Development of Alternative Energy Sources in India G K Acharya General Manager Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. R&D Centre, Faridabad
Contents Energy & Economy Global Energy trend Climate Change issues Future energy & Renewable Ethanol, Bio-diesel & Hydrogen
Energy Scenario
Energy Solutions Are Enormously Challenging Energy Security Secure supply Reliability Vulnerability or Opportunity Economic Productivity Growth in demand Price volatility Environmental Impact Land and water use Carbon emissions Must address all three imperatives
Understanding Energy family. Primary Energy Secondary energy Energy embodied in natural resources prior to undergoing any human-made transformations. Hydrocarbons (coal, oil and natural gas) Fissile elements like uranium Kinetic energy of natural elements (wind, water) Electromagnetic radiation of the sun Natural heat of the earth (Geothermal energy) The form of energy generated by conversion of primary energies, e.g. electricity from gas/ nuclear energy/ coal/ oil, fuel oil and gasoline from mineral oil, coke and coke oven gas from coal Energy Mix Combination of all energy sources used to provide energy at any given time and place and proportional relationship between them 5
Energy & Economy (GDP) are related. Economic growth and energy demand are linked Strength of this link varies among regions Advanced economies - high levels of energy use per capita, but stable and less likely to change over a period of time Developing economies - the connect is stronger as spending towards energy consuming goods increasing significantly OECD ECONOMIES NON-OECD ECONOMIES
Global Energy Trends Consumption NPS (Mtoe) 2010 2015 2030 2035 2010-35 CAGR Total Energy 12730 13989 16417 17197 1.2% Coal 3474 3945 4180 4218 0.8% Oil 4113 4352 4578 4656 0.5% Gas 2740 2993 3820 4106 1.6% Nuclear energy 719 751 1073 1138 1.9% Hydroelectricity 295 340 458 488 2.0% Biomass and Waste 1277 1408 1755 1881 1.6% Other Renewables 112 200 554 710 7.7% Source IEA WEO 2012 7
Energy Sources Projected Availability In Years Oil: ~ 53 Gas: ~63 Coal:~200 Uranium: ~100
CO2 Emissions from Energy Use
World Energy Supply and Role of Renewable Energy
Changes in global energy mix till 2100 Future energy space: Solar, Wind & Biomass Other Renewable Solar-thermal Solar-PV Wind Biomass Hydropower Nuclear Gas Coal Oil 11 Is it achievable?
Indian initiative on Alternative Fuels
Indian Experience- Ethanol IndianOil R&D and Indian Institute Petroleum (IIP) 1979 - The Ministry of Petroleum, Chemicals and Fertilizers, constituted an Inter- Departmental Committee to examine the use of ethanol as fuel in admixture with gasoline 1980 - Trials conducted on 15 passenger cars, scooters, motor-cycles and three wheelers in collaboration with IIP. Trials were successful. Demonstration Trials by Indian Institute of Technology Delhi and IndianOil Marketing Division 1991 - Project sponsored by Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources. - Recommendation by the committee for development of alternate fuels for surface transport. Fuels - Blends containing 5 to 10% of ethanol in gasoline. Vehicles - Fleet of 93 vehicles of Delhi Administration Conclusions - Demonstration trials though successful was not sustainable on account of supply constraint
Renewed Interest in the use of Ethanol during 2000-2002 in India All India Distillers Association (AIDA) reported surplus ethanol in country Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoP&NG) decided to commission pilot projects in the sugar producing states Studies with ethanol gasoline blends were conducted at IndianOil R&D on new generation two wheelers and passenger cars
Studies Conducted at IOC R&D using 5% & 10% Ethanol Blends Chemical testing of blends Cold / hot startability and driveability studies Fuel economy and emission testing using alcohol blends Controlled field trials - fuel system compatibility and engine durability
Anhyrdrous ethanol for use in Automotive fuel IS 15464:2004 Sl. No. Characteristics Requirement 1 Relative density @ 15.6 / 15.6 o C, Max 0.7961 2 Ethanol content, % by vol 99.50 3 Miscibility with water Miscible 4 Alkalinity Nil 5 Acidity (as CH 3 COOH) mg/l, Max 30 6 Residue on evaporation, % by mass, Max 0.005 7 Aldehyde content (as CH 3 CHO) mg/l, Max 60 8 Copper, mg/kg, Max 0.1 9 Conductivity, µs/m, Max 300 10 Methyl alcohol, mg/litre, Max 300 11 Appearance Clear and bright
