Banekonference Copenhagen 2012 Organizing new light rail projects Olaf Scholtz-Knobloch, OSK-Consult, Germany, TCP International Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie
Introduction of myself Independent Expert Consultants: railway systems and public transport rolling stock optimization of the wheel / track interface detection of basic design errors concerning track work and infrastructure the tracks and rolling stock operations and maintenance depots and workshops Mayor Activities: System Design Studies Specification / Tendering Maintenance Facilities Expert Reviews Investigation of Damages Acceptances Optimization OSK-Consult Olaf Scholtz-Knobloch Alte Seilerei Haus 5 Meerbuscher Str. 64-78 40670 Meerbusch / Düsseldorf +49 / 21 59 / 69 42-16 assistance with the preparation of the specification for infrastructure and rolling stock selection of parameters and definition of suitable requirements minimization of noise, vibrations and wear assistance with planning and aligning Electrical system design including contact lines, power supply, SCADA, telecommunication, signaling minimization of stray currents and optimization of the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) assistance with the continuous system improvement consulting and set-up of infrastructure data management Foreign Experiences: Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iran, Israel, Qatar, Mexico, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Panama, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Rumania, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, USA, Venezuela Olaf Scholtz-Knobloch Dipl.-Ing (TU), Dipl.-Ing. (FH) EURAILING Public Transport Expert Railway Engineer Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 2
Contents 1. What is light rail, what dose it mean? Classification of systems (tram, light rail, metro, railway) 2. Advantages / disadvantages 3. Germany and France, historically grown versus new built 4. Opportunities for the City development, configuration, design, approach 5. Planning steps for a typical light rail project 6. Authorities and Financing Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 3
Integration Basics Light Rail Integration ti is a question of: claims under public law possibility (technical and political) l) urbanistic and architectural aspects investment costs / operating costs safety and security operational aspects environmental aspects aspects regarding handicapped people and further more reasons Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 4
System Comparison Range of theoretically System Capacities: comfort limit for Europe, definition by OSK Bus Tram BRT (light system) BRT (heavy system) Monorail (light system) Light Rail (preominant Tram character) Light Rail (preominant Metro character) Monorail (heavy system) Metro (light system) Metro (heavy system) Suburban Railway / S-Bahn 0 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000 25.000 30.000 35.000 40.000 45.000 50.000 pas./h/dir own investigations, chart by Olaf Scholtz-Knobloch Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 5
Performance Basics Fields of application: principal features Level I Level II Level III Level IV fields of city and size small city medium city large city metropolis application travel demand classification population of service area 100.000-300.000 200.000-500.000 conurbation 400.000-1.000.000 conurbation > 1.000.000 population density in traffic corridor (inhabitants / km 2 ) 5.000 9.000 public transport demand of a 10km long corridor (patronage / workday) 20.000 40.000 80.000 120.000 system performance criterion for choice system level7 line capacity additional demand from feeder traffic (patronage / weekday) minimum specific transport performance per workday (passenger-km / line km 5.000 10.000 20.000 30.000 4.000 8.000 14.000 20.00 max. places / h / dir. (standees and seats) basis 6 pas / m 2 1.000-10.000 10.000-20.000 20.000-30.000 30.000-40.000 Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 6
Performance Basics Design profiles: design profiles guideway stations vehicles operation alignment right of way ROW principal features Level I Level II Level III Level IV 10 % exclusive 20 % exclusive 50% exclusive At grade 20 % shared 80 % segregated 50 % segregated 30 % shared 70 % segregated (therefrom 15 % (therefrom 30 % 70 % segregated (therefrom 5 % tunnel) tunnel) tunnel) 400 500 600 750 40 60 90 120 average station spacing [m] platform length [m] platform high low low or high high high cabs / car single / double-ended double-ended double-ended vehicle width [m] up to 2,4 2,4 or 2,65 2,65 passenger capacity / car 135 180 220 double-ended 2,65 250 (6 standing pass. / m 2 ) maximum cars 1 or 2 2 or 3 3 4 min. headway [sec] max capacity [places / h / dir.] train protection wayside control of street traffic lights average operating speed 120 3.500 / 7.000 none, manuel mode operation sometimes 16 120 10.500 / 16.000 some sections with train protection priority system 22 120 or 90 20.000 / 26.500 mostly with train protection priority system 28 90 40.000 none, manuel mode operation sometimes 30 Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 7
