provide test data for permitting and economic case analysis Plasma Enhance Melter and Gasifier Permit as a Hydrogen Generator not waste incinerator Shipyard solvents, oil, PCB, and plastic waste Funding sought to install small 1 ton/day system FY18 Waste remediation and energy storage using renewable sources 2
Large scale Energy Storage Waste Heat LAES Liquid Air Energy Storage Large scale mechanical energy storage using cryogenic liquid air, and turbo expanders for power generation. Engineering Design and Cost estimate study completed scalable, long life, independent of location, and safe 10MW/80MWh design and siting for JBPHH ~55% RTE, ~70% RTE with waste heat Funding: ONR ESTEP Valuation and Financing Models JBPH needs base wide backup power EXWC studying how to value Energy security GOAL: Develop Tie LAES with peaker plant on JBPH Work with REPO to finance Peaker plant + LAES for JBPHH Modify eroi tool to include clear method for valuing energy security TEAM: EXWC, Pearl Harbor, CNIC 2
! Policy Drivers SECNAVInst 4101.3A: Policies and Regulations Operational Energy use renewable to reduce logistics Increase resiliency to mitigate vulnerabilities Strategic Partnerships, collaborate with federal, state, and academia on energy matters of interest to DON CA SB 350 50% renewable 2030 CA SGIP 50% rebate on energy storage Hawaii Act 97, renewable portfolio 100% 2045! Regulations and criteria NAVSEAInst 9310 (Navy Li-ion safety program) NPFA 855 (new fire protection guidance being drafted) Cybersecurity RMF (DoD IA certification) UFC 4-010-06 Cybersecurity of Facility Related Control Systems CA rule 21
Renewable Electricity Standards State 33% 2020 15% 2020 20% 25% 50% 20% 15% 15% 2015 10% 2015 27% 10% 2020 100% 2045 30% 2020 16% 2020 10% 2015 20% 2020 10GW 18.4% as of 2013 27% as of 2013 PR: 20% x 2035 15% 2021 10% 2015 25% 15% 2021 10% 12.5% 2026 NH: 24.8% VT:20% 2017 18% 2021 NMI: 20% x 2016 Guam: 25% 2035 USVI: 30% x 50% 2030 12.5% 2021 DC: 50% 2032 40% 2017 RI: 38.5% 2035 NJ: 22.5% 2020 MA: 17% 2020 CT: 27% 2020 MD: 25% 2020 DE: 25% DSIRE
Solar and Wind prices are competitive Contract prices for renewable power 2015-19 Country Utility Solar Wind United States 6.5-7/kWh 4.7 Canada 6.6 China 8-9.1 Germany 9.5 6.7-10 Brazil 8.1 4.9 Chile 8.5-8.9 Uruguay 9 Egypt 4.1-5 Turkey 7.3 UAE 5.8 India 8.8-11.6 Jordan 6.1-7.7 Australia 6.9 South Africa 6.5 5.1 International Energy Agency NREL
New Investment in Renewable Energy Global Investment in Renewable Energy $286B > Global Investment in fossil fuel $130B $44 $22 $8.5 $103 $36 $4 $10 $7 $3.4 $4.5 Data source: UN environment Programme
Exponential Growth US Wind capacity Battery Cost: $300/kWh 2017, $1000/kWh in 2010 $120 per kwh 2030 Solar Panel Cost http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html US Solar capacity NREL
Conclusion Navy fleet energy requirements will grow 29 percent at sea, 15 percent in the air, and 11 percent on the ground over the next decade Start incorporating energy considerations into war games and exercises Change the perception of energy as a utility to acknowledging its role as a mission enabler Renewable prices are now competitive with fossil fuel Exponential growth in PV, wind and storage Renewables and micro-grids will power next Enernet of the future