Advancing Wind Power in Illinois AnnualConference 2012 Applications of Battery Storage Guenter Conzelmann Argonne National Laboratory 1
Applications of Battery Storage of Wind Energy Presented at IWWG 6 th Annual Conference Advancing Wind Power in Illinois Normal, IL July 17, 2012 Guenter Conzelmann Argonne National Laboratory 1
Presentation Overview Introduction to Argonne Drivers for energy storage Overview of storage technologies and characteristics Applications of energy storage R&D needs Conclusions 2 2
Argonne is America's First National Laboratory and one of the World's Premier Research Centers Founded in 1943, designated a national laboratory in 1946 Part of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) laboratory complex 17 DOE National Laboratories Managed byuchicago Argonne, LLC About 2,800 full time employees 5,000+ facility users About $650M budget Main site: 1500 acre site in Illinois, southwest of Chicago Broad research and development portfolio Numerous sponsors in government and private sector 3 3
Drivers for Energy Storage: Recent Growth in Wind (and Solar) Has Lead to Increased Interest Wind soon to be at 50 GW Solar PV now around 4 GW Source: AWEA 2012; SEIA 2012 4 4
Drivers for Energy Storage: This Interest is Expected to Grow as we Move Toward/Beyond our 20% Wind Target Source: DOE 5 5
Drivers for Energy Storage: Storage Can Act as an Enabler of Variable Resources at High Penetration Levels Source: NREL, 2008 6 6
Storage is One of Many Potential Solutions to Address Integration Issues of Variable Resources Increased coordination among balancing areas Better resource forecasting e.g, new DOE NOAA project on short term (0 6 hours) forecasting Improved forecasting will reduce uncertainty (storage could address variability) Improved market operations; sub hourly scheduling (e.g., 15 min dispatch, new FERCrule) Accelerated transmission build out Smart grid with large share of price/signal responsive demand Energy storage Large, utility scale Small, decentralized Mobile (electric transportation) 7 7
Batteries are One of Many Types of Storage Technologies Mechanical Pumped Storage Hydro Compressed air energy storage (surface and underground) Flywheels l Electrochemical Lead acid (L/A) batteries Flooded L/A batteries Valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) batteries Sodium sulfur (NaS) batteries Lithium ion (Li ion) batteries Flow batteries Sodium bromide sodium polysulfide Zinc bromine (Zn/Br) Vanadium redox (V redox) Super capacitors Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) Hydrogen (as storage medium) Thermal Concentrated solar thermal (CST) sensible heat, phase change materials, chemical 8 8
Operating Characteristics of Energy Storage Technologies Determine their Suitability for Different Applications Operating characteristics Energy density High power output Cycle efficiency i Cycling capability Operating lifetime Flywheels, super capacitors, SMES, and other storage technologies with short term power output (time scale of minutes) Regulation service Spinning reserve, etc. NaS batteries, flow batteries, hydrogen fuel cells, CAES, pumped storage can provide several hours of full capacity Load shifting Energy management Electricity generation T&D deferral, etc. 9 9
Operating Characteristics of Energy Storage Technologies Determine their Suitability for Different Applications 10 10
Energy Storage Technologies: Typical Performance and Cost Characteristics Source: IRENA, May 2012 11 11
New DOE Database Tracks Current Advanced Energy Storage Projects Source: http://www.energystorageexchange.org 12 12
Worldwide Installed Energy Storage Capacity Energy storage is not a new concept for electric utilities Although extremely desirable, wider deployment of energy storage has been limited by the economics/costs and available locations Currently about 130 GW of energy storage worldwide 127 GW of PSH in the world, of which: 40 GW in European Union 22 GW in the United dstatest Many utilities are building new PSH capacity 1,200 MW Alto Tamega PSH in Portugal, 435 MW Venda Nova 3 in Portugal, 213 MW La Muella II PSH in Spain, etc. Portugal and Spain are both at 16% wind share (EWEA, 2012) with weak links to other countries 13 13
Active FERC Permits for New Energy Storage (PSH) in the U.S. Source: EPRI 2010 14 14
Energy Storage (Non Hydro) is Projected to Grow Substantially Pike Research forecasts that total energy storage market will grow from $1.5B in 2010 to about $35B in 10 years (37% average annual growth rate) 15 15
There are a Variety of Applications of Energy Storage Systems 1. Off to on peak intermittent energy shifting & firming 2. On peak intermittent energy smoothing & shaping 3. Ancillary service provision 4. Black start provision 5. Transmission infrastructure 6. Distribution infrastructure 7. Transportable distribution level overload mitigation 8. Peak load shifting downstream of distribution system 9. Variable distributed generation integration 10. End user time of use rate optimization 11. Uninterruptible power supply 12. Microgrid formation Source: SCE, 2011 16 16
Energy Storage Systems can Provide a Range of Services Source: SCE, 2011 17 17
Storage Application Energy Shifting: Wind Availability Varies Significantly 9000 8000 MISO Hourly Wind Power January 2012 7000 Generation [MWh] Hourly Wind 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 48 96 144 192 240 288 336 384 432 480 528 576 624 672 720 18 18
