Power Systems Fundamentals Yachi Lin Senior Manager, Transmission Planning New York Independent System Operator Market Overview Course September 20, 2017 Rensselaer, NY 2017 New York Independent System Operator, Inc. All Rights Reserved. FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
Session Objectives At the end of this session attendees will be able to Recognize the difference between Bulk Power Transmission vs. Distribution Systems Identify Physical Components of NYCA Power System Explain the Purpose behind Operational Ancillary Services 2
Bulk Power Transmission vs. Distribution vs. Retail Load Bulk Power Transmission NYISO is responsible for controlling the transmission of power across the high-voltage transmission network, which is maintained by the Transmission Owners Distribution System Transmission Owners are responsible for distributing power across the lower voltage transmission network to consumers Management of Retail Load Consumption Load Serving Entities buy power at the wholesale level to sell to consumers at the retail level 3
Bulk Power vs. Distribution vs. Retail Load, cont d Wholesale - NYISO Retail - Customers 4
NYCA Power System NYCA Transmission Owners NYCA Zones Neighboring Control Areas Physical Components 5
NYCA Transmission Owners 6
NYCA Zones 7
Neighboring Control Areas 8
Physical Components of NYCA Power System Load Generation Transmission GENERATION TRANSMISSION LOAD 9
Load Power Consumed off of NYCA Grid LOAD 10
NYCA Load by Zone July 19, 2013 Total = 33,063 MWs ROS = 16,070 MWs NYC & LI = 16,993 MWs D 818 MW 2,484 MW A IMPORTANT FACT Nearly 52% of electric load was located in NYC & LI B 1,929 MW C 2,786 MW FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 2017 New York Independent System Operator, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 E 1,293 MW J 11,414 MW F 2,306 MW G 2,251 MW H 697 MW I 1,506 MW K 5,576 MW
NYCA Load Profile Seasonal and Hourly 35,000 2013 Summer Peak Approx. 33,000 30,000 25,000 2014 Winter Peak Approx. 25,000 20,000 2013_July_19 2014_Jan_7 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 4 AM 7 AM 4 PM FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 2017 New York Independent System Operator, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12
Let s Review - Load NYISO Control Area load profiles reflect which of the following: a. Zone J&K load total nearly equal to the Rest of State total b. Peak usage is always between 1200 and 1400 c. Less load in the summer than winter d. All of the above 13
Generation Electrical energy for load consumption GENERATION 14
Capacity vs. Energy Two very different commodities! Capacity measured in MW Refers to the electric power output for which a generating system, plant, or unit is rated Energy measured in MWh Is the amount of energy produced (from capacity) over time 15
Gen. Capacity vs. Energy Gas Oil Gas & Oil Coal Nuclear Pumped Storage Hydro Wind Solar Other Summer Capacity 2015 = 38,665 MW 7% 1% 10% 0% 4% Total Energy 2014 = 143,738 GWh 0% 0% 3% 2% 6% 20% 11% 46% 1% 35% 3% 14% 4% 30% 3% Source: 2015 Load & Capacity Data Report New York Independent System Operator, April 2015 16
NYCA Load vs. Generation LOAD 7/29/15 HB16 (Top Number) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- GEN CAPACITY Summer 15 (Bottom Number) D 557 MW 1,620 MW A 2,632 MW 4,493 MW B 1,926 MW 768 MW C 2,705 MW 6,651 MW E 1,376 MW 1,087 MW F 2,294 MW 4,413 MW G 2,151 MW 2,649 MW 50% of NYCA load is in NYC and LI on 7/29/15 62% of NYCA Generation Capacity is Upstate H 617 MW 2,107 MW I 1,345 MW 0 MW J 10,410 MW 9,597 MW K 5,126 MW 5,281 MW 17
Let s Review - Generation Which best describes the Concentration of Generation and Demand in the NYCA: Option Upstate NY NYC/LI a. 62% Gen 50% Load b. 70% Load 30% Gen c. 30% Load 70% Gen d. 63% Gen 37% Load 18
Transmission Bulk transfer of electrical energy TRANSMISSION 19
NYCA Transmission System & Transmission Interfaces Moses South Dysinger East West - Central Marcy Central - East C-E + Marcy New S = Total - East Marcy South Legend: 765 kv 500 kv 345 kv 230 kv 115 kv Upny - Con Ed Sprain Brook - Dunwoodie Con Ed-LIPA 20
