Electric Drive Vehicles: A Huge New Distributed Energy Resource Alec Brooks AC Propulsion, Inc. San Dimas, California www.acpropulsion.com
The Old and the New.. Old way of thinking: New way of thinking: Electric vehicles are an unnecessary burden to an overtaxed electricity grid Electric drive vehicles will be an integral part of power grid operation and will provide valued services
Grid-Connected Vehicle Can Create Value Bidirectional Power Grid Interface
EPRI (Feb. 19, 2001) The Car of the Future May Help Power Your Home Electrified transportation will soon be a necessity rather than an option
The Economist, (Feb 8, 2001) We can use the energy unit in this car for homes or stationary power. When linked together by smart electronics, our customers can buy and trade energy freely. Dr. Ferdinand Panik
CARB Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Program Leading to mass manufacture of clean vehicles with electric power generation and storage capabilities Three Vehicle Types in Program Full ZEV: true zero emissions (EV, FCEV) Advanced Technology Partial ZEV Partial ZEV: Conventional vehicles with SULEV drive cycle emissions and zero evaporative emissions By 2020, there could be 1 million vehicles in California with electrical generation and/or storage capabilities (10,000 MW potential capacity at 10 kw each)
Electric Drive in Vehicles -- All the Ingredients for a Distributed Power System
Vehicle Examples
How Vehicles Can Provide Services Vehicles, by their numbers, represent enormous power and energy storage potential Electric vehicle charge stations: grid connection points for power and ancillary services delivery Vehicles can respond very fast compared to powerplants Vehicles could provide: Extra power during demand peaks Spinning reserves Grid regulation (automatic generation control - AGC) Uninterruptible power source for businesses and homes Active stability control of transmission lines Dispatchable reactive power
Enabling Technologies, Regulations, and Standards Vehicle-to-grid bi-directional power interface Wireless internet communication Global Positioning System (GPS) Systems for tracking a large number of small transactions Vehicle interconnection standards Bi-directional energy metering at the retail level Appropriate tariffs
Vehicle to Grid Enabling Technology Electric Propulsion System with Integrated Bi-directional power grid interface Conductive Connector DC Power 300-450 V 0-50 A Power Electronics Unit (inverter) AC Power 100-250 V 50-60 Hz 0-80 A Motor
AC Propulsion Integrated AC Power Interface Traction inverter and motor are re-configured to provide AC power interface Systems delivered for over 8 years 20 kw bi-directional power Grid-connected or stand-alone
Regulation Ancillary Service Regulation is the continuous matching of supply with demand in a control area Area Control Error (ACE), is a measure of quality of operation of the grid ACE includes a frequency regulation component ACE must be kept within grid operating requirements Powerplants provide regulation today Slow response Real-time control of powerplant output by grid operator
Example Frequency and ACE Profile 3-14-01 1600.0 1400.0 1200.0 Frequency 60.1 60.05 1000.0 800.0 60 600.0 400.0 59.95 200.0 0.0 59.9-200.0-400.0 ACE 59.85-600.0-800.0 59.8
California Load and Area Control Error for March 14, 2001 30000 25000 20000 Load 15000 10000 5000 Area Control Error (ACE) 0 14-Mar-01 00:28:48 14-Mar-01 02:52:48 14-Mar-01 05:16:48 14-Mar-01 07:40:48 14-Mar-01 10:04:48 14-Mar-01 12:28:48 14-Mar-01 14:52:48 14-Mar-01 17:16:48 14-Mar-01 19:40:48 14-Mar-01 22:04:48-5000 Time
How EVs Can Provide Regulation EVs could regulate area control error by sourcing or sinking power according to grid operator real time commands 50,000 to 100,000 connected EVs could perform all of California s regulation - with faster response than powerplants Battery state of charge would be maintained above a driver-selected minimum level regulation doesn t require net energy - just energy back and forth at the right time
Grid Operator GPS $ Power Command $ Power Response Aggregator Wireless Provider Internet Driver Usage Profile and Preferences
EV Grid Regulation Demonstration Project Demonstrate an EV providing a grid ancillary service VW Beetle EV fitted with bi-directional grid interface and wireless internet connection California ISO power command: wireless internet through aggregator to vehicle Vehicle responds to command with power to or from grid Vehicle automatically maintains battery state of charge to comply with driver usage requirements Project started October 2001 with CARB funding. Project participants California ISO and Volkswagen
Typical Power Profile - Driving, Charging, and Grid Regulation 120 100 Batt power Drive SOC slow charge and regulation 80 Drive charge and regulation 60 regulation regulation regulation 40 20 0-20 -40-60 12:00 AM 2:00 AM 4:00 AM 6:00 AM 8:00 AM 10:00 AM 12:00 PM 2:00 PM 4:00 PM 6:00 PM 8:00 PM 10:00 PM 12:00 AM TIme
The Vision: the V2G EV in the Market Customer buys EV ready to go OEM supplies the car V2G service aggregator supplies and owns the battery Customer agrees to keep the EV plugged in to grid 20 hours/day on average V2G service aggregator warrants battery and pays for recharge electricity for as long as the customer keeps the vehicle and plugs in the required time Zero battery cost to driver for life of vehicle Zero energy cost to driver for life of vehicle
Grid Connected Hybrid Vehicle Project Charge batteries at night in off-peak hours Most driving on battery energy Clean distributed generation while parked Tri-fuel Electricity from grid for local driving Gasoline for longer trips Low pressure natural gas for power generation while parked (no storage on-vehicle) Project started November 2001 Funded by CARB, South Coast AQMD, NREL, Volkswagen VW Jetta Lead acid battery - 9 kwh 30 to 40 miles EV range
Vehicle-Based Generation is Clean 0.6 0.5 0.4 NOX, lb/mwh 0.491 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0.008 0.04 Prius Best CC Plant Capstone Microturbine
Vehicle-Based Generation is Efficient 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Prius Hybrid Fuel Cell Microturbine
Vehicles as Peak Power Resources Source: Calif ISO 2001/2002 Winter Assessment
System Vision for 2020 Most new vehicles come with grid power connection standard Vehicles connected to grid from home and workplace Peak grid power needs are met with vehicle-based generation and/or storage. Vehicles provide valued ancillary services to the grid, offsetting operating costs Vehicles provide high-reliability power for businesses and uninterruptible power for homes