BIS Specification for Ethanol Blends Properties Neat Gasoline Gasoline + 5% Ethanol Gasoline + 10% Ethanol Distillation E 70 10-45 10-45 10-58 RON 91.0 91.0 91.0 Potential Gum, 40 40 40 g/m 3 RVP, kpa 60 67 67 VLI 750 / 950 900 / 1050 1050 / 1100
Properties of Ethanol Gasoline Blends Properties Com. Gasoline Gasoline + 5% Ethanol Gasoline + 10% Ethanol Distillation E 70 30.0 36.5 45.0 RON 89.2 90.5 92.6 Potential Gum, 40 140 * g/m 3 180 * RVP, kpa 55.9 63.3 63.0 VLI 769 885 945 * Need for control by additives
Climatic Chamber Facility
Emission Test Facility
Emission Data of Motorcycle 0.9 0.8 0.7 CO THC 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Neat Gasoline 5% Ethanol 10% Ethanol
CO Emissions from MPFI Car using Ethanol Blends
NOx Emissions from MPFI Car using Ethanol Blends
Use of 10% Ethanol Blend Ethanol blending in Gasoline upto 5% is approved by vehicle manufacturers & BIS. BIS has set up an Adhoc Panel for addressing the issue of 10 % Ethanol blending in gasoline. BIS issued revised specification for blending of 10% ethanol in gasoline during the month of Jan 2008. Need was felt by SIAM / OEMs for undertaking detailed study on a fleet of in-use vehicles using 10% Ethanol gasoline blend.
Evaluation of 10% EBP on Petrol Vehicles Objective Vehicle performance in terms of Fuel economy and emissions - by IndianOil R&D & ARAI Mass Emissions Reduction in CO & THC emissions and marginal increase in NOx emissions observed with 10% EBP as compared to normal petrol With mileage accumulation, increase in CO and THC+NOx emissions observed with normal petrol and 10% EBP Acetaldehyde emissions found significantly higher with 10%EBP Fuel Economy Deterioration of around 2.0% in fuel economy observed with 10% EBP compared to normal petrol (baseline data) 25
Evaluation of 10% EBP on Petrol Vehicles Material Compatibility No significant changes observed with metal coupons except physical discoloration on copper and brass coupons Blistering & removal of coating observed on Black liquid coating metal substrate with 10% EBP Except Neoprene, other types of elastomer and plastic materials have not shown any significant changes Neoprene decomposed with 10%EBP with respect to hardness, tensile strength and elongation test at both wet and dry test conditions 26
Status of Ethanol blending Govt. introduced 5% ethanol blended fuel in 4 Union Territories and in 9 States during the year 2003 and extended the supply of 5% ethanol blend to 20 States during the year 2006. Adhoc Panel constituted by BIS for examining the technical issues related to blending of 10% ethanol BIS issued revised specification for blending of 10% ethanol in gasoline during the month of Jan 2008 IOC R&D completed the studies on a fleet of in-use vehicles for assessing the compatibility of 10% ethanol gasoline blend in collaboration with Auto industry and ARAI. Submitted the report on these studies to MoP&NG and MoHI. Sustained availability of Ethanol at reasonable price is another issue of concern. 27
Status of Bio-fuels Bio-ethanol in gasoline and biodiesel in diesel is being promoted all over India National specification of E10 gasoline permitting 10% of ethanol in gasoline has been issued. National specification permitting 20% Max of Biodiesel in diesel has also been issued. Issued E85 and ED95 specification of transport fuels to promote more use of bio-fuels in India. Considering use of E20 gasoline i.e 20% ethanol in gasoline. Govt advised OMCs to setup 2 nd generation technologies commercial plants for production of ethanol from biomass. 28
Bio-diesel
Initiatives of IOC on Bio-diesel Trans-esterification process optimization, patenting and commercialization, Know How Transferred to M/s Venus Ethoxyethers, Goa & M/s IKF on Technology Fee and Royalty basis Testing of LOCO engine with Biodiesel and diesel blends jointly with RDSO & Jatropha plantation on 70 Ha of Railway land Vehicle performance and Emission studies jointly with Escorts, Tata motors and Mahindra & Mahindra Field trials on buses jointly with Haryana Roadways, Gujarat Roadways & Tata Motors