Transmission Interfaces Internal Interface Obey transfer limitations across the internal interface to deliver generation to load within NYCA External Interface Obey transfer limitations across the external interface to import or export scheduled power transactions between RTO/ISOs 21
Let s Review - Transmission The majority of the power transmission in NYS is at what level? a. 115 kv b. 230 kv c. 345 kv d. 765 kv 22
Let s Review - Transmission Which definition best describes a transmission interface? a. A piece of equipment that connects a clutch and transmission b. A defined set of transmission facilities that separate zones and that separate the NYCA from adjacent Control Areas c. A standard used for connecting computers d. 765 kv 23
Operational Ancillary Services Ancillary Services support the transmission of energy from generation resources to loads, while maintaining reliable operation of NYS Power System Voltage Support Regulation & Frequency Control Black Start Service Operating Reserves 24
Voltage Support Voltage Support is needed to: Transmit power from where it is generated to where it is employed Keep voltage within limits to avoid damaging equipment (among other things) High Pressure H 2 0 Water Pressure Analogy pump Load Low Pressure H 2 0 25
Voltage Support System Voltage Control Voltage Control is a Continuous Process System Voltage Control is provided by the Voltage Support Service Optional program in which Generators can participate Transmission Owners (TO) are responsible for Local Control within their Network 26
Regulation and Frequency Control Designated areas are controlled by entities defined by NERC as Balancing Authorities (BA), who are responsible for balancing load and generation The NYISO is a Balancing Authority HQ IESO NYCA ISO-NE PJM 27
Regulation and Frequency Control Control Area Operation Criteria is set forth to instantaneously Balance Load and Generation throughout the interconnection to sustain 60 Hz Frequency 28
Regulation and Frequency Control System Frequency Changes 29
NYCA Black Start Service Generators capable of starting without an outside Electric Supply, following a System-Wide blackout 30
Operating Reserves Backup Generation in the event of a System Contingency NYSRC Operating Reserve Requirement: Must Procure to 1.5x times the Largest Single Contingency (in MW) Largest Single Contingency is 1310 MWs NYISO Procures 2x Largest Single Contingency 2 * 1310 = 2,620 MWs of Total Reserves each Market Day Regional/Locational Requirements Time/Product Type Requirements 31
Operating Reserves Largest Single Contingency Q: What is the largest single generation contingency for this system? Q: According to NYISO s Reserves scheduling process, how much in Operating Reserves would be scheduled in this example? 100 MW B 200 MW C 40 MW D off line A 32
Let s Review Balancing Load and Generation Transmission Limits Ancillary Services 33
Let s Review When load increases unexpectedly during an operating day, what action might NYISO take? 34
Let s Review If a transmission interface is at limit, what action might be taken? 35
Let s Review Why is it important to maintain voltage levels? 36
Let s Review What happens to frequency when load increases without an increase in generation? 37
Let s Review How does NYISO plan for a complete system loss? 38
Let s Review How does NYISO plan for a system contingency such as a large and sudden loss of generation? X 39
Summary NYCA Power Systems Fundamentals NYISO Responsible for NYCA Bulk Power Operations Three Primary Components to Power System Load, Generation & Transmission Operational Ancillary Services in place to meet the following System Requirements: Adhering to Transmission Capability Maintaining Balance between Generation and Load System Restoration Securing System for Contingencies & Constraints 40
Additional Resources Tariffs MST and OATT Transmission & Dispatching Operations Manual Day Ahead Scheduling Manual Transmission Services Manual Ancillary Services Manual Market Participant User s Guide Technical Bulletins 41
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