Performance and Investment Indication of average costs for one system-km 200.000.000.. 80.000.000 70.000.000 60.000.000 50.000.000 40.000.000 Heavy Metro Caracas Guangzhou / km Berlin Suburban Railway / S-Bahn Stockholm 1 Light Metro 30.000.000 Light Rail with 20.000.000 predominant Tramway character 10.000.000 Tram BRT 2 3 Light Rail with predominant Metro character 0 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000 25.000 30.000 35.000 40.000 45.000 50.000 Pas. / h / Ri. 4 4 3 2 1 Copenhagen Guadalajara Monterrey Hannover Frankfurt Stuttgart Düsseldorf Bielefeld Karlsruhe Kassel Augsburg Braunschweig Krefeld 4 Categories of Light Rail Systems own investigations, chart by Olaf Scholtz-Knobloch Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 8
ROW Basics Exclusive Right-of-Way (at grade) price per km approx: 5 to 15 Mio / km operation without external disturbances high average speed high separating effect high h safety (very few accidents) crossings as underpass, Overfly or at grade with mechanical Barriers (in case of same type with level crossings => segregated ROW) Photo: Bogel Freiburg Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 9
ROW Basics Exclusive Right-of-Way (tunnel / elevated) price per km tunnel approx: 50 to 120 Mio / km price per km elevated approx: 30 to 50 Mio /km operation without external disturbances high average speed medium / non separating effect high safety (very few accidents) crossings always in different levels Köln Hannover Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 10
ROW Basics Segregated Right-of-Way Leipzig price per km approx: 5 to 15 Mio / km operation: external disturbances are possible but widely avoidable high h average speed possible partly high / medium separating effect medium safety (few accidents are occuring) crossings at grade, preferably with priority circuits Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 11
ROW Basics Segregated g Right-of-Way Düsseldorf Photo: Bogel Freiburg sometimes with drivable surface for rescue cars sometimes covered with bitumen pavement, paving stones, or lawn fenced if necessary Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 12
ROW Basics Shared Right-of-Way Zurich price per km approx: 5 to 15 Mio / km if challenging design necessary, up to 25 Mio /km (e.g. in front of a town hall in pedestrian zone) operation: external disturbances are common low operating and average speed obligatory partly medium separating effect Average transit safety crossing possibilities nearly at every point (partly not in station areas) 6.50 m Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 13
historically grown versus new built Comparison of Cases: Germany most German Tram and Light Rail 80 70 Systems have been built 60 as traditional Tram Systems 50 before the world wars 40 54 Systems France 10 nearly all Tram and Light Rail 0 Systems have been put into operation after 1985 26 Systems (therefrom 2 built before world wars, 5 between 1985 and 2000, 19 since 2000) 90 30 20 Before 1945 1970 1985 2000 2012 Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 14
historically grown versus new built Operation: Germany public companies France private companies (some with public participation) or management contract approx. 70 % private approx. 20 % mix approx. 10 % with management contract Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 15
historically grown versus new built Financing: Germany ticket selling, subsidization and public transport financing law GVFG France ticket selling and Transport Tax (between 0,55 % and 2,2 % of salary) Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 16
historically grown versus new built Planning Steps: Germany / France prefeasibility study feasibility studied public participation conceptual planning (after decision of public authority)environmental impact plan approval procedure study confirmation of public benefit detailed engineering tendering procedure construction putting into operation operation, maintenance, renovation Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 17
historically grown versus new built Main planning/design Standards: Germany / France implementation of extensive portion segregated right of way bundling of lines in main axis combination i of tram works, road works and city planning Park+Ride (restrictions for motorized transit in city centers while building P&R facilities) But differences in many details Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 18
historically grown versus new built Main causes for new implementation and renovation of LRT Systems: Germany / France restructuring of public city areas particularly enhancement of attractiveness for pedestrians reorientation of public transport minimization of individual transport in cities minimization of environmental pollution use of gentle, quiet electric vehicles But differences in many details Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 19
Start of trends (1): Germany historically grown versus new built restructuring of existing systems since 1970 almost all major cities have been implementing pedestrian zones mostly accompanied by public transport master plans and high investment into infrastructure and rolling stock France first new systems since around 1990, main phase since 2000 approach according to state of the art nearly 30 years newer realization according to more modern standards environmental e needs and human needs are more consolidated pedestrian zones are not so common as in Germany but upcoming GVFG: Gemeindeverkehrsfinanzierungsgesetz => law for financing of public transport, up to 90 % subsidies Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 20