Biodiesel Studies at IOC R&D Optimization of trans-esterification process Physico-chemical testing of HSD and Biodiesel blends Storage Stability and Material Compatibility Studies Startability, Driveability & Mass emission tests on vehicles Chemical Speciation of Particulate Matter (Pm) Collected during emission testing
Physicochemical Properties of Biodiesel Blends PROPERTIES BIS Spec. HSD B20 PPME B20 JCME B20 PPEE Cetane Index, min 46 48.8 50.3 50 52 Lubricity, WSD microns 460 430 260 260 250 Flash point, C min. 35 49 70 70 71 K. V.,cSt at 37.8 C 2.0 to 5.0 3.000 3.534 3.284 3.430 Sulphur, % ppm., max 2500 / 500 330 270 235 235 CFPP C, max 6 C/18 C - 4 Zero - 2 Zero
Bio-diesel Pilot Plant
EMISSION TEST FACILITY
Mass Emission Studies for Bio-diesel Blends 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 CO(g/km) Pm(g/km) 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 HSD PPME(B20) JCME(B20) PPEE(B20)
% distribution Total Aromatics and PAH Distribution in Particulate Matter 80 60 62 56.6 40 38.1 41.6 Total Aromatic Content PAH 20 0 HSD PPME JCME PPEE Lower PAH content with Biodiesel indicate lesser carcinogenicity of Particulates
NOx Emission from Passenger Car using Bio-diesel Blends 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Com. Diesel 10% Bio-diesel 20% Bio-diesel
Fuel Economy of Passenger Car using Bio-diesel Blend 21 20 19 18 17 16 Com. Diesel 10% Bio-diesel 20% Bio-diesel
Status of bio-diesel blending Process for producing bio-diesel has been optimised by IOC R&D and commercilaised the same. Detailed R&D studies undertaken by IOC R&D in collaboration with Automobile Manufacturers. BIS issued the specification for bio-diesel and permits blending of 5% bio-diesel in HSD Several demonstration trials completed by Oil Industry in collaboration with OEMs and STUs State Govts. are promoting plantation of Jatropha for production of bio-diesel. Private entrepreneurs have set up infrastructure for producing bio-diesel but sufficient quantity of non-edible oils is not available in the market. 39
Hydrogen
Background Blending of Hydrogen in CNG result in improved performance Reduced NOx and CO 2 emissions Higher thermal efficiency of engine 20% HCNG blend declared as automotive fuel by MoRT&H and shall follow all safety & emission norms applicable to CNG MoRT&H is in the process of issuing amendments to CMVR for using HCNG as transport fuel Opportunity for OMCs to learn on Production, Transportation, Storage and Distribution of hydrogen as transport fuel MoRT&H is drafting standards for safety and emissions for engines operating on >20% HCNG blend and neat hydrogen
Work done - HCNG HCNG dispensing station set up at IOC R&D, Faridabad At the instance of MNRE, commissioned another HCNG dispensing station at Retail Outlet, Dwarka, New Delhi Three-wheelers - 5 no. covered 20,000 km of field trials on 18% HCNG blend A fleet of vehicles converted for operation on HCNG blend Three wheelers - 2no., Passenger cars - 2no. & Mini buses - 3no. Engine optimization along with OEMs for 18% HCNG blend and Field trials - Field trials commenced on Bajaj & Mahindra Three wheelers, Bolero SUV and Ashok Leyland bus Fourth workshop on Safety Codes & Standards and also workshop on hydrogen production, storage, safety and application were organized.
India s first HCNG station Designed to supply HCNG blend ratios from 5% to 50% Delivery of HCNG at 200 bar Pure hydrogen at 350 bar Fast filling of tanks @ 20 kg/min
HCNG Dispensing Station at Dwarka
Use of Hydrogen CNG Blends in Heavy Duty Vehicles Vehicle Manufacturers developed Gas Injection Technology based CNG engines for Euro IV compliance Optimization of Euro IV CNG engines for HCNG operation by Ashok Leyland & Tata Motors Ashok Leyland & Tata Motors for provided the optimized HCNG engines: Durability testing of engine using HCNG for 1000 hours Limited field trials on two buses for 20,000 km on 18% HCNG blend Joint evaluation of HCNG engines and for limited field trials with Ashok Leyland and Tata Motors
Daimler s Fuel Cell Vehicles - World Drive 2011
Fuel cell vehicle operation under sub-zero temperature