The State of the Art in Smart Grids Keynote Speech at ICPS, Nepal 28 October 2013 Prof. Saifur Rahman Virginia Tech Research Center Arlington, Virginia, USA PPT slides will be available at www.saifurrahman.org 2 2 1
11/2/13 What is the Smart Grid? 3 This is the Electric Power Grid Source: www.sxc.hu 4 2
What is the Motivation for a Smart Grid Desire to make the grid smarter, safer, reliable and more cost- effec:ve using advanced sensors, communica:on technologies and distributed compu:ng. Smart Grid Definition "Smart grid" is a concept with many elements where monitoring and control of each element in the chain of generation, transmission, distribution and end-use allow our electricity delivery and use more efficient. 6 http://www.fiercesmartgrid.com/story/smart-grid-starting-generator-endingrefrigerator/2013-02-19?utm_medium=nl&utm_source=internal 3
11/2/13 Difference Between a Normal Grid And a Smart Grid Normal Phone Smart Phone Beginning and End of Smart Grid From Generator to Refrigerator Power Plant Transmission Distribution Home Business End-use Appliances 4
Building Blocks of Smart Grid Saifur Rahman What Makes it Smart? Intelligence Two-way communication Real-time monitoring & control 10 5
Merging Power Flow with Information Flow: Integrated Communications 11 Electric Power & Communication Infrastructures 1.Power Infrastructure Data network Users Central Generating Station Step-Up Transformer 2. Information Infrastructure Control Center Distribution Substation Gas Turbine Receiving Station Distribution Substation Recip Engine Microturbine Distribution Substation Photo voltaics Residential Data Concentrator Recip Engine Fuel cell Commercial Cogeneration Batteries Flywheel Residential Industrial Commercial Source: EPRI 12 6
Evolution of the Grid Source: Altalink, Alberta, Canada Remote detection sensors everywhere Central and distributed analysis Correction of disturbances on the grid Optimizes grid assets Distribution Automation Customer Outage Detection Smart Grid AMI Capability+ Remote Leverage data to understand system performance better TFTN Hourly Self Healing Remote Meter Enable use of renewable resources Reads Enable electrification of transportation Customer Voltage Measurement AMI AMR Capability+ AMR Automated Meter Reads Theft ID Remote Meter Programming Price Signals sent to Customer New Rate Design Load Control 1 4 Source: EnerNex 7
Regulatory Issues Time varying rates Who pays the upfront costs Who owns the data Business Issues Return on investment Customer acceptance Trained manpower 8
Technical Issues Renewables integra3on Demand response applica3on Peak load reduc3on Remote meter reading & billing Transformer/Switchgear loading Service monitoring and recovery Beginning of the Smart Grid Smart meter is just the beginning of a smart grid Two- way communica:on allows customer par:cipa:on 9
11/2/13 Smart Meters in Gothenburg, Sweden Data Hub for Meter Data Collection and Transmission 10
There are bigger problems to solve using the Smart Grid than just remote meter reading Faster Recovery from Outages Smart meters allow automated outage informa:on no:fica:on Distribu:on automa:on and advanced switching capability allow sec:onalizing and faster distribu:on circuit reconfigura:on to restore healthy sec:ons to service 11
Peak Load Reduction Peak loads exceed 16,000 MW only 5% of the time Peak load of 19,140 MW 3,140 MW or 16.5% of peak load Peak Load and its Duration In the US 20% of the load happens 5% of the :me In Australia 15% of the load happens less than 1% of the :me In Egypt 15% of the load happens 1% of the :me In Saudi Arabia 5% of the load happens 0.5% of the :me 12
11/2/13 Potential Savings from Peak Load Reduction US has an installed genera:on capacity of 1,000,000 megawats 20% or 200,000 megawats of genera:on capacity and associated transmission and distribu:on assets are worth over 300 billion dollars Changing Landscape of the Electric Utility 26 13
Hourly wind power variation (MW) in Texas, USA (01 and 02 Jan 2008) 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,000.0 2,000.0 1,500.0 1,000.0 Series1 1,500.0 1,000.0 Series1 500.0 500.0 0.0 0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324 01 Jan 2008 02 Jan 2008 Installed Capacity 4,541 MW 27 Hourly wind power variation (MW) in Texas, USA (03 and 04 Jan 2008) 3,500.0 3,500.0 3,000.0 3,000.0 2,500.0 2,500.0 2,000.0 1,500.0 Series1 2,000.0 1,500.0 Series1 1,000.0 1,000.0 500.0 500.0 0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324 0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324 03 Jan 2008 04 Jan 2008 Installed Capacity 4,541 MW 28 14
How Can the Smart Grid Help? It helps to integrate intermittent sources of generation into the electric power grid. Short term load control for a large number of enduse devices through demand response makes it possible to get quick load relief to match fluctuations in generation. 29 VT s Demand Response Research Current Approach: During a power system stress condi:on, an electric u:lity sends control signals to shed selected commercial/residen:al loads. The customer has no control beyond the ini:al consent. Virginia Tech Approach: A demand reduc:on request (kw) is sent to individual residen:al/commercial/industrial customer through a customer interface device. The customer now has a choice and can decide which appliances to control based on their preference and load priority. 30 15
VT s Conceptual HEM Hardware Two components: 1) HEM unit and 2) load controller box. 31 Customer Interface Unit It provides customer interface to monitor & control appliances. It includes embedded algorithms for managing power- intensive loads based on their priority and customer preference.! 16
Applications in Nepal Control water heating and space heating loads in winter Portal for Smart Grid Information Collection and Archival Smart Grid Information Clearinghouse PIs: Dr. Saifur Rahman and Dr. Manisa Pipa5anasomporn Objec:ve: To design, populate, manage and maintain a public SGIC web portal that reaches out to a broad user community both for informa:on gathering and knowledge delivery. www.sgiclearinghouse.org Sponsored by US Department of Energy 34 17
11/2/13 www.sgiclearinghouse.org 35 Smart Grid Projects 18
International Smart Grid Projects Platform for Smart Grid R&D The electric power industry provides the plaeorm and the context Telecommunica:on, IT and computer industries provide the technology and sofware to interface with the electric power network The electric power industry will require new genera:on of engineers who are versa:le in several disciplines 19
Thank you Prof. Saifur Rahman www.saifurrahman.org 20