19/07/2011 Clean vehicles & fuels in the EU CIVITAS Conference, San Sebastian, 15th of June 2011
Content» VITO» State of the Art» Current & future share of fuels» EU Strategy on Clean Vehicles» Other EU initiatives 19/07/2011 2
VITO 19/07/2011 3
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19/07/2011 Fleet Environmental Action and Assessment
State of the Art 19/07/2011 8
Conventional ICE» We all know diesel & petrol cars» Euro 6 coming up in 2014» CO 2 -regulation (130g/km in 2015, and further )» Low % blends of biofuels» Gaseous fuels:» LPG» Methane» natural gas biogas» CNG LNG» 2 nd generation biofuels 19/07/2011 9
After treatment for diesel Euro 6 (Mercedes, 2010) 19/07/2011 10
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LPG» Waste product from refineries» -10% CO 2 -emission» Low level of pollutant emissions» Good well-to-wheel balance» Still a fossil fuel 19/07/2011 12
Methane» Very low level of pollutant emissions» Less noise» Natural gas (fossil fuel)» -25% CO 2 -emission» Good WTW balance» Biogas» Exactly the same substance as natural gas (purification!)» -80 to -90% CO 2 -emission WTW 19/07/2011 13
Methane: CNG vs. LNG» CNG: compressed natural gas» High pressure: 200 bar» Low energy density» Typical for LDV: range of 300-400km» LNG: liquefied natural gas» Low temperature: -160 C» Higher energy density (x3)» Only HDV 19/07/2011 14
Methane and HDV» Spark ignition engines» Lower energy efficiency» Lower range» Diesel-methane engines» Mixture of diesel and methane» 50-75% methane» Higher energy efficiency» In combination with LNG» Still fossil diesel 19/07/2011 15
Biofuels» So called 2 nd generation» No longer valuable food crops» Lignocellulosic biomass:» energy crops, green waste, black liquor, agricultural and forest residues,» WTW CO 2 reduction of 90% or more» Higher blends than 1 st generation» Bio-ethanol, E85,» Bio-diesel, FT-diesel, synfuel,» DME 19/07/2011 16
Hybrid vehicles» Conventional + electric engine» Optimal use of kinetic energy» Plug in hybrid» Increased battery pack» Charged by the grid» Higher mileage in EV-mode» Range extender» EV, with an ICE as back-up 19/07/2011 17
EV» Possibly the cleanest technology» E-production determines the impact» High purchase cost low fuel cost» Lower range, long recharging time» Standardization issues (plug)» V2G G2V?» Batteries» Weight» Reliability» Durability» Cost 19/07/2011 18
H 2» Fuel cell ~ EV» H 2 -production determines impact» High cost (100 x ICE)» No infrastructure (yet)» Storage of H 2?» HDV application for ZEV» Electricity can be stored in H 2 19/07/2011 19
Current & future share of fuels 19/07/2011 20
Current share of fuels (IEA, 2009) 19/07/2011 21
Future share of fuels? (IEA, 2009) EC expects 3-4% (PH)EV in 2020 and 16-50% in 2030 19/07/2011 22
Future Transport Fuels Expert Group» Electricity/hydrogen and liquid biofuels main option» Synthetic fuels are bridge between fossil and biomass based fuels» Methane and LPG as complementary fuels» Electricity for short distances» Hydrogen and CNG for medium distance» Biofuels, LNG and LPG for long distance 19/07/2011 23
EU Strategy on Clean Vehicles 19/07/2011 24
EU Strategy on Clean Vehicles» What should be done on the EU level to promote clean mobility? More than 40 actions (legislation, research, standardization, etc.)» Conventional ICE» Gaseous fuels: LPG, CNG (+biogas)» Liquid biofuels in high blends» Ultra low carbon» Electric vehicles» H 2 fuel cell vehicles LDV & HDV 19/07/2011 25
EU Strategy on Clean Vehicles» Some of the measures:» Real world test cycle» CO 2 -regulation for HDV» Biofuels: sust. criteria & engine techn» Marketing of green cars» Standardized plug for EV s» 19/07/2011 26
Other EU initiatives 19/07/2011 27
EU initiatives» Renewable Energy Directive» 10% share of renewable E in transport» Biofuels (2 nd generation + biogas)» Green electricity» Fuel Quality Directive» 6% reduction of WTW GHG» Refineries» Biofuel blends» Energy Taxation Directive» Taxation CO 2 - and energy content based 19/07/2011 28
EU initiatives» Clean Vehicles Directive» Public bodies» Internalisation of external costs» White Paper on Transport 2011» 2050: 60% cut in transport emissions» 3 fields of action» Long distance» Intercity» Urban» 2050: no more conventionally-fuelled cars in cities» appropriate fuelling/charging infrastructure for new vehicles 19/07/2011 29
tobias.denys@vito.be +3214335862 19/07/2011 30