historically grown versus new built Start of trends (2): Germany mainly technical approach view first ideas in the 1960s for Metro / Underground based systems preferably independent right of way conflict free operation, highest possible speed (often with tunnel sections) France mainly urbanistic approach view design and arrangement Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 21
Start of trends (3): historically grown versus new built Germany 1960 ideas for a change from existing Tram Systems to Metro Systems with mainly underground sections for example: Hannover, Bielefeld, Dortmund Bochum, Gelsenkirchen, Essen, Mülheim, Duisburg, Düsseldorf, Köln, Bonn, Frankfurt, Stuttgart 1970 realization of change: tunnel sections connected with the existing tram sections as so called Premetro 1980 change of trend, realization as Stadtbahn Systems (Light Rail Systems) tunnel in downtown and transit intensive regions mainly segregated right of way, avoidance of shared right of way Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 22
Start of trends (4): historically grown versus new built France 1985 Nantes inition of first line of a new Tramway System without tunnel section, but mainly on segregated right of way 1994 Rouen single system in France which is comparable with German Stadtbahn idea tunnel section in city center, widely segregated ROW 1994 and the following Change of trend, realization of modern Tram systems shared ROW in downtown and pedestrian zones mainly segregated right of way on arterial roads, avoidance of tunnels and other cost extensive and urbanisic molesting ROW Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 23
Results: historically grown versus new built Germany Modern Light Rail Systems technically optimized systems offering performances comparable to Metro Systems (high maximum speeds, high commercial speed) mostly offering advantages for both, public and individual transport short to medium attractive intervals trains up to 90 or 100 m France Modern Tramway Systems architectural optimised corridors offering performances above traditional Tram Systems and a below to Light Rail Systems mostly offering advantages to public transport, pedestrians and cyclists short intervals, trains between 30 and 60 m Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 24
historically grown versus new built Main aims: Germany Modern Light Rail Systems development from low to high h performance system is possible (tram-lrt-metro) high speeds nearly in the whole network low maintenance cost / very effective for the operating company France Modern Tramway Systems (only possible as new built system) offering modern environmental friendly public transport heightening g of urbanistic aspects and city view Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 25
historically grown versus new built Optimized Modern Tramway Systems are only possible as new built system?? Why?? It is not fully through but.. Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 26
historically grown versus new built Examples: 52 traditional grown systems, 2 new systems in Germany: Cities with Tramway, a without t Light Rail: Bremen, Braunschweig, Magdeburg, Leipzig, Halle, Dresden, etc. Cities with Tramway and Light Rail: Bochum, Düsseldorf, Köln, Frankfurt etc. Cities with Metro and Tramway: Berlin, München, Nürnberg 2 new Built Systems Saarbrücken, Heilbronn Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 27
historically grown versus new built Düsseldorf Tramway Pedestrian zone with tramway line since 100 years (change to pedestrian zone 40 years ago) Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 28
historically grown versus new built Düsseldorf Tramway Graf Adolf Street with tramway line since 110 years Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 29
historically grown versus new built Graf Adolf Street with tramway line since 110 years Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 30
historically grown versus new built Tramway Lyon Tramway Montpellier Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 31
Technical / Architectural Design historically grown versus new built Tramway Rouen Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 32
Technical / Architectural Design historically grown versus new built Tramway Nantes Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 33
historically grown versus new built Technical / Architectural Design Tramway Freiburg, Photo: Bogel Tramway Munich Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 34
historically grown versus new built Ugly or pretty? Lyon, Source: Wikipedia Bremen, Source: Wikipedia Düsseldorf, Source: Wikipedia Rouen, Source: Wikipedia Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 35
Resume Germany /F France advantages on both sides learn from both do ROW segregation where necessary widely avoiding of tunnels and other cost intensive alignment bringing people to the points of interest without barriers and nearest possible give preemption to the Public transport t System put focus to urbanistic aspects and to the inhabitants put focus to the effectiveness and economy of the systems arrange agreements of design standards for vehicles / infrastructure Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 36
historically grown versus new built combine public transport system design with all other urbanistic issues reduce individual transit as much as possible bring sustainability and green ideas to the projects Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 37
Thank you for your attention! Documentation, Information? Please Contact: Olaf Scholtz-Knobloch osk@osk-consult.de Beratung und Planung für Verkehr und Industrie sheet 38