Storage Application Energy Shifting: Compare Profile of Demand and Profile of Wind Generation (Illinois) 0.80 0.70 Average Hourly Wind Profiles for 4 Locations in Illinois and 2008 Average Load in ComEd 16000 14000 Average Hou urly Wind Fra action 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 020 0.20 0.10 0.00 IL Wind 01 IL Wind 02 IL Wind 03 IL Wind 04 ComEd Load 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 ] Average e Load [MW 19 19
Storage Application Energy Shifting: Compare Profile of Demand and Profile of Wind Generation (MISO) 4,500 4,000 MISO 2008 MISO 2009 MISO 2010 MISO 2011 MISO 2012 3,500 generation [MW] Av verage wind 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 20 20
Storage Application Energy Shifting: Seasonal Shifting is Limited by Size Requirements for Storage 5000 5,000 4,500 MISO 2008 MISO 2009 MISO 2010 MISO 2011 on [MWh] 4,000 3,500 Averag ge monthly wind generati 3,000 2,500 2,000 1500 1,500 1,000 500 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 21 21
Storage Application Energy Shifting: Example SCE A123 Tehachapi 8MW/32MWh Facility 22 22
Storage Application Energy Shifting: Can Address Curtailments of Renewable Energy Sources ERCOT has curtailed wind since 2008 Close to 17% of wind generation was curtailed in 2010 Various approaches/upgrades have reduced this in 2011 Source: NREL 23 23
Storage Application Energy Shifting: Can Address Curtailments of Renewable Energy Sources Example MISO (data as of 2012) Wind sometimes has to be manually curtailed for operational reasons (e.g., congestion events, minimum load issues) New rules for renewables to partly address this issue (dispatchable renewables) Source, MISO, 2012. 24 24
Storage Application Energy Shifting: Can Address Curtailments of Renewable Energy Sources Example Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) Started curtailments in 2009, and continue until now BPA curtails wind during periods of high water flows in the Columbia River BPAisforced to route water through turbines because spilling the water over spillways would have increased total dissolved gasses to a level that would endanger salmon Wind producers files complaint with FERC FERC issued order to address situation BPA issued protocol for reimbursing developers for lost revenue FERC is reviewing protocol 25 25
Storage Application Energy Smoothing/Firming: AES Short Term Wind Smoothing/Shaping Battery Farm 53 foot containers on a ridge of Laurel Mountain in West Virginia (PJM) 32 MW / 8MWh battery farm (at 32 MW, only 15 min energy) 26 26
Storage Application Energy Smoothing/Firming: Can be Applied Similarly to Solar Power 27 27
Storage Application Ancillary Services: New Proposed FERC Rules will Provide Additional Incentives Storage technologies often can respond faster to shifts in loads than fossil fuel plants Under current rules, storage developers often can t get paid as it is not a recognized asset FERC s aims to revise existing market rules that have largely excluded storage from markets Proposal also plans to reward faster service and accuracy energy storage can provide over traditional technologies with a higher price Slow Response Steam Unit MISO 2011 Prices for Ancillary Services Fast Response Combined Cycle 28 28
Storage Application Ancillary Services: Electric Vehicles Might Contribute to this Service Controlled charging could contribute to energy shifting as well as energy smoothing Vehicle to Grid (V2G) is an electric vehicle equipped with communications interface Control signals are sent from the grid operator to manage the flow of energy between the vehicle and the grid Direct load control (similar to AC programs) With true bi directional flow capability, vehicles could provide ancillary grid services Frequency control, regulation and spinning reserves tal Load [MW] Tot 180,000 150,000 120,000 90,000 60,000 WECC April 2020 Aggressive PHEV Case: Smart Charging PHEV Aggressive Smart Baseload Base + PHEV Aggressive Smart 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 PH HEV Load [MW] 30,000 5,000 0 0 0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 Source: Kempton et al (2008) 29
R&D Needs for Battery Storage Technologies Increase power and energy densities Extend lifetime and cycle life Decrease charge discharge cycle times Ensure safe operation Reduce costs DOE Energy Innovation Hub for advanced batteries and energy storage 30 30
In Conclusion, Energy Storage is a Key Solution for Large Scale Integration of Variable Renewable Energy Sources Energy storage provides opportunities for better management of variable resources Capacity firming Renewable energy time shift Renewable energy integration (regulation, ramping, load following, operational reserves) Energy storage will improve power system efficiency, stability, and reliability Energy storage can provide valuable ancillary services With large ramp up in wind, the need for regulation and spinning reserve will increase The importance of storage, both system stemand distributed, ted will illalso increase On the consumer side, energy storage provides opportunity for Price arbitrage Improved power quality and reliability of supply Energy storage will also facilitate better use and functionality of smart grid technologies 31 31